Onit 9 Ondecidabr Lhy Tn1roctabira

Anxt Pargen DATE

putalPona oroPexity-

Lhe CoDplenity_e tha Cerputahanal pobier

Can oemeasired bu eboog?ng a spe0pc ab8trau
machine ag a moder o ComDputatorn ad Lonsicenin
hpu Duch Yegoune achhe_e ThaE Aupe euie
arthe Sowhoo a tha_pblann
ompler MealUre a a_meaps measurng_
ho amount Qeiorco vsed durYn a Compulatn.
UanPoosype e osuco Such as Spoce z r e ame
Dse hhen e&Afmakrq fhese ecurrca we are
asuwaue
Laua- 2oderested Pm routh_
_ades han absodule_
Valwe

Pooblem s Vegarded aa mbeenty defkct

ROLnit equies auery lame amoun,
yesouc cwhateuer -he aaothn_USed
So1vng PEThe ?me y torg e ame he Masn
Compe mealo re beseo_Other meas ueg a
amóunE Ecommui (ason no.04 9ades
and hO A0.Opoca&Rors are Pn a c~rw
auo ConsTdered.
meanoand 9Poe Somplezty ef
Toring HaCh
he fme and9pace
be meaSUTed Pn Cpmpleri of ? I can
fens number of movaRand
ho umbexc ape
and

Compohng an nenco s9uames Yequred ow

meagure ho Azo pvob ]he m
dny ndante she ngh
npu tmng ho ont CasePs snnan
clASSMAte (Apail reauive by
any
conaidoved ag he
ng oA thape
 DATE UOJ

Spoce Cooplerihy a TH Ts deknas

h me

e bea TH, ho 4Fme Comple of 7 s

Thespncoo T dekned onthe' nahral nom ber
n¬NE Ch) Ps he manimm no. 0f mwes T
a8
On ans nput Haing ef Lerghn hore
Can 'make
Svch thal lsn) hen T LoRs
an fnput enng
TTtn)Pa unceßred
e v eon input
dekrad
fa he fanckon Se
Jho Spato Complezh ef nomber
T
of the
OL Stn) s h e mainurm
lergth n T P
Pnpul &aing
|Ced by T Jor any eany madmum
M1hdape no.0tape sq uareR
eome input ef leyhn
SnalPudval tape Yfor
The noB Stn) Ps undes naol.
T Derp ever
Cawse 3

the compery
Ao agon itho o_hFch
foreases_Lothb , n omore rapidy
Meases Stth)
Dotynomia in n 3 safd o be poynomiauy
Than a
bounded One fn
h iC% Pt g u s ezponantauy Ys
boundeot
ezponenhauy
Saldn be
osowFng_pwbons
TodrotdabiLihy fs a technfgue me. 7ñe
So/vabe Pn polynom iat
hfchb a r e not di?
Soved
cwhin_Yealonab o
poblons That can be caLeofoattabo ho PDLORE
(ontrafnfs_ae
Spato dme u E
Thal can't be solved Pn_ poymmiat Calleo
t m a _ a L g o r ? t h m ane
enpmonhal
egres
raldab le o had pmblemg.
PAGE L
 DATE L

ndaoduce acdabi.0ihy 7heory Hhe e

lo solvable In Polynon
Pand cLass_Np 34 poublorns
determinis c TH
bme by determfoiehc an- ae
hen the smçe time2 Y'equred 4x
Yy
e9senha
CLgorithmg
mplomentng he fiepg e p a t u l a r 3.
reasonable. we can say that_
pabm tra asg a
h e p b l e m g ae Tndal aba 'P{
the me Veg
Qny algomthn Is ad_leat d ) , where f1f e
Ps an
ponootaj nAm Of n.

ampeai clasg

here, dids Someabloms choe Solusoe are

ek pund, the prbtorms e dvddoo Po clasee
enain a9 omplan Cla93 es. A Cople cta
o_a et e poblors cwh Plaled (ompe Zhele
Clasee beip' Tup probleMg_bag ed how
muchduime_and paathu requre tw Sowe
T
otsblenyand Ve he oukrs h e
branChb Toc fhat deaLg cath he yesourai
eaumed o 8olve a poblam
The sel Prtblang that Can be Soved by an
b ra machire USmaO(fon)) e
Oheven fs the 8ze s4the frput." velooru k
aed compun
Compler

For e, the class AP s a

hat Con be soved by a sef e decsim posbns
Poy nomfal tme hiethe nm-dllerrmini8k 7N 2
ClaP
pblen hat on be Sowed byrsathedeterm
seb
tni
TessAece Peluy no mia 8pee J Hme PAGE
 DATE I

up-Complate Wp-C o7
MPt Fs a eLas of Poblans
havfng two propeahe
t h e 'set P PAsbtoms
T s aL8o m he 8 e Mp-hand Pbemg Any nP
Oroblum Can be Conveted Po this óne by a 4ronsprmtn
o he nPots _pymiat me

Some Pnpertes p. Compele joblee

N o Poyromial Hme gostthm has, been ound or any
Pounomal me algot f9 foond pr gn them. fhere
wtue pstynomial hme agorithm For thernn
au

PH Cap be pn veothad no peyromial me algoojhn

won't enig for evey me hen
enis or an o Mem fhon
fimne
T fs not thethat hure entt ro polynomial
Case
3 poible, fhen pespl can
Lgorhm or them, t

and f's ypes

obUms
bedraed Prblems Abtdratd_p tblaom A rs binary
Yelason on 8e? Pngtancas
pooblom and re s

3ouwHME;_Amimum 3panning
tree s a
epoblom
vreved al a patr fiven aph h k gNST
graph n Can be
D Ps Prbtem a
Pie'hm Prbtoms DocPs Pon prblon " or
a efho"true", "yeg',
hat ha an ang wer have he abtfratt shode
"ase,'no', "o". B1: we
K fhe frukn Se asko12}-
Pat wh Prhans e the poobltm
thon we Can transoam
That abAra et poblom by b
a Ls Thee a pat
" m unv wn
Yeormuakro the prblon
wer yeor
Qtmo x édeo" In thi9 &ahm the an PAGE
clasSMAte
 DATE LI

he, enCooter Many poblom

0ptRmi2abon Ponbtoru 7e2eibte
Sotwtay _O0rbor aan
Coheme
(Oheme,there are many
Sowhm wh bea vawe. "Thrs k d
o to nd the
Prblom : Ca?ven agmp
G7?ven aa
pooblom s Caued optmíRadm
, h e vehu9 o and V nd he &hoote Path fe
Ubv uwith mtnim)
Domber edgs The
h e Np N
Complatenass doesrtt divecy deat wtn ophmi2akm
poboe, hocwevor we Can 1ransate ihe OPtm2atm
Pavblom h o decigion pobem
u Fonchn Pooblomu Pe a Compuutrna prabarn
here a 8Pngt Otpot Ps enpede or ewemy npUE, but
tho Oupot s move Complethan hat ofa decPam
Poblom whtch fsn'tPog Yes or Ap. E: he tavelsny
'salnsrman poban, Cwhich agkg for he route taken
by
he Salasmon, Ahe Ber Faerssaaten Pobtem,
whitn
as19 or Íhe dirt fach

RodocA
Keductby 2s a ujay e Converaing cno_
to anothen ?n 8uch a poob
wy thas.t aLobn w 1
8LLondPoblop Can be used to sowe the
kyk
any (ompleny Claztes are
a reduehn redvctp deßned unna tho o
pobem Ino anothen fa a daanefarmabon
PodbleM her ame_mary
ype educhors _bag é_n he mthed of d47 Su

Konp Lutn_reduchn. Yedicka

a Cok haduchoe,
Commonuy Use reduchm fe Tho o
man ha Teduchn Protes Pounmintsdrge ned okm
elassMate tak ps14amia m
 DATE T

x,hePbleme 8quapfna an tnteqe Can

Can bebe
oduced hthe Poobtom o
or ompleal vHipyin two toteyen
Classe aaer Than P, p uynomial-
oduchn ane emmmuy vsed tme

Uning_Redo cble
1A torina reduchen a a pblan H to a pabom K
s a tedoChon ChPch Solveg A, agsoming The
the Sowho
Sowsn
3 ready Known. i Can be ondenstod a9 an
auonthm that Covd be used v Soiwe A Ahad
a Tortng Tedothon s a
onckon Com potabe by an
or acle mathine twith an orace p Toring veducay
Can be appred boh deel fonthm pbLen

CPr Sahs abity

he cirwtt Sah'sabiLAy po0b Lon (aLuo nown

(inuwsAT, CSAT Cc) Xhe decson_Preblorm
dedermining_cohethera ven B0olean CPrwt has an
agSgren fPHe fnpolshak mak ne output
Houe n other wods, P as rg ceohetter he inps
t a gPven Roo1ean Crcwrt Can be Cons ?sfenty S
or s vCh khat he CPru Outpots D tnatP
The cae, the crus is Cated Sahrfape OtheruRe, #

P Ung absaba

fass kahla cirw#

Unsahrfabie Ci
clASSMAte PAGE
 DATE L

(oou's heorem
kemma SAT &Npharo

Poof A be tho algot

Tako a pom blem VENP,Jet
Ne Can
/De fPrgran
Prgran
hat ve v_n_poynomfa
onon alompufer and hereorehe ex sah
g caL (Tu_bose Pnpt_cofre9 Correpord fo b
e he nps o ady A (Wbich outpuls Dvese
ve'se,
hen Acdy)Yetrues

T aninKAare V ol Aa be khe crw

bratndnm_A by sedkr fho M-inpot_ Cere
vaines accord ho 9peHe daing X. Zhe
Cnnuchion ha o Ps ogr Teduchon_fpthn
y is a yes fnRAanco V hon, he cerh h can
gve saas{yie aIGiarpenk 7 At Conyasel
TnpHu tha agaianmert oängtase fnto a

houm SAT Pg NP.

CmplLte:
mo lo hat SAT NP_tomp we
have howtuwo lok
The delz tin e NP- Poperlès a gR
pery Complate Prblons ha
QATPs in_Np

alassMAte
 OArE OUL

w &akarabr._prtblam (SAT) B tha zuett

"Gaven Boolean Combtnabanal chrcyPPs P
abseiable ?" Puen the_chrwtt Sahs4iab1H,_prdblo
Cahstaba -

Talo_ a C?nwt 2 and a Cerhkcale_y wlh he sel ef

/0weS That_pood«0 00pot J, we Can veaFfy tha
/LDes7hat tha
wshcther the en Cerhpcate sahsbes the_cPru Pn
Porynomlal hme do we Can 8ay hat cPrwi satsh
satsa
abY ptTblom NP

L&how heSend porpenhy hotdeToz sAT he

p-hand SAT s
Pgrt do7 he secand pm perhy e
Campatethe pna.
am above_lomma This

ndodabt.lify
Ao vndectdable_poblom a deison_PbOm
Lhrch Fi P Pmpos& Phe Conpirocfa Shd Ci Ye
a leadsoa Corred ye'
algoniihm Thak_ aiways
Consrds a amfy mHan
legured
Ar 9hfch aParKw@ e3/no angwer *
pmgram that dor
SoCh thak Hhere s e Computer Termna/es
iven Paubo nKana a np
n aler anile nomba-
ophs_herequypd angwer
undevdabe_ probcen i
eps Moreermauy
Se o
Ne CursNe Se
ptblom twhaean9.uape an'E
a
anpuablo or decicdabte
Cwhehera Ceh
enenate9 a he ings o N w hether tvo c% L
by
Cnd M aNN epuu 2 whether he /argvage accepa
e
T Rs PAGE
alassmate
 DATE N

Ondeddaba_pnbles
ost'e Conrespondana_Pmhoro (PCP

fe a Problo
ordertdahlo_decsfon ha
ws Imdead by Enfl Pork h 1s4k:

twpo
Dindehe _npot_el te_pblom Conssand veA
UI,02,.--- UD V2,
intnite s 0 )
,V e woTds ove Some aLphabe Z haw
Ashwbn toThi
PI0bLem a &egoene e fndtaox
JLEk2=n, VK, Such thad
Oi UP UPK Va V We Say ?4,/2
-ir Ps_a 8olwtion o ThsPnkiana ef pea Here
the decis fon pmblom 78 decde whetfor sowkm

EnpOdan the saucwn en Jrs

v

aa
Agawtin o ths_pooblam (ooud be the Seguentel3,23J
U U2 Ug U = bkatab+ bba *a baabibaa
VsV VyV bb +a +bbt bagrbbaa bbbba
UaTheTmone, 3nce (3.2 3.J) a Sn So au s
"Tepishon Soch 3,93,1, 3.2.3.J) etc. ane nr
manu hs Xhis opihtve Kind Howerer
08, 2 V , V PAGE
 DATE INL
.Habng_problo Hs p a

nven_a Turfng HaChine_H and a Poput , do

M halk On w?

gohm May lopta oB whth may be

Cenknile tnKagth The _amount e wak dame mte
On aLgor fhp SoU_dleperds0n n
tho haLbne pmbom o h e guegAn. lata_MpotThus
Ormgram n_Popott (7A/en_a
to_he pmgran, delermine
he_pmgaam URU Qventuauy twhen s
venral_Popub.PnpubThe queshon fo 8imply_whether
heatven Pmgam wru ven halt on a pakwtar
inpek.
ia SowAon
u run_ he pmpam oh the grven fnpof-/
the_ppgn@m &hpawe Tha ha Pmgram_havk:
Bo he_pmgren doesn top Phhe reaiorable
amaunt S me, we Canna Concivde that P won'E
dhp aybe Loe_didoE wa rng eroyh.
ho hgLhng_phlem fo amaurbecaue wa
ne h o o pbloms_omve al orithmicau
Undeafdablo h moang here o igonSth
OhICh Can_be appliedZ any_anbitary Prbresm
Pnput o decide ohother Che mgoam tps hen
n_cwa Khal Input

lassMate PAGE
 DATE

kach e pma hal fhe Hathng prstblerpP.P9-

Undeafdable

duppae we haANe a 90uti to ha

haltng
potBlamColaol H Mou) Htaue two Pnpuk
An 'nDtt ? or ho Pmgmem
enerata_a_opo "hati' P H detery
Pops an 2opbt 1 or ft ouputs np"othons.
Perami
hall or "rp
Wecao daeat the pmgram as,dala y Therepre
Pomgmam Can bethoyght os Popue: So, n
HCeh be yevfsed takeP as both fhpets (tre
mgram y Hs rnpot)y_H &hould be aba to determne
wu hat on P ag e Topst
ot us ConKAruda na Popla algo the k fhat
aras Hg 0utpot a s foput doea the fsuewirg
) Houtpots 'np" fhask halts
fhomuteH's oufpü ef " hau' Cauwee K w Leppr
T
ha

untbn xt Hter) /ekno1

ne Kg a pogram0 ug ue khe npo h k
clasSmAte PAGE
 OATE I L I I I
Thalt

Lnp

HSays That k halds han k Hseu

ho D Congirucied ?E). 2_H 8ays wowd lp thots
halu that klnpHunk
n efhon Case H 2ve tha
Thws H Cannotwork hau wrong ansuer or or k.
k
a_possfhle_ tContavd_anCasea eve heun that
foLwhón_H falk Hente P0 vedopot fhal Cabseg a

Un deudable prblemy about Tonng MaChineg

D Ib lom odecidable_ Thore f no TM
Ohfch 1 awoys halt in_nite aMot o
ive anE Uer y ' o no n_vnderidable -
Ph lOn has no algorífhs tp delezmm khe answer
aven_ ioput
Dmo Undeidabe_pmbome aboot TN ae:
Chether two CLln 2 N are egquau dnCa, we Can'
detenmim al the &ringg ed ansm C£b, we anllpreke-
hot too CEh are egual or

nfen a s no T hat w? auuays

CPL, Khere
Pakinie amont of Kme gves
v an angwo
hauan
whene anguase ambijvou nob

PAGE
 DATE LIL

amplutenas e cf 7ven a CF 2 fnput

auphakel, wheher Cfh UTLenemae au
Posk Phlo dins npa aphabë fs Undesdas

Koqulanf CFL von_a a CF4, delerminin,

uhethes undeaidabe
anguage s. pulaa s_udeeda
 Yoekiong alLed han hhapleI
hal do yawtaLan by_Compotabmau Conplexty
enplain bout the m e pacg Complany e a
Tun ng Machme (2099.Smnks) 2 90-J ma)

nplain he emm Iotaetabrlity fs SAT prilen

traltable Juhfy_ 20 Smans 1l2096 Smasu
Ahalda you maan by taodabay Indgaetas ( preblan2
eplain bth relerence to fur'rg machne 2046 Jraum
(209S-SMru)
Denensalg betwean CRass p 2 Uass Np.
40 4-Smamg) (2009-Smars, 2091Smre
2090-Smav)
MhatONaE do you moan by_ublom TeduCKnAyo
eLplain abbut Np Complodena (g092- Smars)

how tha PL s Cemplote thore fs a

ND
potynamial hma Tedctm e_p: wP2 hen pa Ps Mp.
Lplahe 204-J mat