Last Minute Revision Points 24. 25. 26. 2. 28. 29. 31. 32, 3B. 35. 36. 37. 38, 39, 41 42 43, 45. 46. Fatty acids not synthesized in man are : Linoleic acid and a- Linolenic acid Phenylketonuria is detected by : Guthrie test Exhaustive treatise on scurvy was published by : James Lind Respiratory quotient ona mixed diet is : 0.85 Quantity of Hb catabolized everyday in a normal adult is: 8 gm Allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase: Fructose 2,6 biphosphate , Fru-6-P & AMP ‘Aromatic amino acids are: Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Phenylalanine & His ‘Amino acids with its Pka value close to physiological range: Histidine Vibrational spectrum of proteins is due to : secondary structure Overnight fasting gastric output is: 10-20 mEq/L "Squalene' is the intermediate product during synthesis of: Cholesterol ‘The no. of net ATP gained after complete oxidation of palmitic acid {C16 fatty acid) Is : 106 Bence Jones proteins are: Light chains Mature RBC contains: Giycolytic enzymes Coproporphyrin-IIlis: Excreted in Lead poisoning Cofactor in one carbon metabolism is: Folic acid Pyruvate decarboxylase requires as coenzyme: Thiamine Aerobic oxidation of reduced cytochromes shows P/O ratio of: 1 Sulkowitch test is used to estimate: Urinary Calcium Gerhardt's testis positive in significant degree of: Ketosis In mature erythrocytes the major dialyzable anion is: Chloride “Reducing power" is usually in the form of: Reduced NADP+ (= NADPH + H') The P:0 ratio observed upon conversion of succinate to fumarate in a system carrying out oxidative Phosphorylation: 1.5 Lipotrophic factors are: Choline, Methionine ‘The most direct source of nitrogen in urea biosynthesis is: Ammonium ion, Aspartate Glutathione hydrolysis produces: Glycine, Glutamate & Cysteine ‘An increase in the rate of operation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle occurs when there is an increase in the ratio of: NAD+/NADH and ADP/ATP ‘The term secondary structure of proteins refers to : a-hel Unwinding of DNA is done by: Helicase ‘Accepts electrons from succinate dehydrogenase: Ubiquinone (coenzyme) Cofactor for sulphate oxidase is: Molybdenum Cholesterol is transported to extrahepatic tissue mainly through: LOL CChargaff's rule states that A=T; G= Substantial quantity of which inorganic ions is required for ribosomal function : K* ‘The molecular weight of linoleic acid is 280 and the atomic weight of iodine is 127. The iodi is: 181 Kinases require : Met* In anaerobic glycolysis, one mole of glucose yields: 2 moles of ATP Carnitine is synthesized from: Lysine, methionine Vit. D: is fat soluble vitamin functioning like a hormone ‘The rate limiting step in the extra mitochondrial synthesis of fatty acids is : Acetyl CoA carboxylase ‘The monosaccharide most rapidly absorbed from the small intestine is: Galactose The first product of Glycogenolysis is : Glucose 1-phosphate ‘An Amino acid that is incompatible with an alpha - helix's: Proline Cyanide poisoning is due to Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase ‘An intermediate in ‘active acetate' formation from acetate Is: Acetyl AMP. In oxidative phosphorylation, oxidation of one NADH to NAD+ produces: 2.5ATPS , B-pleated sheet, loops, turns, bends number of this acid Points ision Last Minute ReviBiochemistry 47. With help of pyridoxine , serotonin is synthesized from: Tryptophan 48. Substrate concentration affects velocity of enzymatic action, described by : Michaels Menton equation 49. Flexibility of protein chain is determined by : Glycine 50. Sulphur containing amino acids are: Cysteine, methionine 51. Physiological constituents of urine: Urea, Creatinine 52. Urine urobilinogen is tested with: Ehrlich’s aldehyde test (also used for detecting porphobilinogen-PBG of porphyrias) 53. Cytochrome oxidase contains: Fe & Cu 54, The most important buffer in extracellular fluid is: SO,, Bicarbonate 55. The normal pH of blood is : 7.4 (7.35 ~ 7.45) 86, The commonest enzyme deficiency is of: Glucose -6-phosphatase 57. Placenta and Ovary: synthesize and release physiologically significant amount of estradiol! 58. Cholesterol contains: 27 carbon atoms, a hydroxyl group on carbon number 4 59. Citrate & ATP : inhibit phosphofructokinase -1 60. The semi essential amino acids: Arginine 61. Essential fatty acids are: Arachidonic acid, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid 62, _ Base stacking measurement of DNA (or DNA duplex stability) is done by: Hyperchromicity 63, Michaelis- Menten hypothesis states that: enzyme substrate complex formation essential in enzymatic reaction 64. Degeneracy of the genetic code denotes the existence of: Multiple codons for a single amino acid 65. Specific dynamic action is maximum in: Protein 66, Pyridoxine is required for : Heme synthesis, 67. Isotope has same: Atomic number 68. Banding is : Method of detecting single gene deletion 69. Besides Liver, Gluconeogenesis occurs in : Kidney 70. Number of ATPs formed in conversion of glycogen glucose to lactate is: 3 71. Normal renal threshold for glucose excretion is : 180mg% 72. Benzoic acid is detoxified by binding with: Glycine (forms Hippuric acid) 73. 3.5 ATPs: are formed in the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinate 74. Coricycle or lactic acid cycle involves: blood, liver, muscle 75. Net ATPs formed in glycolysis are: 0, 1, 2, 3,5, 7 ATPs (depending on cell, fuel and conditions) 76. The key enzyme in the bile acid synthesis is: 7 alpha hydroxylase 77. _ 4,ATPs: are formed by one turn of beta oxidation. 78. The normal daily faecal fat excretion in man is : Sm 79. Highest concentration in Plasma is : VLDL 80. Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is: HG CoA Reductase 81. _Non-essential amino acid is : not needed in diet 82. Man, Monkey, Guinea pig: Cannot synthesize vitamin C are due to deficiency of gluconolactone acid 83. Basic amino acid are : Histidine Lysine arginine 84. Ketone body produced maximum in starvation is : Beta- hydroxybutyrate 85. The base found in RNA but not in DNA : Uracil 86. Glycogen phosphorylase requires: Pyridoxine 87. Messenger RNA attaches to Operator codon for regulating protein synthesis. 88, The common feature of enzyme cascade system is : Feedback inhibition 89, "The process in which amino group of the amino acid is transferred to the keto acid and the keto group of the keto acids transferred to the amino acid” is called: Transamination 90. Alcohol is converted into methanol by : Reduction 91. The only tissue where NAD and NADP are equally distributed: Liver 92. NADPH is used for : Fatty acid biosynthesis 93, Glutathione peroxidase contains: Selenium/Selenocysteine 94, Most catalytically active enzyme is: Trypsin 95. The vitamin important for carboxylation is : Biotin 96. Vitamin which prevents auto-oxidation : Tocopherol 97. Vitamin essential for transamination is; 86100. 101. 102. 103. 104, 4108. 106. 107 108. 108. 110. 11 42. 113. 114 115, 116. 417. 118. 118. 120. 121 122. 123. 124. 125, 126. 7. 128. 129, 130. 131 132 133 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, aL a2 143, 144, 1s, 146, ur. uaa, ‘The major vitamin deficiency in Wernicke's encephalopathy: 81 Dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia are seen in deficiency of: Niacin Nicotinic acid and serotonin are formed from: Tryptophan ‘The most important buffer in RBC : Oxygen Hb + K Hemogiobinate Hemoglobin is present in : Hydrophobic pockets Normal daily urinary protein excretion is: Upto 150mg, Sweat chlorides are increased in: Cystic fibrosis Embryonic hemoglobin is: Alpha2, gamaz Alpha antitrypsinis synthesized in: Lungs Surfactant is secreted by : Pneumocyte-tI Best stimuli for pancreatic secretion rich in electrolytes: Secretin Beta 1 receptor activation causes: Decarboxylation of keto acid Free fatty acid is transported by : Albumin HMP Shunt pathway; produces CO: [Atherosclerosis isnot found in: Rabbit ‘Thirst is stimulated by : ADH Galactolipid: is accumulated in Gaucher's disease “Chis transfer reaction is mediated by : Folic acid ‘Activated pantothenic acd is found in: GMP Giycine: is inhibitory agent in neuron Chromosomal studies are done in : Metaphase The amino acid heterocyclic is: Proline Tertiary structure present in: keratin Heart at rest utilizes: Fatty acids ‘The vitamin synthesized in the body is: Vit. 0 & 83 ‘The vitamin deficiency implicated in metaplasia of respiratory epithelium is: Vit. A FIGLU is an intermediate product of: Histidine Dietary fibre is: Non-starch polysaccharide Dietary fibre reduces atherosclerosis by : Binding to cholesterol Bence -jones proteins: isnot a normal ingredient of human urine. ‘The mechanism of action of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation involves: Disruption of proton gradient across the inner membrane ‘The cytochrome involved in mono-oxygenase mediated detoxification of drugs is: Cyt P 450 In Chylomierons the main apoprotein is: Apo 8-48 Insulin secretion is associated with: Zine ‘The site at which 1,25 hydroxylation of vitamin -D takes place in the kidneys is: Proximal convoluted tubules Allosteric activator of Acetyl CoA carboxylase: Citrate Entropy isa measure of: Energy that isnot available for work The Fenton reaction leads to free radical generation when: Ferrous ions are converted to ferric ions ‘Towhich family of chemical mediators of inflammation, the lipoxin belong; Arachidonic acid metabolites Beta-oxidation of odd chain fatty acids produces: Propionyl CoA ‘Aperson on a fat free carbohydrate rich diet continues to grow obese. The lipoproteins i likely to be elevated in his blood is: VLDL Dietary cholesterol is carried from intestine to liver by : APO-C ‘The primary role of chaperones is to help in : Protein folding RFLP method: is used for reading large chromosomes 50-100 base pairs. ‘A segment of an eukaryotic gene that is not represented in the mature mRNA, is known as: Intron Hypervitaminosis A induces damage to : Lysosome Telomerase contains: RNA dependent DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase ‘The purines salvage pathway is for: Hypoxanthine, Guanine & Adenine Diphosphoglycerate in red blood cells does not increase on stimulation in: Chronic anemia Function of Sertoli cells: Aid in spermiogenesis Emayme responsible for respiratory burst Is: Oxidase Points Ision Last Minute Revi149, 150. 151, 152. 153, 154, 155, 156. 157, 158, 159, 160, 161. 162. 163, 164, 165. 166. 167. 168, 169, 170. a. 172. 173. 174, 175, 176. a7. 178. 179, 180. 181. 182. Biochemistry Glowing of firefly is due to: ATP. |n carboxylation of clotting factors by vitamin k, which Amino Acids is carboxylate: Glutamate ‘A major lipid of mitochondrial membrane is: Cardiolipin Alpha fetoprotein is genetically and structurally related to : Albumin In the mucosal cells, triglycerides are formed primarily in the : Golgi apparatus Biosynthesis of the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase is repressed by : Insulin Microalbuminuria is defined as protein levels of: 151-00mg/L Mucin dot testis done to detect: Hyaluronate in synovial fluid ‘The cofactor required for the activity of sulfite oxidase is : Molybdenum The estimation on-methy/ histidine in urine is used to study: Skeletal muscle mass ‘The screening test for gestational diabetes mellitus that has the highest sensitivity is : S0gm glucose challenge test ‘Nephelometry is based on the principle of: Light attenuat Vit. Kis required for : Carboxylation Type -II collagen : is found in hyaline cartilage. Cation used in PCR is: Magnesium Poly (A) translates into: Polylysine ted in intensity by scattering Replacing alanine by Tryptophan will increase UV absorbance of protein at 280nm wavelength NO iis synthesized from : Arginine Noble prize recently given for the discovery of: RNAi Splicing is done by : Sn RNA Hyaluronic acid a mucopolysaccharide is present in : Vitreous humor {In Maple syrup disease, the amino acids not excreted in urine: Phenylalanine NARP is related to : Mitochondria DNA Zinc is required for: Alcohol dehydrogenase Western blotting is used for : Proteins Rancid butter (boiled cabbage- like) smell in urine is seen Hemoglobin formation requires: Histidine Somatostatin : acts by decreasing - cAMP Functional plasma enzyme is : Lipoprotein lipase In famil Most abundant extracellular anion is : Chloride Milieu interior refers to : ECF Thyroxine is derived from amino acid: Tyrosine Alpha oxidation of fatty acid occurs in: Peroxisomes in: Tyrosinemia -| I hypercholesterolemia 2 : LDLR is not properly transported Analytical Application - used in diagnostic kits Glucose oxidase and peroxidase (GOD POD) Glucose Urease Urea Cholesterol oxidase Cholesterol Uricase Uric acid Lipase Triacylglycerol Luciferase To detect bacterial contamination in foods Alkaline phosphatase/horse radish peroxidase {In the analytical technique ELISA Use in Genetic Restriction endonucleases Taq DNA polymerase Engineering Gene transfer, DNA finger Polymerase chain reaction Ck is a dimer composed of 2 sub units. These are B for brain and M for muscle. Because the active form is a dimer, here are 3 isoenzymes Ck1(BB), CK-2 (MB) CK-3 (MM). CK intermediate and Ck-3 slowest. is the fastest moving on electrophoresis, CK-2 Abzyme is an antibody which is also having a catalytic activity, They are antibody enzymesyt PA50 is Microsomal enzyme/cytochrome involved in biotransformation of largest number of drugs (50%) ‘SOME IMPORTANT NEGATIVE POINTS 1. Acetoacetic acid (KB) & fatty acids - are NOT substrate for Glucose synthesis 2. Sedoheptulose PO 4-is intermediate product of Pentose Pathway 3. Phosphate - is NOT a component of Ganglioside 4. HMG CoA s NOT involved in - Isoleucine metabolism 5. _Phospho enol pyruvate - is NOT Directly produced from pyruvate 6. Hydrogen bond -is NOT -present in primary structure 7. Covalent bond -is NOT present in Antigen - antibody complex 8. _Pyridoxal phosphate -is NOT Required for hydroxylation of proline in collagen synthesis 9, Tyrosine -is NOT an essential aa (but it becomes essential in PKU). 10. Glutamate is NOT a precursor of- Histidine 11, Reactions NOT occur in glycolysis - Hydration 12. Biotin is NOT required as a coenzyme in - Pyruvate dehydrogenase (it requires thiamine) 13._ sphingomyelin does NOT contains — Lecithin 114. Ligase chain reaction is NOT useful for - detection of mutation 15. Barbiturates inhibit NAD linked dehydrogenases by blocking the transfer from FES to Q End products of 1. Purine catabolism Uric acid 2. Pyrimidine catabolism B-Alanine & B-Amino lsobutyric acid + NH 3, CO> (ABC), 3. FAOxidation Acetyl CoA (propionyl CoA with odd chain FA) 4. Glycolysis Pyruvate/ Lactate (Alcohol) 5. Nucleic aid on hydrolysis yields Base + Sugar + POS Le. DNA on complete hydrolysis 6. RNAon complete hydrolysis Base + Sugar (A, G, C, U + ribose) +PO, (A, G, CU D- ribose) ‘Some Inborn Error of Metabolism 1. Pentosuria = Disease of uronic acid pathway defect of enzyme L-xylitol dehydrogenase + Laylulose in blood & excreted in urine 2.Norum's disease = LCAT deficiency (failure of cholesterol esterification), fish eye disease Cholesterol + lecithin LCAT-> Lysolecithin + Ch-ester 3.Hereditary fructose intolerance - defectof aldolase—B 4. Refsum’s disease - __phytanate a- oxidase defect 5. Cystinuria = Excretion of cystine stones. Ornithine, Lysine Arginine is urine (COLA) ‘Amino acid carrier (transport) defect in renal tubular cells 6. Dibasic Aminoaciduria Excessive dibasic amino acids Ornithine, Lysine, Arginine (OLA). 7..Cystinosis = due to deficiency of cystine reductase 8, Homocystinuria - deficiency of cystathionine synthetase leading to overflow aminoaciduria Cod fish vertebrae, hepatomegaly. Osteoporosis, ectopia lenis, Carlie Chaplin gait Na-CN ~ nitroprusside test in urine for cysteine 9. Maple syrup urine enzyme deficiency of a-keto acid decarboxylase disease branched chain (leucine, isoleucine, valine) ketonuria Points ision Last Minute Rev’10. Orotie aciduria~ 11. Alkaptonuria 12, Tyrosinosis 13. Albinism: 14, Glutaric aciduria : Biochemistry : ‘burnt sugar like odour of urine deficiency of OMP decarborylase Megaloblastic anemia is seen deficiency of Homogentisate oxidase occurrence of dark urine on standing in ai fof connective tissues and deposition in joints leading to arthritis (ochronosis) deficiency of Fumaryl aceto acetate hydrolase (tyrosinemia type-t) det. of tyrosinase (inherited defect in melanocytes of eye & skin) Ketoacidosis, hypotonia hypoglycemia. ‘Sweaty feet odour” ir, generalized pigmentation Extra Edge : "Sweaty Feet” odour is seen in Isovaleric acidemia & glutaric aciduria b. "Mousy or Musty Odour" of skin, hair and urine is seen in PKU, ©. Bolled cabbage like urinary odour is seen in - Tyrosinemia & hypermethioninemia . Swimming pool urine odour is sen in - Hawkinsinuria. Biochemical tests 1. For CBH Molisch’s test (all sugars) Seliwanoff’s -test. (D-fructose) Fearon’s test (to distinguish lactose from sucrose/monosaccharide) 2. For Ketones Rothera’s test, sodium nitroprusside test, 3. For cholesterol ‘Salkowski, Liebermann-Burchard, Ziemann’s (Mnemonic-Sali Zi) 4. — For bile pigment Fouchet’s ragent (also Cole, Foam, lodine) 5. Forbile salts Hay’s Sulphur test, Pettenkofer’s test 6. For Urobilinogen Ehrlich’s aldehyde test & porphobilinogen Piece wR Recht ae} L.__Most common form of pro-vitamin-A is Beta Carotene. 2. Required for activation of factor 8 is not true regarding vitamin K. 3. LDH flip in myocardial infarction is LDH 1 more than LDH 2 4. Most common product of fatty acid synthesis is Palmitic acid. 5. _ Nitric oxide works by Cyclic GMP. 6. Tyrosinosis is probably caused due to defect in Fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase enzyme. 7. Galactosemia is most commonly caused due to defect in GALT (Uridyl Transferase). 8. True about DNA polymerase 1 is it does proof reading and repair. 9. Function of chaperon is Protein folding. 10. Color blindness is the X-linked disorder, 11. Cysteine is the amino acid which is not lost in cystinuria, 12. Negative charge carrying amino acid are Glutamic acid and aspartic acid 13. Allosteric inhibitor acts on site other than enzymatic site to inhibit enzyme. 14. In fish odor disease the vitamin intake is restricted is Choline. 15. True about phenylketonuria Is it usually diagnosed before one month of age. 16. Pa of a drug is equal to the pH when Equal amount of drug is ionized and non-lonized. 17. Ketone bodies cannot be utilized iby RBCs, 18, Methylation of cytosine is associated with Decreased expression of,19. 20. 21, 22, 23. 24. 25. 26. 27, 28. 28. 31 32. 33, 35. 36. 37 29, 41 42. 43, 45, 47. 4. 51. . High glutamate in deficiency of CPS 1. Klenow fragment lacks the activity of 5'-3" exonuclease. Techniques based on RNA Is RT PCR/ NASBA, ‘tRNA of alanine does not require 5 capping. Methylation does not favor permissive euchromatin due to changes occurring at cytosine residues at CpG islands in DNA. Ina reaction substrate is available in a concentration that is 1000 times the Km value of the enzyme. After 9 minutes of reaction, 1% substrate is converted to product (12 microgram/ml). If the concentration of the enzyme is changed to 1/3 and concentration of substrate is doubled. The time taken to convert the substrate into the same amount of product, je. 12 microgram/ml is 27minutes. ‘A middle aged woman presents with fissures in mouth, tingling sensation and peripheral neuropathy. Investigations showed reduced glutathione reductase activity. The vitamin deficiency isthe likely cause of ths is Vitamin 82. Fe absorption increases by vitamin C. ‘The enzyme activity decreases in fasting is Phosphofructokinase I ‘An adolescent male patient came with pain in calf muscles on exercise. On biopsy excessive amount of normal ‘lycogen was found to be present in the muscle. The most likely enzyme deficiency is Phosphorylase enzyme. Fluoride released from fluoroacetate inhibits the metabolic pathway is ETC (by chelating Ca++). \Vitamin K in its coenzyme form is regenerated by Epoxide reductase enzyme. Best investigation for Metabolic disorders is Tandem mass spectrometry. Best method to measure HbAIC is lon exchange chromatography. In Menkes disease lysyl oxidase activity is reduced. After fatty meal, LPL deficient elevated: Chylomicrons. The Amino acid producing nitric oxide is arginine. ‘Ammonia toxicity with urea cycle due to depletion of alpha ketoglutarate. Norepinephrine to epinephrine conversion requires methionine (in form of SAM). Cardiac failure cause: Vit. B1 deficiency. Mitochondrial DNA true: Maternally inherited, Liver doesn't produce immunoglobulins. NOT a Ribozyme: Poly A polymerase ‘Amino acid linking Krebs cycle and urea cycle: Aspartate Typel DM is true in increased lipolysi Vitamin facilitates absorption of iron is Vit. C. ‘The Respiratory quotient for a person on exclusive carbohydrate diet is 1 In noncompetitive antagonism: Vmax decreases. In cerebrohepatorenal syndrome ,the accumulate in brain is due to Very long chain fatty acid |. Patient is with Type | Diabetes mellitus, with complains of polyuria. Increased conversion of fatty acid to Acetyl CoA will occur normally in his body. Method of transport of glucose in the intestine is Secondary active transport. During exercise most rapid way to synthesize ATP is Phosphocreatine, ‘At physiologic pH the side chains of lysine and arginine are fully ionized and positively charged. Points ision Last Minute Rev