& Writing EXPLORING WRITTEN ENGLISH (B® Read the sentences. How else could the quantities in bold be expressed? Discuss with a NOTICING partner. Then look again at paragraph H of the reading to check your ideas. 1. Lee and his researchers have di resist peeking, covered that more than 50 percent of children can't 2. Among two-year-olds who peek, just over 30 percent lie about it. 3, Among three-year-olds, 50 percent lie 4, Byage eight, about four-fifths of the children tested claim they didn't peek We When you refer to numerical data, you can use words and phrases to describe it instead Cf using numbers, Sometimes using words and phrases rather than numbers and percentages to express data can make it easier for readers to understand the significance Of the data, It can also make your writing rmore interesting and less repetitive. ‘Some words that express percentages and numerical data include: Tin 10 = 10percent two-fifths = 40 percent Tin $= 20 percent two-thirds = 66.6 percent aquarter = 25 percent three-quarters = 75 percent athird = 33.3 percent the majority (of) = more than 50 percent half = 50 percent almost all = slightly less than 100 percent In addition, you can add modifiers such as fewer/less than, more than, approximately nearly, exactly precisely, and just over. ‘More than a quarter of those who took part in the study were children Approximately a third of those aged 13-17 told no les over the 24-hour period. When you summarize a research study or article, you can use certain words and phrases to introduce the results of the study. Here are some expressions for Introducing results. Both the active and passive voice are often used, Researchers found / discovered /saw / observed / noticed that. twas found / discovered / observed /noticed that: B Look back at the infographic on Lying frequency in the reading passage. Complete the INTRODUCING sentences using words and phrases from the Language for Writing box. RESULTS AND DESCRIBING DATA 1, Researchers found that____ of people aged 60-77 told one to five lies over a 24-hour period, of people aged 45-59 told no lies. children aged 9-12 told at least one lie in 24 hours. of children aged 6-8 told one to five lies. TRUTH AND DECEPTION 201INTRODUCING (@ Write two more sentences describing the data in the infographic. Use words and RESULTS AND. phrases from the Language for Writing box. DESCRIBING DATA i 1 ‘research summary covers the main points of a scientific study. Part 1—Purpose of study: Includes background on the issue and states the question(s) the researchers wanted to answer Part 2—Method: Explains how the researchers set up the study, what they did, and | what they had the participants/subjects do Part 3—Results: Describes what the researchers found, how the participants behaved, or what happened | Part 4—Conclusion: Explains the significance of the results/what the results of the study indicate regarding the research question SUMMARIZING (BD Read the notes for a research summary. Write the letters a-g in the correct places in RESEARCH the outline. ‘The Stanford Marshmallow Experiment ‘| ] a. The aim was to find out ifchildren could delay gratification, and how this ability can ! affect people’ lives. b. About 33 percent of children were able to delay gratification long enough to eat both | marshmallows. i ‘c Researchers took children into a room with a chair, a small desk, two marshmallows, and a bell d. About 33 percent of subjects rang the bell and ate one marshmallow immediately after researchers left @. People who are able to resist their impulses and delay gratification tend to be more successful in ie Researchers later found that participants who delayed gratification had higher SAT scores and were better able to deal with stress. 4g. The researchers left the room after telling the children they could eat both marshmallows if they waited until the researchers came back. The children were told that if they couldrrt wait, they could ring the bell and eat one marshmallow. The researchers left the children alone for up to 20 minutes. Outline 1. Introduction (purpose of study): 3, Results; _______ 2, Method: ___ 4, Conclusion: 202 uninWRITING TASK GOAL In this lesson, you are going to write an essay on the following topic: Write a research summary of a famous study. ® Research some ofthe experiments listed below. Decide which one you will summarize, RESEARCHING Then find two or more articles that give details about the experiment you have chosen. + The Invisible Gorilla Experiment; conducted by Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris + The Good Samaritan Experiment; conducted by John Darley and Daniel Batson + AClass Divided; conducted by Jane Elliott + Ross's False Consensus Effect Study; conducted by Lee Ross + Car Crash Experiment; conducted by Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer + The Chameleon Effect; conducted by Tanya Chartrand and John Bargh ® Follow these steps to make notes for your summary. PLANNING Step 1. Read the articles once to understand the main points ofthe experiment. Step2 Reread the articles and take notes in your own words. Identify the purpose of the study, the method{s), the result(s) of the experiment, and the conclusion suggested by the results. (See Unit § fora review of information on avoiding plagiarism) Step 3 Use your notes to complete the outline. Make note of where you got your information. Include the references at the end of your research summary. OUTLINE Purpose of Study: TRUTH AND DECEPTION. 203! Conclusion: Finst DRAFT (Use the information in your outline to write a first draft of your research summary. REVISING PRACTICE The draft below is a model of the type of research summary you are writing. Follow the steps to create a better second draft. ] 1. Write the sentences or phrases (a-¢) in the correct spaces. yy a. If they couldn't wait until the researchers returned, the children could ring the bel and eat one, but not both, of the marshmallows. b.The researchers also found that in adulthood, the children who had been able ‘to wait longer for the marshmallows had been able to avoid addictive behaviors, had more stable marriages, and were in better physical health .Ultimately, however, Mischel transformed his experiment into a longitudinal | study (one conducted over several years) to find out how people's ability to delay ratification affects the rest of the ives | 2. Now fix the following problems (a-b) with the summary. i a. Fixa problem with language for introducing results in the Results section, | b Replace a percentage with a word or phrase to avoid repetition at the start of the | Results section. The Stanford Marshmallow Experiment Purpose of Study In the 1960s and 1970s, Stanford psychologist Walter Mischel conducted a series of studies with 653 preschool students aged three to five. The original purpose of the study was to determine at what age children develop the ability to resist their impulses and delay their own gratification Method In the study, researchers took individual children into a room with nothing but a chair anda small desk. On the desk were two marshmallows and a bell. The researchers told each child that they had to leave for afew minutes. They also told the children that if they waited until the researchers came back, they would win both rarshmallows. The researchers then left the children alone with both marshmallows for up to 20 minutes to observe whether or not the children were able to wait. 204 unisResults The researchers found that about 33 percent of the children were able to delay their ation I ,gh to win both marshmal pproximately 33 percent of the subjects rang the bell and ate one marshmallow immediately after researche left, Another 33 percent of the subjects tried to wait, covering their eyes, tugging their ponytails, or making up sor rder to distract themselves. However, they in before the researchers returned to the room, The researchers continued to study s long into adolescence and adulthood. It found that as teen, who could delay their own gratification as children had higher levels nigher SAT scores, and were better able to deal with stress than the ne participan of self-esteem, participants who had not been able to control their imp Conclusion he results of Mischels longitudinal study demonstrated that people who are able ntrol their impulses and n tend to be more successful (B Now use the questions below to revise your paragraph. REVISED DRAFT ofthe explain the study? urpo: ou explain the method clearly and thoroughly? Did you include the results of the stu Did you describe the conclusion of the stu rases for introducing results? Did you correctly ust Did you us words and phrases to vary the way data is exp | en as about one third of children were able ee aces Conan as TRUTH AND DECEPTION 205EDITING PRACTICE Read the information below. Then find and correct one mistake with words and phrases for describing data in each of the sentences (1-4). In sentences with words and phrases that describe data, remember: + the verb usually agrees with the main noun e.g. Two-thirds ofthe countrys drinking waters imported from abroad. A third ofall the customers inthe survey were unhappy with the service they received, + include of before a noun, after phrases such asa third, three quarters, and the majority + use fewer than with plural count nouns and less than with nencount nouns 1.A third of the participants was able to delay gratification. 2. The majority ofthe research were carried out in South America 3. Around two-thirds the participants weren't able to wait for the two marshmallows. 4. Less than one hundred children took part in the study. FINAL DRAFT (EB Follow the steps to write a final draft. 1, Check your revised draft for mistakes with words and phrases for referring to results, and data, Now use the checklist on page 248 to write a final draft. Make any other necessary changes, UNIT REVIEW ‘Answer the following questions. 4, Do you remember the meanings of these words? Check (¥) the ones you know. Look back at the unit and review the ones you don't know. Clavtomaticalyam — Climpostoram Dcepacity am innocence 2. Why might someone believe aie that is clearly cover We cee contradicted by evidence? Ddeceitful Cprominent Deceptive Cprone to Dlemergencemm Disystematically Difundamentalem — thrive What are the four main parts of a research summary? Doulibie 1. What are two reasons people lie? 206 unir9