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Building and Environment 43 (2008) 12861300 www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv

A design support system for effective planning of the integrated workplace performance
Ji-Hyun Kima, Sun-Sook Kima, In-Ho Yangb, Kwang-Woo Kima,
a

Department of Architecture, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea b Department of Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University, 26-3, Pil-dong, Chung-gu, Seoul 100-715, South Korea Received 29 May 2006; received in revised form 2 March 2007; accepted 22 March 2007

Abstract The objective of this study is to develop a design support system for effective planning of the integrated workplace performance. The current workplace planning process was analyzed, and lighting xture and diffuser types were categorized by surveying several ofce buildings. The concept of an integrated workplace planning module is proposed, and its development procedure is based on the current planning process. Various lighting planning modules and mechanical planning modules are developed by visual and thermal environment simulation. After considering the layout of other mechanical equipments, an integrated workplace planning module, which satises the visual and thermal comfort criteria, was developed for various architectural modules. By using this integrated workplace planning module, workplace planners can easily evaluate how their architectural planning decisions will affect the visual and thermal environment in the early stage of architectural design to achieve the more efcient design work. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Design support system; Integrated workplace planning module; Environmental performance; Architectural module; Lighting planning module; Mechanical planning module

1. Introduction Recently, workplace performance has received much attention, as more people have recognized that it directly affects work productivity and effectiveness. Workplace performance is a measure of the effectiveness of a workplace in meeting the occupants needs. Workplace design should consider environmental performance as well as spatial performance. Workplace performance can be determined by main factors such as architectural planning, ofce layout and characteristics of building service systems. Two former factors are mainly related with workplace spatial performance, while the latter is related with environmental performance, which supports the occupants health and comfort. All of these factors inuence workplace environment interactively and the occupant experiences the environment in which these factors work together.
Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 880 7065; fax: +82 2 871 5518.

E-mail address: snukkw@snu.ac.kr (K.-W. Kim). 0360-1323/$ - see front matter r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.03.015

Because of the importance of spatial and environmental performances, researchers have tried to improve these performances in each eld. For example, with the respect to the special performance, the ofce layout supporting various task types and organization characteristics have been studied extensively, and with respect to the environmental performance, lighting and mechanical planning have been studied to provide the optimal visual and thermal environment. However, the advanced studies on these two types of performances have primarily focused on the performance maximization. Workplace planners are responsible for ensuring the proper integration of the various workplace component factors, but it is impractical for workplace planners to have knowledge and skill for all of these factors. The inadequate coordination of various factors causes inconsistencies in every workplace environment, and workplace performance deciencies are often the result of poor coordination among the different designers and engineers. In addition, each factor is usually decided and judged on its individual advantages and performance, although the occupant

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experiences the environment as a whole. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt more integrated approach. Ofce workplace design is a process that optimizes workplace planning and relevant building systems and thus, trades off the advantages of various design alternatives. Once construction is completed, it is impractical and costly to change the trade-offs. It would be far less costly to modify the design alternative during the design process than to correct deciencies after construction. Therefore, workplace planners should evaluate the effectiveness of their design and the coordination of workplace environment at the design stage. In relation, this study aims to develop a design support system for effective planning of the integrated workplace performance in the early stage of architectural design for an open-plan ofce.

2. Backgrounds The workplace planning factors inuence workplace environment individually and interactively. However, previous studies on planning factors focused primarily on the performance maximization of these factors, and the studies on integration of these factors to optimize performance have been few. Therefore, an integrated study to consider the combined effect of these factors as well as the individual study on the planning factors is necessary. Coordination problems commonly occur where different systems or equipments come together in a limited space. For example, various building systems may all be placed in the ceiling, such as lighting xtures, diffusers, re sensors, sprinklers, speakers and other mechanical equipments. These systems are usually selected and installed by different designers and engineers on the basis of their individual performance or advantages. It would be difcult and dissipated work for each designer or engineer to coordinate and readjust their systems. Especially, lighting planning and mechanical planning are usually limited by the architectural design that follows the architectural modules determined in the architectural design stage. Therefore, a process for readjusting the architectural design and building systems is necessary to develop a reasonable plan for ensuring environmental performance. Inadequate coordination and readjustment cause spatial performance and environmental performance inconsistencies in the workplace. Although a coordinated approach for the design and development of a building system would be the ideal, it is not easy to implement because several professional groups would have to adjust their skills and attitudes. Therefore, a more immediate and feasible approach is required. One of these approaches is the The COPE project: building a better workstation by National Research Council Canada [14]. This approach provides the tools to enable designers and facility managers to compare openplan ofce design alternatives on the basis of quantitative indicators, including cost, indoor environment factors and

occupant environmental satisfaction. By literature review, simulation, experiments in mock-up ofces and a eld study, the effects of ofce design factors on physical ofce conditions are dened. A design tool to evaluate environmental satisfaction with open-plan ofces is also created. Another approach is the whole building concept, proposed in the research of High performance commercial building systems by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [5]. The fundamental goal of the whole building approach is to optimize a buildings performance in terms of comfort, functionality, energy efciency and lifecycle value. It also requires the integration of planning, design, equipment and material selection, and so on. Their vision is to make whole-building design tools and smart, integrated building controls that enable optimal interactions among systems as lighting, HVAC and other building systems. These approaches focus on the maximization and evaluation of the workplace performance considered the interactions of various factors. If specic integrated plan alternatives with performance data, which can be reviewed easily and visually and applied repeatedly with the same modules by the workplace planners, are developed and added to these approaches, a design work would be more efcient. Additionally, workplace planners can compare and evaluate the alternatives without help from other designers and engineers in the early stage of architectural design. Eventually, the coordination and readjustment between workplace planners and other specialty workers could be minimized. In Korea, ofce building construction has increased recently, but there is no design support system that can predict and evaluate the effect of workplace planning on indoor environment. Therefore, architects need tools which can help them examine selectable alternatives and the effect of their architectural planning decisions on the lighting and mechanical planning in the early stage of architectural design. For this purpose, an integrated workplace planning module is proposed, in which architectural modules are integrated with the arrangement of lighting xture, diffuser and other xtures. In this research, the concept of the integrated workplace planning module is proposed, which considers environmental and spatial performances. Because this method organizes the workplace by repeating the same modules, it can be applied to workplaces of various sizes and types.

3. Concept and development procedure of the integrated workplace planning module 3.1. Concept of the integrated workplace planning module Integrated workplace planning module can be dened as a three-dimensional planning unit for open-plan ofces, in which the layout of lighting xtures, diffusers, other

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mechanical equipments and workstations are integrated with architectural modules. The concept of the integrated workplace planning module is as shown in Fig. 1. The layout or type of each equipment and workstation would be varied according to factors, including the use of the workplace, architectural module, and the target level of environmental performance. The purpose of the integrated workplace planning module is to help workplace planners in decision-making for planning the workplace with consideration of these various factors in advance. An integrated workplace planning module may consist of several components: architectural module, lighting planning module, mechanical planning module, workstation layout module and other mechanical equipments. An architectural module is a unit of measure affecting the workplace layout as well as the building plan and elevation, and other components are developed on the basis of the architectural modules. A lighting planning module can also be dened as a unit of measure used for planning the layout and type of lighting xtures. A mechanical planning module can be dened as a unit of measure used for planning the layout and type of mechanical equipments like the diffuser. These two planning modules are closely related to each other, since the layout of diffusers is usually inuenced by the layout of lighting xtures. Workstation layout module is a unit of measure used for planning the layout and type of workstations. In addition, other mechanical systems such as sprinklers, sensors and speaker systems can be the components of an integrated workplace planning module. A productive workplace should satisfy environmental performance as well as spatial performance. Environmental performance is mainly inuenced by architectural modules, lighting planning modules and mechanical planning modules, whereas spatial performance are inuenced by architectural modules and workstation layout modules. In this study, integrated workplace planning modules are developed, focusing on environmental performance primarily. A workplace can be divided into the perimeter zone

and interior zone. Integrated workplace planning modules for the interior zone are developed in this study, considering the relatively large portion of the interior zone and similar environmental condition with time. This design support system will enable workplace planners to evaluate and compare their workplace planning alternatives based on quantitative environmental performance data, when they are planning new ofces or remodeling existing ofces, and to use the information obtained to create a more feasible design. 3.2. Development procedure of the integrated workplace planning module To develop the integrated workplace planning module for efcient workplace design, it is necessary to analyze the present status of workplace planning and to nd out the correlation among the architectural, the lighting and the mechanical planning. Practical and applicable alternatives can be suggested from the development process based on the general workplace planning process. The relationship among the planning factors should be reected on the development of the integrated workplace planning modules. Selection of lighting xture type and performance is subject to more limitation than selection of other mechanical equipments with more various types and performances. The types and layouts of lighting xture have more inuence on the aesthetic aspects of the workplace than those of mechanical equipment. Therefore, the layout of lighting xtures should precede the layout of diffusers and other mechanical equipments according to general workplace planning process [6]. The development procedure of the integrated workplace planning module was also established by considering the above-mentioned facts, as shown in Fig. 2. (1) Analysis of the present status of workplace planning.  Analysis of the general workplace planning process.  Survey of domestic and foreign buildings: architectural module, lighting and mechanical planning factors and equipments.  Analysis of lighting and mechanical planning factors and classication of equipments. (2) Development of lighting planning module integrated with architectural module.  Determination of visual performance criteria and evaluation tool.  Establishment of simulation cases by integrating the lighting xtures with architectural modules.  Development of lighting planning modules by visual environment simulation. (3) Development of mechanical planning modules integrated with lighting planning modules.  Determination of thermal performance criteria and evaluation tool.

Architectural Module
Wo rkst atio Lay n out Mo dule

Plann

ting Ligh odule ing M

Integrated Workplace Planning Module

Ot

he r Eq Mec ui pm hani en cal ts

l ica dule an ch Mo Me ing nn Pla

Fig. 1. Concept of the integrated workplace planning module.

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Structural module Architectural module

1289

Luminaire type

Diffuser type

Survey of architectural module

Lighting layout People/Equipment density Workstation layout

Survey of the lighting and mechanical planning

Luminaire type Lighting layout Diffuser type Diffuser performance Design criteria Classification of the mechanical equipment Integration of the mechanical equipment with the lighting planning module Simulation case set up

Consideration of the evaluation method for visual and thermal environment

Selection of the evaluation tool Selection of the evaluation criteria

Lighting planning module

Integration of the luminaire with architectural module Classification of the lighting equipment Mechanical planning module Workstation layout module Simulation case set up Visual environment simulation

Other mechanical equipment

Thermal environment simulation

Development of the lighting planning module

Performance comparison

Integrated workplace planning module

Development of the mechanical planning module integrated with the lighting planning module

Fig. 2. Development procedure of the integrated workplace planning module.

Establishment of simulation cases by integrating mechanical equipments with lighting planning modules.  Development of mechanical planning modules by thermal environment simulation. (4) Development of integrated workplace planning modules.  Consideration of other mechanical equipment layout.  Development of integrated workplace planning modules.

types and set the performance targets. After the schematic drawing process, engineers develop the schematic alternatives into a more detailed plan, and nally the lighting and the mechanical planning process are completed [8]. 4.1. Architectural module Architectural module is the basic measure of oor plan, lighting plan, and mechanical plan; essentially, it is the most fundamental planning factor in workplace design. According to the results of the survey, the most commonly used module is 3 m 3 m (6 buildings, 30%). In domestic buildings, the architectural modules of 3 M multiples such as 1.5 1.8, 2.7, 3, and 3.9 m are mainly applied, following the Korean Industrial Standards (KS) (Fig. 3). 4.2. Lighting planning Recessed type lighting xtures with 32 W uorescent lamps were widely used in the investigated workplaces. One to three lamps were used, depending on the type of lamps and the span of lighting xtures. Ambient and direct lighting systems were mainly applied in domestic workplaces, and most lighting xtures were parabolic louvers because they reduce the reection glare at the computer monitor. Based on the survey results, the layout type of lighting xtures could be classied into the line, spot and square types, as listed in Table 2. Most lighting xtures were equipped with parabolic louvers and lighting xtures dimensions were 1.2 m or 0.6 m in length and 0.6 m or

4. Present status of the workplace planning For practical and applicable design support system, the present status of the workplace planning should be analyzed and considered in developing integrated workplace planning modules. Fifteen domestic ofce buildings and ve Japanese ofce buildings were investigated by onthe-spot survey as well as literature review. The investigation results are summarized in Table 1 [7]. Based on these results, lighting and mechanical planning factors were selected and categorized. Architectural planning is generally started from the conceptual design by specialties such as space, structure, mechanical and electrical system, re safety etc. At this stage, the oor plan and the structure type are considered by architectural and structural specialties, and then mechanical and electrical engineers select the equipment

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1290 Table 1 Summary of survey results
Bldg. no. Year built City, country Ceiling height(m) Architectural module(m) Lighting planning module(m) 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.25 2 1.5 1.8 1.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.5 2.1 3.9 3.9 3.0 2.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.7 1.5 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 1.8 3.1 1.5 2.4 Mechanical planning module(m) 9.0 12.0 10.5 15.0 11.0 12.0 18.0 11.7 15.0 4.5 3.0 3.0 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 9.0 6.0 34.2 15.0 11.6 10.8 12.0 5.4 9.0 12.0 N.A. 3.2 3.2 N.A. 3.1 7.2 3.6 5.4 Lighting layout Lighting xture Source Line Line Line Line Line Square Line Line Square Line Square Line Line Line Square Line Square Spot Line Line FL32W 3 FL32W 3 FL32W 2 FL32W 1 FL40W 3 FL32W 1 FL32W 2 FL32W 2 FL32W 2 FL28W 3 FL32W 1 FL40W 2 FL32W 3 FL32W 2 FL32W 1 FL32W 2 FL32W 1 FL32W 3 FL40W 2 FL32W 2 Dimension(m) 1.2 0.6 1.2 0.6 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.6 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.6 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.6 1.2 0.6 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.15 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.3 0.64 0.64 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.6 VAV+Convector VAV+Convector VAV+Convector VAV+FPU with Heating coil VAV+FPU with Heating coil VAV+FCU FTU+Electric heater VAV+FPU with Heating coil VAV+FCU VAV+FCU VAV+Convector CAV+FCU VAV+CHU VAV+FCU VAV Heat pump CAV+FCU VAV VAV+FCU VAV+FCU T-line T-line T-line T-line T-line T-line Square, T-line T-line T-line T-line Round, Square T-line T-line T-line T-line T-line T-line T-line Grille, T-line Square, Grille HVAC system Diffuser type

J.-H. Kim et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 12861300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1999 2001 2000 1999 1987 1995 2000 2001 2002 2001 1995 1995 1999 2001 1999 1986 1987 2003 1987 1985

Seoul, Korea Seoul, Korea Seoul, Korea Seoul, Korea Seoul, Korea Seoul, Korea Seoul, Korea Seoul, Korea Seoul, Korea Suwon, Korea Seoul, Korea Seoul, Korea Seoul, Korea Seoul, Korea Kwacheon, Korea Tokyo, Japan Osaka, Japan Tokyo, Japan Tokyo, Japan Tokyo, Japan

2.70 2.70 2.60 2.56 2.56 2.75 2.70 2.70 2.60 2.80 2.70 2.65 2.70 2.65 2.65 2.60 2.60 2.70 2.55 2.60

3.0 3.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.5 2.1 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.4 1.8 1.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.6 2.7

N.A.: not available, the concept of module is not observed; FL: uorescent lamp, FPU: fan powered unit, FCU: fan coil unit; CAV: constant air volume, VAV: variable air volume.

0.3 m in width. In most buildings, high-efciency uorescent lamps were widely used, and target light levels were generally 500$600 lux. 4.3. Mechanical planning In the investigated workplace, line type diffusers were the most frequently used; this means that the line type layout was usually adopted. Diffusers were not exposed prominently because they were generally integrated with the lighting xtures. Round type or square type diffusers were not frequently used as past, but in some cases, in square type layout, they were utilized. According to the insitu survey results and additional review of product catalogues, diffusers could be classied into round, square and line types, as listed in Table 3.

In addition to the diffusers, other mechanical equipments were also installed in the ceiling, such as re sensors, sprinklers, speakers and so on. Though these equipments did not have great inuence on the environmental performance, unlike the lighting xtures or diffusers, their required regulations were met and were well balanced with the lighting xtures and diffusers, aesthetically. 5. Development of the integrated workplace planning module 5.1. Development of the lighting planning module integrated with the architectural module Because the architectural module is the basic measure of the lighting and mechanical planning modules, it is important in developing integrated workplace planning

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modules. According to the KS, values which are multiples of 3 M(M 100 mm) are mostly used for architectural modules [9]. To develop the lighting planning module that harmonizes with the architectural modules and satises the evaluation standard of the visual environment, the lighting planning module integrated with the architectural module should be organized. Therefore, the modules for the lighting layout should be planned as multiples of 3 M, and their range can be restricted up to 3.9 m, because architectural modules larger than 4.2 m are multiples of the smaller modules.

4.5 4.2 3.9 3.6 Module Depth (m) 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 Module Width (m) 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 No.of Building 1 2 6

Fig. 3. Architectural module of survey buildings.

Accordingly, the candidates for the lighting planning module are organized by the combinations of the number of lighting sources, the size of lighting xture for the line, spot and square type layout. Also according to their layout type and lighting xture, the width(UW) and depth(UD) of the lighting planning module are determined as a unit of 3 M. The standard of average illuminance at a work plane is commonly applied to evaluate the visual environment. Additionally, consideration of uniformity is necessary. The common Korean standard for visual environment is the desired illuminance level presented in KS A 3011 [10]. This level is compared with various standards and the desired illuminance levels of the case buildings. The results are as shown in Table 4. Considering the increasing level of desired illuminance in recent times, the range from 500 to 700l x is selected as the standard illuminance level. Uniformity is important for exible application of the lighting planning module to various workstations. For the workplace, the Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan recommends uniformity higher than 0.6, and the CIE guide higher than 0.8 [13]. Uniformity of higher than 0.8 is adopted to ensure a high level of uniform illuminance. To obtain lighting planning modules which satisfy the evaluation standard of visual environment, the visual environment of those modules should be evaluated and the modules which satisfy the standard should be selected. For this selection, visual environment simulations were performed for the cases with various values of the factors of the lighting planning module. Radiance program is used as the evaluation tool of the visual environment. The inuence of wall is eliminated for the illuminance obtained in the simulation to represent that of the interior workplace. For this goal, preliminary

Table 2 Classication of the lighting xtures

MW: module width, MD: module depth.

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1292 Table 3 Classication of the diffusers J.-H. Kim et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 12861300

Slot width of T-line diffuser (mm) : 15, 20, 25.

Table 4 Standard illuminance level of workplace KS-A-3011 iesna [11] Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [12] 3001000 1x Case buildings

30040600 1x

5007501000 1x

500600 lx

IESNA: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

simulations were performed for the spaces with a various lighting planning modules. The distribution of illuminance on the section in accordance with the length side of the lighting xture is shown in Fig. 4(a). The gure shows that the distribution of illuminance in the center area is almost steady in the spaces in which the lighting planning modules are arranged as 7 7 or more. Fig. 4(b) shows the variation of average illuminance under a lighting planning module located in the center area as the number of lighting planning modules is increased. It also shows that the illuminance in the center area does not increase in the spaces in the case of having 7 7 or more lighting planning modules. Therefore, it is reasonable to choose the space in which 7 7 lighting planning modules are arranged for efcient simulation [14]. The ceiling height of the object space was established as 2.7 m and the height of the work plane as 0.75 m based on the results of the workplace survey. The reectance of interior surface was set to 0.8 for the ceiling surface, 0.5 for the wall surface, and 0.2 for the oor surface according to the recommendation of the IESNA [11]. The illuminances on the grid points at intervals of 0.3 m were calculated and the average illuminance and uniformity were derived from these values. The illuminances

derived from the simulation were corrected based on the reduction of illuminance on the work plane by partitions in the workplace. From the simulation results, illuminance and uniformity were derived for the candidates of the lighting planning module. Based on these results, the lighting planning modules which satisfy the illuminance of 500$700 lx and the uniformity of higher than 0.8 were obtained. The organized simulation cases and obtained lighting planning modules are as shown in Tables 5 and 6, respectively (Fig. 5). For the line type layout, lighting planning modules of more various sizes can be organized than for the spot or square type, because the width and depth of the line type can be changed independently but not those of the spot or square type. As a result, there are more lighting planning modules which satisfy the standard of visual environment for the line type than for the spot or square types. In determining lighting layout type, the fact that the range of lighting planning modules which satisfy the standard of visual environment is limited for the spot and square types should be considered carefully. Because spot type lighting planning modules are somewhat small, they can also be used in the architectural modules that are multiples of the lighting planning module size. But the

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square type can be used in only large lighting planning modules of more than 3.0 m depth, so it lacks exibility in combining with architectural modules.

5.2. Development of the mechanical planning module integrated with the lighting planning module The span of a diffuser is determined by considering thermal load, shape, ow rate, throw of the diffuser and so on. The diffusers ow rate and throw, especially covers a very wide range and the types and performances of the diffuser is more diverse than those of lighting xtures. Therefore, generally, the diffuser is arranged with the lighting xture after the lighting layout is determined. In developing the mechanical planning module, the practical planning process must be reected and also organic combination with the lighting planning module must be considered. Therefore, the diffuser should be arranged to organically integrate with the lighting planning module. Mechanical planning modules which satisfy the standard are developed by evaluation of the thermal performance of the organic integration of the mechanical planning module with the lighting planning module. The span of the diffuser is determined based on its characteristics (throw: the maximum distance between the plane of a supply diffuser and a plane which is tangential to the jet envelope and perpendicular to the initial jet direction), so that the service area of each diffuser does not overlap. To prevent a short circuit, the outlet is arranged regularly among the inlets and examples of the inlet and outlet positions are as shown in Fig. 6 [15]. Considering above mentioned and the aesthetic aspect, the diffuser was integrated with the developed lighting planning module. From the analysis of the relationship between the shape of the layout and the size of the lighting planning module, the line type was categorized to 10(4 for round and square diffuser, 6 for line diffuser), spot type to 3 and square type to 2. The results are shown in Fig. 7.

FL32W2 800 750 700 Illuminance (lx) 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 Wall 800 700 Illuminance (lx) 600 500 400 300 200 33 Center 99 Module 77 Module 55 Module

3.0(MW) 1.8(MD)

Wall

FL32W1 1.5(MW)1.8(MD) FL32W2 3.0(MW)1.8(MD) FL32W3 3.0(MW)3.0(MD) 55 77 9 9 Number of module (N N) 11 11

Fig. 4. Distribution of the illuminance by visual environment simulation.

Table 5 Organized simulation case

Lighting layout

MW, MD (m)
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.1

Number of
5.4 candidates

Line

FL32W1 FL32W2 FL32W3

(910)3

Spot (1)

FL20W2 FL20W3

112

Spot (2)

FL20W2 FL20W3

102

Square(1)

FL32W1 FL32W2

112

Square(2)

FL32W1 FL32W2

112

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1294 Table 6 Developed lighting planning module J.-H. Kim et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 12861300

MW MD 1. 2 1. 5 1. 8 2. 1 2. 4 2. 7 3. 0 3. 3 3. 6 3. 9

1.5

1.8

2.1

2.4

2.7

3.0

3.3

3.6

3.9

FL32W 1; Line type;

spot(1)type; square(1) type;

spot(2) type; square(2) type;

FL32W 2, FL20W 2; FL32W 3,FL20W 3.

Lighting layout type

Resultof the visual environment simulation Illuminance (lx) 1,500 1,400 1,300

1.20.3m 5,800lm MW (m) 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 Uniformity More than 0.9 0.8 -0.9 Under 0.8

1,200 1,100 1,000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 MD (m)

1.52.7 1.53.0 1.53.3

Developed lighting planning module (MWMD) 1.82.1 2.11.8 2.41.8 3.01.5 1.82.4 2.12.1 2.42.1 3.01.8 1.82.7 2.12.4 2.71.5 3.31.2 1.83.0 2.71.8 3.31.5

3.61.2 3.61.5 3.91.2

Fig. 5. Example of the developed lighting planning module(line type, FL32W 2).

The mechanical planning module might affect workplace thermal environment, and it should meet the standards of thermal environment. To obtain the mechanical planning modules integrated with the lighting planning modules which satisfy the evaluation standard of thermal environment, the thermal environment of those modules should be evaluated and the modules which satisfy the standard should be selected. For this selection, CFD simulations were performed using Airpak. From the survey results, the internal heat gain was determined, and the heat of the lighting planning module was used in simulation. Commonly, the standard of 0.5oPMVo0.5(ISO Standard 7730) is applied to evaluate the thermal environment, and so it was selected as an evaluation standard in our study. Additionally, to compare with the alternatives, ADPI (air distribution performance index) and mean age of air were evaluated. Based on these simulations, the mechanical planning modules integrated with the lighting planning modules were obtained. Thirty mechanical planning modules were developed for the line type layout, 10 for the spot type and four for the square type. Lighting heat, ADPI and mean age of air were analyzed for these 44 mechanical planning modules, and the result is as shown in Table 7. Table 7 shows the developed mechanical planning module integrated with the lighting planning module. Additionally, the performance comparison data were provided for workplace planners in the early stage of architectural design. Using this, workplace planners easily found how their decisions on the architectural planning

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Throw

Throw / 2

Throw / 2

Throw Throw Return Return

Service Area Round or Square type diffuser Return slot for plenumreturn Line type diffuser Service area for air-conditioning

Fig. 6. Example of the inlet and outlet position.

Luminaire

Diffuser

Return

Fig. 7. Layout classication of the mechanical planning module integrated with the lighting planning module.

will affect the lighting and mechanical planning. Also they could review various alternatives and select the ones that best reect their design intentions.

5.3. Development of the integrated workplace planning module Lighting planning modules and mechanical planning modules reect the planning strategy of lighting xtures and diffusers, which are installed on the ceiling. Sprinkler systems and speaker systems can also be integrated with these planning modules to satisfy functional and aesthetic requirements. Sprinkler systems are arranged less than 2.3 m apart according to Korean re code(in case reproof construction), as well as considering the position of lighting xtures and diffusers. Speaker systems are arranged considering the position of lighting xtures, diffusers, and

sprinklers without legal restriction, because there is no ofcial regulation concerning their layout [16]. By integrating the sprinkler and speaker systems with lighting and mechanical planning modules, 44 integrated workplace planning modules were developed. Information on each integrated workplace planning module was also provided, including its dimension and shape, type of lighting xtures and diffusers, and visual and thermal performance data, as shown in Table 8. With this information, workplace planners can predict and estimate the environmental performance and the features of equipments in the workplace. Workplace planners can select the optimum integrated workplace planning module among various alternatives by considering aesthetic aspects such as the type and layout of equipments as well as the quality of visual and thermal environments, and the use of the workplace. For example, an integrated workplace planning module ensuring better visual environment can

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1296 J.-H. Kim et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 12861300 Table 7 Developed mechanical planning modules integrated with the lighting planning modules and the performance comparison of those modules

MWL: Lighting planning module width; MDL: lighting planning module depth; MWM: mechanical planning module width; MDM: mechanical planning module depth.

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J.-H. Kim et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 12861300 Table 8 Examples for integrated workplace planning modules and their performance data 1297

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1298
Table 8 (continued )

J.-H. Kim et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 12861300

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J.-H. Kim et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 12861300 1299

Genera l Design Pr ocess

Workpl ace planne r In terior Designer Electr ical Engineer

Design Suppo rt System Pr ocess

Workpl ace plan ner

Floor pla nning Determ inat ion of th e ceiling layou t Determ inat ion of th e illum inan ce criteria Selection of th e luminair e and lighting pla nning

Floor planning Selection of th e light ing layout , luminair e an d diffuser ty pe Review and selection of th e altern at ive

Coor dina tion an d rea dj ustm ent

In tegr at ed work place planni ng modul e wor kplac e planning mo dul

In terior Designer Electr ical Engineer Mech an ical Engineer

Mechan ical Engineer

Load calculat ion an d determ inat ion of th e HVAC system Selection of th e diffuser and mechan ical planni ng Review of th e related law and other mechan ical equipm ent ar ra ngement

Specification and advan cement of th e altern at ives indi vidually

Coor dina tion and read ju stment between th e work plac e plann er an d other designer or engineer could be minimi zed Efficient wor kpla ce plan ning would be enab led

Fig. 8. Comparison of the general design process and the design support system process.

be selected for a studio design among various integrated workplace planning modules. 6. Conclusion The objective of this study is to develop a design support system for effective planning of the integrated workplace performance. For this, the concept of the integrated workplace planning module was proposed. To obtain integrated workplace planning modules, by which one can consider the environmental performance prior to architectural design, rstly the status of the workplace planning and its equipment was analyzed. Secondly, the lighting and mechanical equipments were organized and through the visual and thermal environment simulation, environmental performance of the workplace was evaluated. Finally, integrated workplace planning modules were developed by integrating other mechanical equipments. This design support system can help architects to evaluate and compare their workplace planning alternatives on the basis of quantitative environmental performance data, when they are planning new ofces or remodeling existing ofces. Eventually, workplace planners can use this information to create a more reasonable and advanced design. Through the design support system, the workplace planners can easily examine how their decisions on architectural planning will affect the lighting and mechanical planning in the early stage of architectural design to achieve the more efcient design work. The general design process and the design support system process are compared in Fig. 8.

An integrated workplace planning module can be selected and adjusted to the needs of the user in the early stage of architectural design, and through this process, an efcient workplace planning, which pre-considers the environmental aspects as well as shape, dimension and modular planning, can be achieved. A workplace applied with ambient and direct lighting and overhead air supply was studied. But there have been many examples of the application of TAL(task and ambient lighting) and underoor air-conditioning system, recently. Therefore, integrated workplace planning modules applying TAL and underoor air-conditioning system should be developed. In this study, an interior space unaffected by external disturbances such as outdoor air temperature, solar radiation, and so on were evaluated; thus, the perimeter zone should also be studied. Additionally, OA (ofce automation) and workstations related with the spatial performance of a workplace should be considered at the stage of architectural design. Therefore, further studies are needed to develop integrated workplace planning modules considering these aspects based on the results of this study.

Acknowledgments This work was carried out in the framework of the Research and development of technologies for environment-friendly smart building systems research project, supported by the Korea Ministry of Construction and Transportation. The authors would like to appreciate these institutions for their support in this research.

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1300 J.-H. Kim et al. / Building and Environment 43 (2008) 12861300 [9] Park JY, Jung MW. Modular dimensional coordination & grid system in building. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea 1988;14(4):919. [10] Korea Industrial Standard A 3011. Recommended levels of illumination. Korea Industrial Standard; 1998. [11] IESNA. IESNA lighting handbookreference & application volume. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America; 2002. [12] /http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/index.html#S. [13] Kim HJ, Ahn OH. A study of yield method including articial lighting uniformity ratio in interior space. Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers 1995;13(2):711. [14] Kim JH, Shin SJ, Lee SW, Kim SS, Yang IH, Kim KW. A study on the development and application of the lighting unit for the workspace. In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Architectural Interchanges in Asia: ISAIA; 2004. [15] Kim JH, Kim SS, Yang IH, Kim KW. Development of the airconditioning unit for workspace integrated units. Journal of the Society of Air-conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea 2005;17(7):66980. [16] Kim SS, Lee SW, Kim JH, Yang IH, Kim KW. A study on the development of the workspace integrated units. Journal of the Society of Air-conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea 2005;17(8):70413.

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