U18EE605

POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DRIVES

W9 – L1 – SLT19

Topic:
Unit3: Concept of speed and slip of Induction motor

Prof. C. Venkatesh
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science Warangal

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PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal
Recap: CDT – 18

Topics discussed in previous session –

• Chopper fed separately excited DC motor drive (Unit-2)

✓ Determine the duty ratio, speed, back emf and power of chopper fed DC motor drive

PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal

 SLT–19: Concept of speed and slip of Induction motor

Lecture Outcomes (LOs)

After completion of this lecture, students will be able to:

LO1: Describe the performance of induction motor based

speed and slip

PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal

 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
Induction motors are of 2 types: Squirrel cage type and Slip ring type of
IMs.
Advantages of IM when compared with DC motors are:
• ruggedness; lower maintenance requirements; better reliability; lower
cost, weight, volume, and inertia; higher efficiency; and the ability to
operate in dirty and explosive environments.
The major drawback of DC motors is the presence of commutators
and brushes, which require frequent maintenance and make the
motor unsuitable for explosive and dirty environments.
PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal
 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
Induction motors are more widely used than all the rest of the
electric motors put together.
Until recently, IMs have been mainly used in applications
requiring constant speed.
Variable speed applications have been dominated by DC
motors. This can be attributed to the fact that conventional
methods of speed control of induction motors have been either
expensive or highly inefficient.

PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal

 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
With the improvement in capabilities and the reduction in the cost of
thyristors and more recently of power transistors and gate-turn-off
thyristors, it has become possible to build variable speed induction
motor drives which can match and in some cases even surpass DC
drives in performance and cost.
As a result of this development, induction motor drives have
succeeded in replacing DC drives in a number of variable speed
applications. It is projected that in the future induction motors will be
widely used in variable speed drives.
PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal
 PERFORMANCE OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

A 3-phase induction motor consists of a balanced three-phase winding on the stator.

• The rotor of a wound-rotor type induction motor consists of a balanced three-phase
• winding of the same number of poles as that of the stator winding.
• The rotor of a squirrel-cage type induction motor has conductors shorted by end
rings. In induction, the same number of phases and poles are produced by the
squirrel-cage rotor as in the stator winding.

When the stator is supplied by a balanced three-phase AC source of frequency ω radians

per second (or f Hz), a rotating field moving at a synchronous speed ωms radians per sec
is produced.
PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal
 PERFORMANCE OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

When the stator is supplied by a balanced three-phase AC source of frequency ω rad/s

(or f Hz), a rotating field moving at a synchronous speed ωms rad/s is produced.
Where
2 4𝜋𝑓
𝜔𝑚𝑠 = ω = rad/sec
𝑝 𝑝

p = number of poles.

If the rotor speed is ωm rad/ sec then the relative speed between the stator rotating field
and the rotor is given by –

Slip speed, ωsl = 𝜔𝑚𝑠 − 𝜔𝑚 = s ωms Also,

ωm = (1-s) ωms
𝜔𝑚𝑠 − 𝜔𝑚
Slip, s =
𝜔𝑚𝑠
PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal
 PERFORMANCE OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

1. For ωm < ωms, the relative speed is positive. Consequently, the rotor induced
voltages have the same phase sequence as the stator voltages. The three-phase
currents flowing through the rotor produce a field which moves with respect to
the rotor at the slip speed in the same direction as the rotor speed.

2. For ωm = ωms, the relative speed between the rotor and stator field becomes
zero. Consequently, no voltages are induced in the rotor and no torque is
produced by the motor.

PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal

 PERFORMANCE OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

3. For ωm > ωms , the relative speed between the stator field and the rotor
reverses. Consequently, the rotor induced voltages and currents also reverse
and have a phase sequence opposite to that of the stator.
The 3-phase rotor currents produce a field which moves with respect to the
rotor at the slip speed in the direction opposite to the rotor speed. Hence, again
the rotor field moves in space at the same speed as the stator field and a steady
torque is produced.
Since the direction of rotor currents has reversed, the developed torque has a
negative sign suggesting generator operation. The generator operation is
employed to produce regenerative braking.
PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal
Reflection Spot-1:

Mention any two reasons why DC motors were largely used.

DC motors are suitable for variable speed control as they

provide smooth and long range of speed control,
more efficient and less expensive speed control.

PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal

Reflection Spot-2:

What are the advantages of IM over DC motors?

Advantages of IM when compared with DC motors are:

• ruggedness; lower maintenance requirements; better reliability; lower
cost, weight, volume, and inertia; higher efficiency; and the ability to
operate in dirty and explosive environments.

PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal

 SUMMARY
Concept of speed and slip of Induction motor
✓ Comparison of Induction motor and DC motors
✓ Speed and slip of induction motor

PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal

 Lecture Outcomes Revisited
Having completed the discussion on

SLT–19: Concept of speed and slip of Induction

motor

now, students should be able to:

LO1: Describe the performance of induction motor based speed

and slip

PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal

LLP1 (based on LO1) ....
Describe the operation of induction motor for the following conditions:

i) ωm < ωms

ii) ωm = ωms

iii) ωm > ωms

where ωm is the motor speed, ωms is the synchronous speed.

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PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal
Further Reading:

Textbook:
GK Dubey; Chapter-6; 6.1

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PSD- SLT-19 C. Venkatesh, EEED, KITS Warangal