NETWORK THEOREMS OBJECTIV After conepleting this Chapter, you zill be able to: 1 State and apply ‘superposition theorem to satoe a circuit containing more thon one source, tale and apply Theoenin’s theorem tos benefits of ‘Thevenin’s theorem’ apply ‘Norton's thesnen ta zalow a sirewit 4 State, prome and apply ‘maxirmum poscer transfer theorem’ ‘Fina! a single equivatent voltage source for « numberof vollage seusces connected in parallel using ‘Ailnman’s theorem’ 1 State and prot ‘reciprocity theorem = State State an Stete anc prove “Tllegen’s theorem State the importance af Telleen's thearem’. 4.1_INTRODUCTION e Simple circuits ean be solved by using Ohm's law, Kirehhof's laws, voltage divider, current divider, series and parallel combination of sources and resistors, etc. Special techniques, known as nedwork theorems and. network reduction methods, have been developed which drastically reduce the labour of solving a more complicated network. The network theorems provide simple conclusions and good insight into the problems. Some of these have universal applications, whereas some are limited to the networks containing linear” elements only. 4.2 SUPERPOSITION THEORE! e This theorem states that she response in a linear circuit at anv point due to multiple sources ean be calculated by summing the effects of each source considered separately, alf other sources being made inoperative (or turned ort). The theorem is applicable only to a linear network (containing independent and/or dependent sources). How to Make a Source Inoperative When a voltage source is made inoperative or turned orr, no voltage drop exists across its terminals but eurrent can still flow through it. Hence, it acts like a short-cirewit (Fig. 4.1a). * A linear element obeys Ohm’s law, eg, resistance, inductance, ete. Semiconductor diodes and transistors are not lincar elements. www.EngineeringEBooksPdf105 w OS alo 1 Tamed off Voltage Short Current Open source circuit ‘source ciceuit & ” Fig. 41 “Turning off” the sources. Similarly, when a current source is made inoperative or turned off, no current flows through it but a voltage ean appear across its terminals. Hence, it acts like an open-circuit (Fig. 4.16). By making a source inoperative or tured ort means that the voltage source is replaced by a short- circuit and the current source is replaced by an open-circuit. EXAMPLE 4.1 Using superposition theorem, find the current /in the circuit shown in Fig, 4.2, 019 fer 010 oso 010 fer OSA somy o Gy © Fig. 4.2. Principle of superposition illustrated. Solution Let us first consider the response 1; due to the 0.5-A current source, and turn orF the 80-mV voliage source ‘by shorting it (Fig.4.24). Applying current divider, we get 03 4 =-05% ors 03 =0.378.A ‘Net, consider the voltage sourve, and tum ovF the current source by opening it (Fig.4 2c), Olum’s law gives = 0X10 030 2 O1+03 By the principle of superposition, the total current is given as, Tet) tdy=-0375 602 ©- 0.1758 Note that in redrawing the circuit for each source, we are always carefal 1o mark the response current in the original direction and also assign 4 suitable subscript to indicate that we are not working with the original variables. This prevents the possibility of committing errors when we add the individual currents, www.EngineeringEBooksPdf106 Basic Electrical Engineering EXAMPLE 4.2 ai Use superposition theorem to find current /, in the network given in Fig, 4.3. wv ya LS nea) wal] oo D) ana 4 Fig. 43 Solution Consider frst the voltage source lone, Both current sources are made inoperative by openscicuiting them (Fig. 44a), Carrent his waf] 102 oof] raf] aC 0a [Joo [)isoo 4, b 5 o © Fig 44 Next consider te 80-A eusrent source alone (Fig. 4.46). Applying current divider, the current Js s given as 40x =A 304150 Lastly consider the 120-A current source atone (Fig. 4-4). The eurrent Fis aL 20: Et 304 A 120% So a50 - Applying the principle of superposition, we get thy + Hy= 0.05 + 30-3 EXAMPLE 4.3 ‘i Consider our benchmark example (Fig. 3.24a) diycussed in Example 3.11, wherein we had calculated the voltage across 3-0 resistor as 2.5 V, by using source transformation. The same circuit is shown in Fig, 45a. We again find voltage vacross 3-2 resistor by applying the principle of superposition, Solution Consider first the 4-A eurrent souree, while turning OFF the remaining wo sources, The turned-ore S-A. ‘current source is replaced by an open-circuit and the tumed-orr 6-V voltage source is replaced by a shortciccuit, as shown in Fig, 4.56, We find that the current of 4 A divides into two paralte! paths, Therefore, using current divider, we get www.EngineeringEBooksPdfNetwork Theorems 107 — — 7A | sab, @ wo 7H 12 3a| |» a ov ( ” Fig. 43 +Q4D Thus, voltage 2 across 3-2 resistor duc to 4-A current source is Vy = DeR= 23 AYXGQ)=2.0V “The polarity of this vollage is the same as the original polarity markings for v. Hence, this eontribution to the final summation will appear with a + sign, Next consider $-A current source, with 4-A and 6-V sources tumed ort (Fig 4.5c). From the perspective of t source, the 2-0 and 3-0 resistances are in series and together in parallel with the 1-0 resistor. Using currentedivider, the ‘vollage v's across 3-0 resistor duc to S-A current source is given as 1 = |-sx—+— A} <(3a)--25v Bs [ eT | (32)=-2.5V Note that the actual polarity of this voltage 0s is opposite to the polarity marked on 2. Heng We now consider 6-V voltage source, with 4-A and 5-A sources tumed orF (Fig4.Su/), The three resistances are ‘connected in series. The resulting voltage 1 is calculated by voltage divider, as the minus sign, 3 04 = 6x ——— = 3.0 1243 “The polarity of this voltage is same as that of the original voliage o. Hence, the sign of vg will be positive in the final summation, Using principle of superposition, we now obtain the total voltage v across 3-02 resistor, as +05 += +20-25430=425V www.EngineeringEBooksPdf,108 Basic Electrical Engineering EXAMPLE 4.4 a For the circuit shown in Fig. 4.64, find the value of /, to reduce the voltage across 4-0 resistor to zero, —_ Co Ta 2a wy 4a Wy sal |[n oa 6a oa c } ” “ © Fig. 4.6 Solution To solve this problem, we apply the principle of superposition, ‘The current J, ([tom top to bottom) in 4.0 resistor due to LO-V soure 1 seta 446 6 Te current (from top to bottom) in 4-02 resistor duc to current source fim Fig 4.608 pennx tt’ , eB re i 2eerd 3 ‘The voltage across 4-€2 resistor can be zera, only ifthe current through this resistor is zero, That is, 5 SRE hth=0 or al 20 = he i 63 x2 4.3 THEVENIN’S THEOREM e ‘This theorem was first proposed by a French telegraph engineer M.L. Thevenin in 1883. Often, we need 10 find the response (current, voltage or power) ina single load resistance in a network. Thevenin’s ‘theorem cnables us to do this without solving the entire network, It is specially very helpful and time- saving when we Wish to find the response for different values of the load resistance. Thevenin's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any tincar circuit containing independent and dependent voltage and current sources, no matter how complex, to am equivalent circuit with just a single voltage source ancl a series resistance, between any two points of the circuit, Procedure ‘The procedure to apply Thevenin’s theorem to a network will be explained in steps, by taking an ex. ample, Consider the circuit shown in Fig, 4.7a. Suppose that we are interested to find the current resistor 23. We proceed! as follows. 1. Designate the resistor Rp as “load” (Fig. 4.7b), 2. Pull out the load resistor and enclose the remaining network within a dotted box (Fig. 4.7c). 3. Temporarily remove the load resistor R>, leaving the terminals A and B open (Fig. 4.74). www.EngineeringEBooksPdf