MU ARRHE alae (1B THR) SRA UPR English Course Sa TATKAG SEaa Ae ARAE & REG AAS AOR SEE Fork Wikis mew it IR RHE SHGHAL FOREN UNGUAGE OGATON HESSEEN (CIP) SR ROBE BAM AAEER: EBS. 2K. — EH, EBPs MnRAL, 2011 (2012 MEN) CHALLE A HERS WAAL BH Bort. BAT AR) AFA ISBN 978-7-5446-2101-4 1. Oe 1. OF Ot lV. OH31 PRA RECIPES (2010) 92306875 Wh. ORE — BBP Bt MARAT. Sheer es a Cie ghEnEAcHAD silts 200089 Fy: 02108428900 Catan) FF HBIE. bookinfo@stiep.com.cn FA ik. nerps/fwww.stlep.com.en, _hktp://wwwestiep.com 1: RE Je de Be EB TA BRS eT Xho. 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ABRDARES, AAET ROA RHEE ET AL RUAREA 45 Text MMA IH 10 +485}; Pre-reading questions; Text comprehension; Structural analysis of the text; Rhetorical features of the text; Vocabulary; Grammar, Translation; Exercises for integrated skills; Oral activities; Writing, Pre-reading questions SHAME GAX, RBI H SA, HY” PEF, S/S REA AALIYAH EOL, BL SIA Ya SSH AS LA Text comprehension Wit MMMM SRKARAK, KARAT FY, ARERR, VATE Rt A FE, TAR PER EEL. Structural analysis of the text 2M URSCH) AMACARISNOT, AEA RHR KAS, RITE ROR, STEREOAMC HA. Rhetorical features of the text HHICAYALTRI P HABA HAYS HEF BR FUSCA, AY TE PIRES A: FLT A OSH SRA A BT © Vocabulary BA STRAND , SUS PRISE TERROR, HRA, BA. AIH, AAD T AREER PAE pi — a BE A SE FEED. RAT AR — PA PEE HR, FEPNERIR, AIL. BERR: SUN E RK HAASE ER PHS LAH CHAR Ci, FER ia, Grammar Boe HY UAE LEGA T IRR, MOSEL RELY A SLT OR, TIGR AA TR OB A Fo 3X/M GRE — TR TRC A) a), LRA AWD. ‘Translation 248 3-MES: HOC FS. BAER ALL BS SUPE, BARRA acetate ie FTE aL ETT A. 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TEXT 1 TEXT I UNIT 6 TEXT I TEXT I UNIT7 TEXT I TEXT UNIT8 TEXT I TEXT IL UNIT 9 TEXT | TEXT II UNIT 10 TEXT I TEXT IL Table of Contents Never Give In, Never, Never, Never Winston Churchill Space Invaders Space and Distance Alienation and the Internet America Online: Losing the Battles, but Winning the War A View of Mountains 21 36 39 54 57 ‘Statement at the 2003 Session of the United Nations Disarmament Commission 71 The Tapestry of Friendship ‘My Daughter, My Friend A French Fourth Stuck in the Middle The Monster Simple Habits, Deep Thoughts The Discus Thrower A Rage Against Dying How I Found My Voice ‘Thank You, Mr. Chips The Idiocy of Urban Life The City 75 92 95S 110 113 129 133 149 153 169 173 188UNIT 11 TEXT The Story ofan Eyewitness ‘TEXT II Memories of the San Francisco Earthquake and Fire UNIT 12 TEXT! A Case of “Severe Bias” TEXT II That Word Black UNIT 13 TEXTI Marriage TEXT I] Why I Want a Wife UNIT 14 ‘TEXT I Under the Sign of Mickey Mouse & Co. TEXT I Into the Unknown GLOSSARY 191 207 211 226 229 245 249 265 270© PRE-READING QUESTIONS © Text COMPREHENSION » WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS 6) STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT © Notes © RHETORICAL FEATURES OF THE TEXT ‘Unit t 10 NEVER GIVE IN, NEVER. NEVER, NEVER! Winston Churchill? Almost a year has passed since I came down here at your Head Master’s kind invitation in order to cheer myself and cheer the hearts of a few of my friends by singing some of our own songs} The ten months that have passed have seen very terrible catastrophicevents in the world — ups and downs, misfortunes'— but can anyone sitting here this afternoon, this October afternoon, not feel deeply thankful for what has happened in the time that has passed and for the very great improvement in the position of our country and of our home? Why, when I was here last time we were quite alone, desperatelyalone, and we had been so for five or six months. We were poorly armed. We are not so poorly armed tod: ‘We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy and their air attack still beating upon. tus, and you yourselves had had experience of this attack; and I expect you are beginning ; but then we were very poorly armed. to feel impatient that there has been this long lullwith nothing particular turning up! But we miist learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long. and tough. It is generally said that the British are often better at the last. They do not expect to move from crisis to crisis; they do not always expect that each day will bring up some noble chance of war; but when they very slowly make up their minds that the thing has to be done and the job put through and finished, then, even if it takes months — ifit takes years — they do it. Another lesson I think we may take, just throwing our minds back to our meeting here ten months ago and now, is that appearances are often very deceptive and as Kipling ‘well says, we must “...meet with Triumphand Disaster. And treat those two impostorsjust the same.” You cannot tell from appearances how things will go. Sometimes imagination makes things out far worse than they are; yet without imagiriation not much can be done. Those people who are imaginative see many more dangers than pethaps exist; certainly many more will happen; but then they must also pray to be given that extra courage to carry this far-reachingimagination. But for everyone, surely, what we have gone through in this period —Iam addressingmyself to the school — surely from this period of ten months this is the lesson: never give in, never give in, never, never, never, never —in nothing, great or small, large or petty —never give in exeptto convictionsof honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming mightof the enemy. We stood all alone a year ago, and to many countries it seemed that our account was closed, we were finished. All this tradition of ours, our songs, our school history, this part of the history of this country, were gone and finished and liquidated Unit tWords and Exp Very different is the mood today. Britain, other nations thought, had drawn a spongeactoss her slate But instead our country stood in the gap. There was no flinching and no thought of giving in; and by what seemed almost a miracle to those outside these islands, though we ourselves never doubted it, we now find ourselves in a posi- tion where I say that we can be sure that we have only to persevereto conquer. ‘You sang here a verse of a school song: you sang that extra verse written in my honour, which I was very greatly complimented by and which you have repeated today. But there is one word in it I want to alter — I wanted to do so last year, but I did not ventureto. It is the line: “Not less we praise in darker days.” [have obtained the Head Master's permission to alter darker to sterner “Not less we praise in sterner days.” Do not let us speak of darker days: let us speak rather of sterner days. These are not dark days, these are great days — the greatest days our country has ever lived; and we must all thank God that we have been allowed, each of us according to our stations to play a part in making these days memorable in the history of our race. (740 words) sions catastrophic/keto'strofik/ a. involvingor caus- ing sudden great damage or suffering compliment/‘komplinent/v. ‘politely con- gratulate or praise sb. for sth. conviction/kan'vikfan/ n. a strong opinion or belief deceptive/di'septiv/a. giving an appearance or impression different from the true one desperately/'desparatl/ad, (ofa situation) ex- ‘tremiely or dangerously far-reaching/fa:ritfm/ a. having a great influ: ence or effect flinch/flintf/ v. avoid doing or becoming in- volved in sth. through fear or anxiety impostor/im(poste/ n. one who deceives under the assumed identity liquidate/'likwidert/ ». put an end to; abolish or kill Tull/al/ n, a temporary interval of quiet or lack of activity menace/'menas/ 1, a person or thing that is likely to cause harm; a threat or danger might/mall/n._ great strength and power. misfortune/mis forfan n. an unfortunate con dition or event overwhelmisig/ouva'welmny/ a.’ very great in. amount, persevere/p3:sI'via/ 2. continue in a course of action even'in the fade of difficulty or with little oF na:indication of success petty/'pety/a. oflittle importatice. slate/slett/n. a fine-grained gray or gréen rock easily split into smooth, flat plates sponge/spandy n. a gauze pad used to absorb blood and other liquids, as in surgery station/‘stefan/ 2. social rank of position stern/stamn/a. (of competition or opposition) putting sb..or sth. under extreme pressure triumph/'tratomf/ n, a great victory or achieve- ment unmeasured/,An'megad/ a, intense; incal- culable venture/'vent{a/v. dare to do or say sth. that may be considered daring Unie &Notes, fh aed a 1. This text is a speech made by Churchill when he visited Harrow School on 29 October 1941. In 1888 Churchill entered the school, which was founded in 1572 by John Lyon of Preston, under a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth. In 1940 he came to the school for a short visit to hear the traditional songs of the school. There he discovered that an additional verse had been added to one of the songs. Itran like this Not less we praise in darker days ‘The leader of our nation And Churchill's name shall win acclaim From each new generation For you have power in danger’s hour Our freedom to defend, Sir! ‘Though long the fight we know that right Will eriumph in the’end, Sie! 2. Winston Churchill (1874 1965) was a combination of soldier, writer, artist, and statesman, re- nowned for his courage, iinagination, oratory and intellect. In World War II he served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and played 2 leading role in the resistance against German domination of Europe. 3, our own songs(Paragraph 1): Songs have been an important part of Harrow life since John Farmer ‘wrote the first one in 1864. Fifty songs are published in the song book, available from the Harrow School Bookshop. Songs are sung by the boys in their houses from time to time, but also by the whole school to audiences of parents, former pupils or distinguished guests — the latter including many members of the royal family and previous governments. 4. very terrible catastrophic events in the world — ups and downs, misfortunes (Paragraph 1): Among the catastrophic events the following are worth mentioning: © 1 March 1941: Nazi extermination camps began full operation. Over 2.6 million Polish Jews were among those killed during the course of the war. By 1945 nearly 6 million Jews and more than 3 million Communists, gypsies, socialists and other irmocent people had been exterminated @ May 1941: German bombers assaulted London in what turned out to be the final heavy mission of the Battle of Britain, More than 500 aircraft dropped highly explosive and incendiary bombs, which resulted in many fires and caused more than 3,000 casualties. But the Battle of Britain was 4 Unit 1lost, and with it Germany's chance of winning the war had gone. ¢ LJune 1941; British forces surrendered the island of Crete. About 18,000 Allied troops had been taken off the beaches, but 17,000 men were taken prisoner; the Germans recorded 7,000 casualties including many dead. ¢ 22 June 1944: Germany declared war on and began an invasion of the Soviet Union. Italy, Finland, and Romania also joined the German battle against the Soviet Union and declared war. 5, their air attack (Paragraph In 10 July 1940 began the Battle of Britain, the first great air attack on England. On 7 September 1949, the “Blitzkrieg” (attacks from the air) of London took place, marking the first air blitz of the city. More than 900 aircraft attacked London. Between 7 September, and 2 November 1940 London was attacked on fifty-seven consecutive nights and experienced further heavy raids in December 1940 and March, April and May 1941. Fifteen other British cities were subjected to major bombing attacks. Some, like Coventry, suffered extensive damage. Over 41,000 British civilians were killed and 137,000 injured during the Blitz 6 Kipling (Paragraph 3): Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936), English short-story writer, novelist and poet, who celebrated the heroism of British colonial soldiers in India and Burma. Kipling was the first Englishman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907). His most popular works inchude The Jungle Book (1894) with such unforgettable characters as Mowgli, Baloo, and Bagheera. The book was adapted into screen by Zoltan Korda and André de Toth in 1942. Walt Disney's cartoon version was produced in the 1960s.Text fon L WL Decide which of the following best states the speaker's purpose. A. Toalter a word in the verse of a school song written in his honour. B. To encourage his audience to hold on in the stern situation. C. To convince people that Britain will win the final victory. Judge, according to the text, whether the following statements are true or false. 1. Britain did very little in the past months to counter-attack the enemy that had bombed the country ferociously. 2. The British will take action and fight a long war when they have to do it, 3, Imaginative people are optimistic and courageous enough to conceive of what will occur next. 4, Many nations believed from the beginning that Britain would win in the end. 5. The speaker regarded what others called dark days as great days. ©@O © © Be ‘Answer the following questions. 1. Why does the speaker urge people to be patient?- 2, Why does the speaker advise the British people to treat Triumph and Disaster in the same way? 3. What is the change in the widespread mood referred to in Paragraph 5? 4, Why does the speaker change darker into semen? 5. Doyou think the speaker had achieved his purpose by the end of his speech? Explain in your own words the following sentences. 1. ‘There has been this long lull with nothing particular | turning up! 2. We must“... meet with Triumph and Disaster. And treat those two impostors just the same.” good sense. 4, Britain, other nations thought, had drawn a sponge 3. Never give in except to convictions of honour and | across her slate. | 5. We have only to persevere to conquer. Unit 1mote specific, it can be divided into three parts. CChurchil summarized the events ofthe past year. Identify the othe tell what Churchill talked about in each part. * across her slate” and“... our country stood in the gap" Prominent ene hisuseofaonyms Pekan and ane the function they perform in the speech. Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words. 1. Icame down here at your Head Master's kind invitation in order to cheer myself... 2. Can anyone sitting here this afternoon ... not feel deeply thankful for what has happened in the ‘time that has passed and for the very great improvement in the position of our country and our home? ‘We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy and their air attack still beating upon us. 4, They do not always expect that each day will bring up some noble chance of war. ” "There was no flinching and no thought of giving in. Unie t 711. Fill in the blank(s) in each sentence with a word or phrase from the box in its appropriate form. cupsand downs, misfortune, S address oneself to 1. She wouldn’twantto, —__them _ the suffering of a huge ceremony: 2. The famous orator «the public to promote his newly published book. 3, Atthat time, South Aftica, © __ a period of big events as the Blacks fought for equality. 4, _. .n.. . 1978, we should not be surprised about some of Mrs. ‘Thatcher’ comments, bearing in mind the party she belonged to. 5. Parley __ _ general pressure from others and bitterly took the child to a specialist. 6 The woild is changing rapidly, our plans must change accordingly. Otherwise, we should With the harsh market economy. 7. Murtin’s unpredictable upbringing shaped his whole life, with so many - 8 Julia suffered many - __ in her life, most notably in her inability to have children. II Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words. 1. By 2002, the corporation was making a loss, for prices had fallen _ as advanced economies underwent a profound transition. (catastrophe) 2. Johnson isn’t tired of ‘Tokyo, it seems, but appearances can be _ _ ~_. @eceive) 3. Although a step forward had been taken, their religious’ prevented them from taking up arms. (convict) 4. Many young men are not allowed to leave the country, because of fears that they may join the army in exile, (apparent) on _inface of obstacles and setbacks is the quality people most admire in others. (persevere) 6 In __zthey resorted to violence. (desperately) 7. He knew only too well that his opponent was muich more powerful than he was, but he still fought, __. (flinch) 8 Thave never seen anyone who is as ____as he is. (courage) iV. Choose the word that can replace the underlined part in each sentence without changing its original meaning. 1. The trapped miners were encouraged when they heard the shouts of their friends. wsaved moved ‘cheered excited 2. Don’t bother your boss with such unimportant matters. i unnecessary little optional petty 3. Despite the failure of his early experiments, the scientist continued bis efforts in his research. persevered adhered insisted upheld 4, The road outside the school is a threat to the chilidren’s safety. trouble barrier headache *smenace 8 unit ¥5. Barack Obama's victory ip. the American presidential election was overwhelming, important great timely - unexpected 6 Ikis my opinion that you didn’t try hard enough. conviction idea suggestion - criticism, 7. What you said at the conference was misleading. . dangerous unrealistic -_cceptive -unreasonable 8 The watchman remained athis station all night. - lost - status stop = place Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense itis used. 1. We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy. ‘Synonym: 2, The ten months that have passed have seen very terrible catastrophic events in the world — ups and downs. 3, ..., each of us according to our stations, to play a part in making these days memorable in the his- tory of aur race. 4. Never yield to force; never yield to the appar- ently overwhelming might of the enemy. 5. As Kipling well says, we must“... meet with Tri- umph and Disaster. And treat those two impos- tors just the same.” 6. There was no flinching and no thought of giv- / ing in. 7. You sang that extra verse written in my honour, which I was very greatly complimented by. 8. All this tradition of ours, our songs, our school history, this pare of the history of this country, ‘were gone and finished and liquidated. |. Explain the meaning of the underlined part in each sentence. 1. After a molecule has lost an electron, it has a positive charge. 2, Tewas not until almost the end of the nineteenth century that a virus was proven to be the cause of a disease. 3, Bure feldspar is a colorless transparent mineral, but impurities commonly make it opaque and colorful, 4, P've been a bit down this week, especially after our team lost in the game. Because you have not found the summer job yet, you have to step up your efforts. 6. She is a good student and absorbs new ideas quickly. a Unit i 9Woot 1. coordination 2. tense © Improve the following sentences. 1. The school teaches shorthand, bookkeeping and fo-use business machines. ’ ber oe i 2. The sentence is difficult to understand not because of the technical vocabulary but because 4 -eomoniety ty. oe the fale, aepdal 3. Marian could not decide whether she should start college right after high school or i peta job first. 4, The Allies decided to invade Italy and then thatti4y-woutd launch a massive assault on the Normandy coast. 5. The actor was sae stunned by the noise of booing but also by the sight of flying tomatoes. 6 Smoking cigarettes can be as dangerous as to-play Russian roulette. 7. The trip to the city is neither a om one norexpensivg, He Drip Ae the cihy de pete doug tre By flim 8. Either you must stay home or g6 with us. acme Mie? Gltag How re ge Lathe tat ¢ course consists of several raves, wate three reports, and two impromptu oral presentations. Apeote 10. The requirements for a chemistry degre are not as strict s,a medical degree, He pepecer A fos 10 Unit 1Mm Combine the sentences in each of the following groups into one, using parallel construc- tions wherever possible. 1A. Heidi Ross-was rich, B. Heidi Ross was powerful. L~- 2. A. Most of the floggings and lynchings occur at harvest time, Je" B. Ac harvest time, fruit hangs heavy and ripe. = bey bg C. At harvest time, the leaves are red and gold. fut! 44 4 ie D, At harvest time, nuts fall from the trees. CA wt” we E. Atharvest time, the earth offers its best. , ' 3. A. have nothing to offer, B. [can offer blood, J de roles + pao aunt C.Lcan offer toil. ‘ . look fol . lem ofer eas i E. I can offer sweat. 4. A. Black people in America have been neglected foryears. bat B. Black people in America have been underestimated for years, C. Their recent accomplishments in a variety of fields have made “black power” restr is D. Their, recent accomplishments in a variety of fields have made black pride possible. 5. A. New students will register on Monday, dc é 7 Sonos Olen ts B. Second-year students will register on Tuesday. 4 On Lone + emer Weal C. Senior students will register on Wednesday. “6 A. The actor taught his students how to read, unk, ory + Labbe. B. He taught them how to stand. ee C. He taught them how to cry. D. He taught them how to talk with fans, 7. A. We cannot be worried abou the difieulieeinife B. We cannot bé‘errified of the difficulties in life. 8 A. The factory workers were ready, A404 Athyn pe B. They were able. C. They were determined to doa great job._ Fill in the blank in each sentence with the choice you think the most appropriate. 1. Until a recent study stated otherwise, it was widely believed that on average, a wild monkey _____aweek, slept 50 hours a week and mated thrice a year. ‘Av ate 10 bananas aday, drinks 7 gallons of water (@rxe 10 bananas a day, drank gallons o€ water C. eats 10 bananas a day, drinks 7 gallons of water D. eats 10 bananas a day but drinks 7 gallons of water 2. According to a recent survey, an average French woman speaks 2 languages, gets married twice, {drinks 17 gallons of wine every year and forgot to pay at leat ewo bill annually unit 1 WwB. drinks 17 gallons of wine every year and forgets pay two bills at least annually C. drank 17 gallons of wine every year and forgot to pay at least two bills annually D. drinks 17 gallons of wine every year and forgets to pay at least two bills annually 3. A business theory claims that behind any decision, the human mind analyses, ranks in order of importance, A. compared and contrasted vast amounts of information, rejected extraneous factors, arriv- ing at a conclusion almost instantaneously B. compared and contrasts vast amount of information, rejected extraneous factors, arriving at a conclusion almost instantaneously C. compares and contrasts vast amount of information, rejected extraneous factors, arriving at a conclusion almost instantaneously D. compares and contrasts vast amounts of information, rejects extraneous factors, ariving at a conclusion almost instantaneously 4, Cigarette smoking is detrimental te one’s health; _ : A. it constricts the airways of the lungs, elevating blood pressure, and causes lung cancer and. respiratory diseases B. it constricts the airway of the lungs, elevating blood pressure, and causing lung cancer and respiratory diseases t constricts the airways of the lungs, elevates blood pressure, and causes lung cancer and respifatory diseases D. itis constricting the airways of the lungs, elevating blood pressure, and causing lung cancer and respiratory diseases 5. Keeping to the high roads, cycling as fast as he could, allowed him to make the trip in record time. ‘A. and not stop for rest as well as not to stop for rest é and not stopping for rest ). and stopping not for rest 6. As opposed to a man, a woman can multi-task, locate lost objects, analyze A. emotional conflicts and yet, all the while looking forward to a shopping spree B. emotional conflicts and yet, all the while looking forward for a shopping spree \Clemotional conflicts and yet, all the while look forward to a shopping spree D. emotional conflicts but all the while looking forward to a shopping spree 7. According to a recent survey, on any given day, 3 hours watching television and 2 hours in miscellaneous activities like eating, dating, bathing, etc. ‘A. an average man spetids 12 hours working, 7 hours sleeping (Bi an average man spends 12 hours at work, 7 Hours sleeping C. average men spend 12 hours at work, 7 hours sleeping D. an average man spends 12 hours at work, 7 hours for sleep 8 To maintain a healthy body and mind, one must exercise, eat vegetables and fruits and : A. refrain from cigarettes and drinking alcohol en ‘(&) refrain from cigarettes and alcohol C. refrain from smoking and alcohol D. refrain from cigarettes and drinking of alcohol 12 | Unit 1N vi Combine the sentences in each group into one or two sentences. It may be necessary to change the wording or the order in which the information is presented. 1. Secretaries do not want flowers. They want the recognition of their abil es to help management. Their help enables management to get more done at less cost. This contributes to profitability. For this reason they would like to be recognized as professional coworkers. 2. In Medieval times intelligent men frequently became priests. They did so to gain influential positions. In spite of the number of bishops from royal families, the Church was a democratic institution. In this institution ability could make its way. 3. Most houses have central heating. I miss the open fire, Cenitral heating provides warmth. Central heating does not provide a focal point in a room. This depresses me. Fillin the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given Trains [awe (run) very badly since the railway-staff . (begin) a feral times it Zoph) (take) me nearly _ two hours to get home whereas in normal conditions it ysnudd Jolla (take) me half the time, and when I wag pedwun.tfeturn) from Brighton last week the train Yjaa~ _ (be) over three hours late. The passengers (become) furious that they literally last mont (scream) at the ticket collector as they (leave) the platform. T (never, see) passengers behave like that before. Make sentences of your own after the sentences given below, keeping the underlined structures in your sentences. 1. ...to many counties it seemed that our account was closed, we were finished, 2. Why, when I was here last time we were quite alone, desperately alone, and we had been so for five or six months. Unit 1 1314 Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. But we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough. 2. Itis generally said that the British are better at the last. 3, Britain, other nations thought, had drawn a sponge across the slate. 4, We stood all alone a year ago, and to many countries it seemed that our account was closed. Translate the following sentences into English, using the phrases given in brackets. A RRMA DCLG, MRA ht — DARA A. (turn up) 2 MARR RIM HY BAERS at 0 FA, (tell from appearances) 3, AL RAITAARA ER, Aha ET RY RHA. (stand in the gap) 4 LRRERAUMRA, SROKA ATM EL, (yield to) 5. WANRALE ERT, (24 8 HKHT. (ups and downs) 6 LARHAALV A AAA. (address oneself to) 7. RAVER AA KEK 1h SHA. (in sb.’s honour) 8 RMR wT, MARAE T LEAT, (throw sb.'s mind back) Translate the following passage into Chinese. ‘They tell us that we are weak, unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed? Shall we gather strength by irvesolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance, by lying supinely on our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak, ifwe make a proper use ‘of means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. Three millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us. The battle is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Sir, we have no selection. If we were base enough to desire it, itis now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat, but in submission and slavery! The war is inevitable — and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come! Unit 1YWeabuley °°, Gammar Tana lL. Dictation 9 11. Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think appropriate. Five months have passed (1) I spoke to the British nation and Empire on the broadcast. In war time there is a lot o be said for the motto “Deeds, (2) Words.” All the same, it is a good thing to look around from time to time and take stock. And certainly our affairs have prospered (3) several directions during these last four or five months far better than most of us would have ventured to hope. We stood our ground and faced the two dictators in the hour of what seemed their overwhelming triumph and we have shown ourselves capable, so far, of standing up (4) them alone. (6) = the heavy defeat of the German Air Force by our fighters in August and September, Hitler did not dare attempt the invasion of this island, although he had every need to do (6) and although he had made vast preparations. Baffled in this grandiose project, he sought to break the spirit of the British nation by the bombing, first of London and afterward (7) ____our great cities. It has now been proved (8) the admiration of the world and of our friends in the United States that this form of blackmail and murder and terrorism, so far from weakening the spirit of the (9) nation, has only roused it to a more intense and universal flame than was ever seen (10) in any modern community. sees ‘erie gute tis Vocabulary" Grammar Tadation Giving a talk ‘The text isa speech made by Winston Churchill at Harrow School during World War Il. Imagine ‘yourself to be one of the teachers of this school who listened to the speech and tell your friends about what Churchill said and did during his short visit to your school. Having a discussion ‘Suppose one of your classmates worked very hard for the whole semester but still failed in his or her English exam. Discuss with him or her about the causes of the failure and try your best to help him or her to build up his or her self-confidence. Remember to talk like an understanding friend rather than a know-all instructor. Unie 1 as16 Self-confidence is the feeling that you trust, believe in and are sure about your own abilities or good qualities. It is the quality necessary for the achievement of goals in our life, from the trivial to the grand. But lack of self-confidence is quite common among college students, ‘You are required to write a 300-word composition on the topic “How to Build Up Self confidence.” You can begin your writing by recalling any experience of failure in your life due to lack of self-confidence and then go on to tell how you managed to build it up, and finally achieved your goal. In the concluding paragraph, restate the importance of self-confidence. eee ee ee panera ‘ fey nE NEN ET ung a EEg Uns ce mG EuRETO Ped ENE Pe Eee op ano anges TERTT fl i eee renee ! Unit iday Text 1 2 Churchill came ofa military dynasty. His ancestor John Churchill had been created first Duke? of Marlborough’ in 1702 for his victo- ries against Louis XIV° early in the War of the Spanish Succession’, Churchill was born in 1874 in Blenheim Palace, the house built by the nation for Marlborough. As a young man of undistinguished academic accomplishment —hewas admitted to Sandhurst after two failed attempts — he entered the army as a cavalry officer. He took enthusiastically to soldiering (and perhaps even more enthusiastically to regimental polo playing) and between 1895 and 1898 managed to see three campaigns: Spain’s struggle in Cuba’ in 1895, the North- ‘West Frontier campaign in India® in 1897 and the Sudan campaign’ of 1898, where he took part in what is often described as the British Army's last cavalry charge, at Omdurman. In Cuba he was present as a war correspondent, and in India and the Sudan he was present both as a war correspondent and as a serving officer. Thus he revealed two other aspects of his character: a literary bent and an interest in public affairs. 2 — He was to write all his life. His Life of Marlborough is one of the great English biographies, and The History of the Second World War helped win him a Nobel Prize for literature. Writing, however, never fully engaged his energies. Politics consumed him. His father Lord Randolph Churchill was a WINSTON CHURCHILL' John Keegan® brilliant political failure. Early in life, Win- ston determined to succeed where his father had failed. His motives were twofold. His fa~ ther had despised him. Writing in August 1893 to Winston’s grandmother, the dowager"” Duchess" of Marlborough, he said che boy lacked “cleverness, knowledge and any capac ity for settled work. He has a great talent for show-off, exaggeration and make-believe.” His disapproval surely stung, but Churchill re- acted by venerating his father’s memory. Win- ston fought to restore his father's honour in Parliament (where it had been dented by the Conservative Party). Thirty years after Lord Randolph’s death, Winston wrote, “All my dreams of comradeship were ended. There re- mained for me only to pursue his aims and vindicate his memory.” 3 Churchill entered Parliament in 1904 at age 26. In 1904 he left the Conservative Party to join the Liberals, in part out of calculation: the Liberals were the coming party, and in its tanks he soon achieved high office. He became Home Secretary in 1910 and First Lord of the Admiralty” in 1911. Thus it was as political head of the Royal Navy at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 that he stepped onto the world stage. + A passionate believer in the navy’s his- toric strategic role, he immediately commit ted the Royal Naval Division to an interven- tion in the Flanders campaign in 1914. Frus- Vets § 17‘sated by the stalemate in Belgium and France that followed, he initiated the Allies’ only ma- jor effort to outflank the Germans on the West- em Front by sending the navy, and later a large force of the army, to the Mediterranean, At Gallipoli in 1915, this Anglo-French force struggled to break the defenses that blocked access to the Black Sea. It was a heroic failure that forced Churchill's resignation and led to his political eclipse 5 Itwas effectively to last nearly 25 years. Despite his readmission to office in 1917, after a spell commanding an infantry battalion on the Western Front, he failed to re-establish the reputation as a future national statesman he had won before the war. Dispirited, he chose the issue of the Liberal Party's support for the first government formed by the Labour Party in 1924 to rejoin the Conservatives, after a spell when he had been out of Parliament altogether. The Conservative Prime Minister appointed Churchill Chancellor of the Exchequer, but when he returned the country to the gold standard, it proved financially disastrous, and he further weakened his politi- cal position by opposing measures to grant India limited self-government. He resigned office in 1951 and entered what appeared to be a terminal political decline. By espousing anti-Nazi policies in his wilderness years between 1933 and 1939, he ‘ensured that when the moment of final con~ frontation between Britain and Hitler came in 1940, he stood out as the one man in whom the nation could place its trust. He had decried the prewar appeasement policies of the Con- servative leaders Baldwin and Chamberlain’. ‘When Chamberlain lost the confidence of Parliament, Churchill was installed in the 18 Unie t premiership. 2 His was a bleak inheritance. Following the total defeat of France, Britain truly, in his words, “stood alone.” It had no substantial al- lies and, for much of 1940, lay under threat of German invasion and under constant German air attack. He nevertheless refused Hitler’s of- fers of peace, organized a successful air defense that led to the victory of the Battle of Britain and meanwhile sent most of what remained of the British army, after its escape from the hu- milliation of Dunkirk", to the Middle East to oppose Hitler's Halian ally, Mussolini. » This was one of the boldest strategic de- cisions in history. Convinced that Hitler could not invade Britain while the Royal Navy and its protecting Royal Air Force remained intact, ‘he dispatched the army to a remote theater of war to open a second front against the Nazi alliance. Its victories against Mussolini dur- ing 1940-41 both humiliated and infuriated Hitler, while its intervention in Greece, to op- pose Hitler's invasion of the Balkans, disrupted the Nazi dictator’s plans to conclude German conquests in Europe by defeating Russia. © From the outset of his premiership, Churchill, half American by birth, had rested his hope of ultimate victory in U.S. intervention, He had established a personal relationship with President Roosevelt that he hoped would flower into a war-winning alliance. Roosevelt’s reluctance to commit the USS. beyond an association “short of war” did not dent his optimism, He always hoped events would work his way. The decision by Japan, Hitler's ally, to attack the American Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, justified his hopes. That evening he confided to himself, “So. we had won after al.”10 America’s entry into the Second World ‘War marked the high point of Churchill's statesmanship. Britain, demographically, in~ dustrially and financially, had entered the war weaker than either of its eventual allies, the Soviet Union and the U.S. Defeats in 1940 had weakened it further, as had the liquida- tion of its international investments to fund its early war efforts. During 1942, the prestige Britain had won as Hitler’s only enemy al- lowed Churchill to sustain parity of leader- ship in the anti-Nazi alliance with Roosevelt and Stalin. aa Churchill understandably exulted in the success of the D-day" invasion when it came in 1944, By then it was the Russo-American rather than the Angl however, that dominated the alliance, as he American nexus, ruefully recognized at the last Big Three con- a ference in February 1945, Shortly afterward he suffered the domestic humiliation of los- ing the general election and with it the premiership. He was to return to power in 1951 and remain until April 1955, when ill health and visibly failing powers caused him to resign. az It would have been kinder to his reputa- tion had he not returned. He was notan effec- tive peacetime Prime Minister. His name had been made, and he stood unchallengeable, as the greatest of all Britain’s war leaders. It was not only his own country, though, that owed him a debt. So too did the world of free men and women to whom he had made a constant and inclusive appeal in his magnificent speeches from embattled Britain in 1940 and 1941. (1,260 words) aeN aw This text is an abridged version of the article with the same title from www.time,com/time/time 100/eaders/profile/churchill html. John Keegan, a historian, is the defense and military specialist for London’s Daily Telegraph. duke (Paragraph 1): the title ofa ndbleman of the highest rank Marlborough (Paragraph 1): a place in England Louis XIV (Paragraph 1): (1638-1715) son of Louis XII, King of France from 1643 to 1715 ‘War of the Spanish Succession (Paragraph 1): (1701-1714) a war caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. The direct cause of the war was that the poor health of the childless King Charles Il left the issue of succession open to the claims of three principal pre- tenders including Louis XIV. Spain's struggle in Cuba (Paragraph 1): In the early 19th century, Spain lost control of most in the war of 1898 lost Cuba to the U.S. the North-West Frontier campaign in India (Paragraph 1): A civil war broke out in Chitral, India in 1896 and it was suppressed by the British expedition in 1897. the Sudan campaign (Paragraph 1): The Sudan was conquered by Egypt in 1821, and in 1882 American colonies to the revolutionaries an¢ unit 1 19England occupied Egypt and then in 1898 took over the Sudan from Egypt so as to prevent France from taking the upper reaches of the Nile. 10, dowager (Paragraph 2): a woman who holds some title or property from her husband 11, duchess (Paragraph.2): the title ofa woman equal in rank to a duke 12, Admiralty (Paragraph 3): the government department which controls the navy 13, Chamberlaiss (Paragraph 6): Arthur Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940), a conservative politi- cian and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 t0 1940 14, Dunkirk (Paragraph 7): a seaport in she north of France, from which Allied troops evacuated at the end of May and beginning of June, 1940, before the German troops arrived 15, D-day (Paragraph 11): the day during World War II when the Allies began their invasion of Europe by attacking the coast of North France FR @ {£ Questions for discussion 1. What was Churchill interested in when he was in India and the Sudan? 2. What kind of Nobel Prize did Churchill win? 3. When and how did Churchill step onto the world stage? 4. Why did Churchill hope the U.S. could join the war against Hitler? 5. What helped Churchill to be as important as Roosevelt and Stalin? 6, Inwhat way, according to the author of this text, was Churchill a successful statesman? Pecado swim orsinis ive or wich my country WS 20 Unit 4oman © PRE-READING QUESTIONS © TEXT COMPREHENSION WoRDS AND EXPRESSIONS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT » Notes © RHETORICAL FEATURES OF THE TEXT +o) Exercises Z | st integrated ls F | enie 2 aL22 - i) SPACE INVADERS! Richard Stengel® At my bank the other day, I was standing in a line snaking around some tired velvetropes when a man in a sweat-suit started inchingtoward me in his eagerness to deposit his Social Security ’check. As he did so, I minutelyadvanced toward the woman reading the Wall Street Journal ‘in front of me, who, in mild annoyancg began to sidleup to the man scribblinga checkin front of her, who absent-mindedly shuffledtoward the white-haired lady ahead of him, until we were all hugger-muggeragainst each other, the original lazy line having collapsed in on itself like a Slinky estimate that my personal space extends eighteen inches in front of my face, one foot to each side, and about ten inches in back — though it is nearly impossible to measure exactly how far behind you someone is standing. The phrase “personal space” has a quaing seventies‘ring to it (“You're invading my space, man”), but it is one of those gratifyingexpressions that are intuitively inderstood by all human beings. Like the twelve-mile limit around our national shores, personal space is our individual border beyond which no stranger can penetratewithout making us uneasy. Lately, P've found that my personal'space is being invaded more than ever before. Inclevators, people are wedgingthemselves in just before the doors close; on the street, pedestriansare zigzaggingthrough the human traffic, jostlingothers, refusing to give way; on the subway, riders are no longer taking pains to carve out little zones of space between themselves and fellow-passengers; in lines at airports, people are pressing forward like fidgety taxis at red lights. At first, [attributed this tendency to the “population explosion” and the relentless ‘Malthusian logic that if twice as many people inhabit the planet now as did twenty years ago, each of us has half as much space. Recently, I've wondered if it’s the season: ‘T-shirt weather can make proximity more alluring(or much, much less). Or perhaps the proliferation of coffe bars in Manhattan’— the number seems to double every three months — is infusingso much caffeine into the already jangling locals that people can no longer keep to themselves. Personal space is mostly a public matter; we allow all kinds of invasions of per- sonal space in private. (Humanity wouldn’t exist without them.) The logistics of it vary according to geography. People who live in Calcutta* have less personal space than folks in Colorado’. “Don’t treadon me” could have been coined only by someone with a spread. I would wager that people in the Northern Hemisphere have roomier conceptions of personal space than those in the Southern. To an Englishman, a hand- Unit 2shake can seem like trespassing, whereas to a Brazilian, anything less than a hug may come across as chilliness Like drivers who plow into your parked and empty car and don’t leave a note, people no longer mutter “Excuse me” when they bump into you. The decline of man- ners has been widely lamented Manners, it seems to me, are about giving people space, not stepping on toes, granting people their private domain, I've also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders, mini- territorial expansionists who seize public space with a sense of manifest destiny. In movie theatres these days, people are stakinga claim "'to both armrests, annexingall the elbow room, while at coffee shops and on the Long Island "Railroad, individuals ‘rou- tinely commandeerbooths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes Ultimately, personal space is psychological, not physical: it has less t0 do with the space outside us than with our inner space. I suspect that the shrinking of personal space is directly proportional to the expansion of self-absorption: people whose atten- tion is inward do not bother to look outward. Even the focus of science these days is micro, not macyo. The Human Genome Project is mapping the universe of the ge- netic code, while neuroscientists are using souped-up M.R.. machines to chart the flight of neurons in our brains. In the satne way that the breeze from a butterfly's wings in Japan inay eventually produce a tidal wave in California, "I have decided to expand the contracting bound- aries of personal space. In the line at my bank, I now refuse to move closer than three feet to the person in front of me, even if it means that the fellow behind me starts breathing down my neck. (754 words) (Words and Expressions weeeeVea 4. powerfully attractive or charming annex/o'neks/v. take control of land or prop- etty without permission . annoyance/s‘notens/n, the feeling o state of being annoyed caffeine/‘keefiza/n. acompound which is found esp. in tea or coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system commandeer /;koman'dro/ v. take possession of sth. fie funnily: enone dstaillind 0 the connie Hoe ‘genes or genetic material present ina cell or organism: ip Unit Z 23‘grant /gramt/ v. agree to give or allow sth. re- quested gratifying /‘grevtifampy/a. ‘giving pleasure or - fy Satisfaction fis Siogecserars (get confused; dis- orderly - inch /mtf/ . move slowly and, carefully in a ified direction infuse: ‘A fjusz/ v fill sth.‘6r sb. with = intuitively /m'tjuiitivly/ ad. by instinct jangling /‘dsengluy/ a: anxious’ ‘ mush, elbow, or bump against 8b. roughly, typically in.a.ctowd.i¢-73:. Jament /lo'ment/v. express regret or disappoint- ment over sth. considered unsatisfactory, tion sete fo thatitean be done suc- cessfully” a minutely /mar'nju:tli/ ad. “precisely; in great detail. carefully and a low or barely. neuron /‘njvarpn/ na specialized cell trans- mitting nierve impulses ~ neuroscientist /anjuarov'sarontist/ n. a scien- ‘ist who deals with the structure or furiction of the nervous system and brain’ pedestrian /pidestrion/ 1. a person walking along toad or ina built-up area penetrate / enced: succeed in forcing a 24 Unit 2 time, or relationship quaint /kwemt/ a attractively untistial or old- fastiioned. relentless /rt'tenthis/a:, never ending; oppres- sively constant uutinely /ru'timly/ad._ repeatedly; not sur- scribble /‘skribl/v. write or draw (sth.) care- lesély of hurriedly shrink /finpR/v.become of make Smaller in sidtor ainoutit’ w shuffle /‘Safl/ 0. walk by dragging one’s feet along or without lifting them fully from the op bround, 2-355 sidle /‘sardl/v. walkin a timid manner, esp. sideways of obliquely Slinky /‘shnla/ n.’ brand name of a toy that can |juinp up and down oF climb stairs ‘souped-up /‘suptap/a. more powerful spread /spred/n:* the extent, width;or area cov- vered by sth. stake /steik/ v,. be assertive in defining and de- fending a position of policy. ‘dal /taidal/a. of, relating to, or affected by tides tread /tred/v. ‘set one’s foot down on top of sth. ‘trespass /‘trespos/'v. enter sb,’s land or prop- erty without permission velvet /'velvit/ i. a-closely woven fabric of silk, cotton, or nylon that has.a short thick pile on one side. wager /‘weid3a/v, bet z wedge /weds/ i. force into a narrow space zigzag /‘Zigzeq/ v- move forward by going at an angle first to one side, then 0 the other1 4 10. 1. 12, 14, 15. Notes, ‘This text was originally published in The New Yorker on July 24, 1993, Later in 2001 it appeared again in The Princeton Anthology of Writing: Favorite Pieces by the Feris/MeGraw Writers at Princeton University, edited by John McPhee and Carol Rigolot and published by Princeton University Press. Richard Stengel graduated from Princeton University in 1977. He became a senior writer and essayist at Time, where he covered the 1988 and 1996 presidential campaigns. He also wrote for The New Yorker, The New Republican, Spy, and The New York Times and authored several books including January Sun: One Day, Three Lives, A South Affican Town and You're Too Kind: A Brief History of Plattery.1n. 1993 he collaborated with Nelson Mandela on Mandela's best-selling autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom. He became Time magazine’s managing editor in 2006. Social Security (Paragraph 1): Social Security primarity refers to a social insurance program providing protection against social problems such as poverty, old age, disability, and unemptoyment. Wall Street Journal (Paragraph 1): an international daily newspaper published in English by Dow Jones & Company (acquired by News Corp.) in New York City with Asian and European editions, which primarily covers U.S. and international business, and financial news and issues. seventies (Paragraph 2): the 1970s. American people talked a lot about personal space in this period. Malthusian, logic (Paragraph 4): the theories of the British economist Thomas Robert Malthus (1766~1834), which state that population increases faster than the means of subsistence unless ‘war, famine, or disease intervenes or efforts are made to limit population Manhattan (Paragraph 4): also called Manhattan Island, an island in New York City surrounded by the Hudson, East, and Harlem rivers Calcutta (Paragraph 5): the capital of West Bengal state in East India on the Hooghly River, former capital of British India. It is the largest city in India and also the most populous one, with about 10 million people living in an area of 1,300 square kilometers. Colorado (Paragraph 5): a state located in the mid-west of the U.S. It has a population of ess than 5 million. someone with a spread (Paragraph 5): those people wha have a farm and thus have a large space to themselves staking a claim (Paragraph 7): stating or establishing a right to have or own sth. Long Island (Paragraph 7): an island in southeastern New York City, The New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens are at its west end. the Human Genome Project (Paragraph 8): Begun formally in 1990, it is a federally funded USS. scientific project to identify both the genes and the entire sequence of DNA base pairs that make up the human genome. The Human Genome Project's goal was to provide researchers with powerful tools to understand the genetic factors in human diseases, paving the way for new strategies for their diagnosis, treatment and prevention. M.R.L. (Paragraph 8): magnetic resonance imaging (#i3&4 AK) In the same way that the breeze from a butterfly’s wings in Japan may eventually pro- (Paragraph 9): Here the author is alluding to the notion of the 1980s, refers to the phenomenon that a minute local- ized change in a complex system can have large effects elsewhere. For example, a butterfly flutter duce a tidal wave in Californi “butterfly effect,” which, originated ing in Rio de janeiro could change the weather in Chicago, Unit 2 2526 Decide which of the following best states the author's purpose of writing, ‘A. To describe the conception and the types of space invader. 'B. To argue that his personal space is being increasingly invaded. C."To explore why the problem of space invasion is getting more and more serious. Judge, according to the text, whether the following statements are true or false, 1. The concept of personal space being deeply ingrained in the minds of people, the invasion of personal space could destabilize public order. 2. The author suggests that with the increasing number of coffee bars, people in Manhattan are taking in so much caffeine and getting so excited that they can’t help but break through the individual border to communicate with each other. 3. There would be no human society on this planet if people did not allow any kind of invasion of personal space. 4, According to the author, manners should be observed because they allow people due personal space, 5, Since personal space concerns psychological space rather than physical space, the invasion of one’s space doesn’t affect his inner space if he is self-absorbed, thus leaving his personal space intact. Answer the following questions. 1. Why does the writer describe his expe cence at the bank? 2. How is the concept of personal space defined? 3. What is meant by “this tendency” in Para graph 4? How does the author think ofits causes? 4. Whatis the characteristic of personal space as described in Paragraph 5? 5. Why is personal space shrinking in general? Unit 2 @ @ &IV. Explain in your own words the following sentences. 1. The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seven- tesringtoit | 2. T-shirt weather can make proximity more al- luring (or much, much less) 3. The logistics of it vary according to geography. 4 Individuals routinely commander booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes. wings in Japan may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, Ihave decided to expand the 3. Inthe sameway that the breeze from abutterfly’s | contracting boundaries of personal space. invaders and the reaction of those whose personal the verbs and verbal phrases from the text which you t Purpose. ‘ Grenmar “* Tosaon |. Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words. 1. Iwas standing in a line snaking around some tired velvet ropes. 2, The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seventies ring to it. 3. Or pethaps the proliferation of coffee bars in Manhattan is infusing so much caffeine into the already jangling locals. 4, Anything less than a hug may come across as chilliness. 5, I've also noticed an increase in the ranks of what I think of as space invaders. Unit 2 27Il. Fill in the blank(s) in each sentence with a phrase from the box in its appropriate form. stakeachim be proportionalto_attribute...to_sidle up plow inito tread of carve out breathe down sb.’s neck 1. As Twas leaving the restaurant, aman to me and said, “May I help you?” 2. Not satisfied with the present position in the company, he is trying to a much greater role for himself. 3, Women end to theirsuccess __external causes such as assistance from friends. 4, So far Antarctica can only be used for scientific research. No country or region is allowed to to any part of it. 5. My job is to challenge, but not threaten them, So I must be careful not to their toes. 6 Ayoung lady was seriously injured when a car her on acrossing 7. Loss of weight the rate at which the disease is progressing. & In contemporary society, most farmers have bank managers in order to secure their finance balance. Ii Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words. 1. When the accident happened, no one would answer for the consequences, which was very —— += (annoyance) 2. Years of experience as. soldier has developed great powers of. to dangers (intuitive) 3. The minister had decided not to release a statement explaining the reason of his resignation, butlater,he__and letit out. (relentless) 4. From this chapter the main thread into a succession of dramatic sub-plots. (proliferation) 5. The government has carried out few of their promises. (lament) 6. He was in an __ mood on the night of the party. (expand) 7. Every hour, whether the Prime Minister will use the car or not, he checks under the car for bombs as a matter of, . (routinely) 8 Synthetic fabrics are less susceptible to than natural ones. (shrink) IV. Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part in each sentence without changing its original meaning. 1. The drawbacks here are that the customer has to deposit a minimum of $100 monthly. Ainvest B. reserve C. lay down D. place for safe keeping 2, Some of the ideas are very complicated and sound intuitively plausible. A. instinctively _B. directly C. frankly D. reasonably 3 Expertly he zigzagged his way across the grassland, avoiding the deeper gullies. A. tramped B. wound C. traveled D. piloted 4, He was relentless in his pursuit of quality, so his technical skill was remarkable. A. pitiless B. merciless C.nuthless D. unrelenting 5, Why are the contents of the next person’s shopping trolley always more alluring than one’s own? 28 Unit 2Mi. A. dissuasive B.allusive C attractive D. seductive 6 Tbelieve that people should live in houses that allow diem to shrink from the harsh realities of life. A. wither B. retreat C hide D. avoid 7. The foundation made a gift of a million dollars to the university to establish an agricultural college. Agrant B. bonus C. tip D. present 8 A truly gratifying friendship is based on many long, harmonious talks. A pleasant B. satisfying C. pleasing D. entertaining Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense itis used. 1. Ashedidso, Iminutely advanced toward the woman aioe reading the Wail Stet Jounal in front of me. 2 Thave decided to expand the contracting bound- aries of personal space. 3. Personal space is mostly a public matter. 4. Manners, it seems to me, are about giving people space, not stepping on toes, gtanting people their private domain. ” 5. Atmy bank the other day, I was standing in a line snaking around some tired velvet ropes. 6 Lately, Pve found that my personal space is being | invaded more often than ever before. 7. ‘The phrase “personal space” has a quaint, seven- ties ring t0 it. & Like the twelve-mile limit around our national shores, personal space is our individual border beyond which no stranger can penetrate without making us uneasy. Explain the meaning of the underlined part in each sentence. 1. The National Research Council, initiated during World War I, was continued after the war for the encouragement of research in the natural sciences. 2. Inthe tropics, bumblebee colonies last for many years, but in temperate regions the workers and the drones die in the fall 3. Sacajawa, a Snosnone Indian woman, readily agreed to act as interpreter and guide for the Lewis and Clark expeditions across the North American continent. 4, The hockey match was off because of the heavy rain, 5, He doesn'thave much money, but that’s not the point. 6. The constant sunshine and mild climate of southern California made it an ideal site for shooting motion pictures. Unie 2 29recs zi Torlaion -~ Tork | O ‘iteg gated hig ates e Fill in the blank in each sentence with the choice you think the most appropriate. 1. Thad some free time yesterday, so I _ write a few letters. A.could B, can C. was able to D. might 2. Watch this, Mum; I stand on one leg. A.amable to B.can C.may D. will 3. A:__*_Ttrotible you for a light? B: Yes, of course you, ‘A. May; may B. Might; may C. Might; might. May; might 4, The plan easily have gone wrong, but in fact it was a great success. A might B.will C.must D.can 5. She feel the spray on her face as the boat raced through the water. Awill B. would C.ean D. could 6 Until you, repay some of your present debt, we cannot lend you any more money. Acould B.can C.may D. might 7. IfTom hadn’t grabbed my arm, 5 __ have fallen off the bridge. Acan B. shall C. will D. might 8. Don't wait for me. I a few minutes late, Amighthave been B. might be C.canhavebeen —D. canbe Correct the mistakes, where found, in the following sentences. 1. May he be given the job permanently? 2, Itmightn’t be crue, There must be some mistake. 3. Children may enter only when accompanied by an adult. 4, Gold may not be dissolved in hydrochloric acid. Unit 25, You could be right, but I don’t think you are, 6. Mary can have gone off with some friends. 7. It’s not fair. Joe may stay up till ten and I have to go to bed at nine. 8, Although Sue had a bad accident last year, she could take part in the hurdle races. 9. Idon’t agree with you, but there can be some sense in what you say. 10. Despite yesterday's snowdalls, we could drive home in less than an hour. lll. Rewrite the following sentences, using can, could, may or might. He is in poor health. It is possible for him to fall ill at any time. 2. John looks pale today. It is possible that he is ill. 3, Even experts are possible to make mistakes. 4, John was able to swim when he was five. Visitors were allowed to take photos of the castle. 6 Am Lallowed to borrow your phone? 7. Nobody knows where he is. Maybe he is in the library, or maybe he is in the lab. 8. Itis possible that John has read the book on WWII. 9. Looked everywhere but I failed to find my dictionary. 10. Ken's car had been stolen, so it was impossible for him to give her a ride. IV. Complete the sentences with so, do/does/did, one or not. 1. A: Are you going to have a test in English tomorrow? B: I'm afraid . 2. A: Will your flight be cancelled because of the bad weather? B: I hope : 3. A:You don’t like dishonesty, do you? B: Of course not. Actually, nobody 4, A: Are cats colour-blind? BrIbelieve___. 5. A: What about going there in your car? B: My car is too small, Let’s rent a bigger Unit 2 an6 A:|s the nearest post office on Zhongshan Road? B: I don't think __ 7. A: Lalways forget to lock the door. B: So L 8. A: They started learning English in primary school. B: We , too. V. Combine every two sentences into one, using so or such. 1. Itis a surprise. I can’t get over it. 2. It was horrible weather. We spent the whole day indoors. 3. Poor Susan had a bad headache. She couldn’t get to sleep. 4. Jack was out of breath, He couldn't speak at first. 5. The music was loud. You could hear it from miles away. 6. The shirts became stiff. He couldn’t put them on. 7. She made a good meal. We alate far too much. & There was much to do. Nobody ever got bored. VI. Make Sentences of your own after the sentences given below, keeping the underlined structures in your sentences. 1. Toan Englishman, a handshake can seem like trespassing, whereas to a Brazilian, anything less than a hug may come across as chilliness. 2. Inthe same way that the breeze from a butterfly’s wings in Japan may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have decided to expand the contracting boundaries of personal space. © Son eateces 32 Unit 2seis Wie Nocdisy Gace Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1. Manners, it seems to me, are about giving people space, not stepping on toes, granting people their private domain. 2. Personal space is mostly a public matter; we allow all kinds of invasions of personal space in private. 3. Like the twelve-mile limit around our national shores, personal space is our individual bor- der beyond which no stranger can penetrate without making us uneasy. 4. Ultimately, personal space is psychological, not physical: it has less to do with the space outside us than with our inner space. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and phrases given in brackets. 1 MB RBFREARRE, —QILRKE EA. (wedge) 2 BRAGS YG RARE Heat 1A $ Fit AUTRE LA R. (be proportional to) 3. MRA RAE RAR — RK 4 a AB EAL (inch) 4 H-GRHCOWARTRNRRAR MDOT HER, —HARRMMIAL. (sidley 5. BRAORMRATAAARL HRA ORAR, HRAALA Hiss Me wR. (take pains to) 6 FRERHAGEEDERT HOR BHRA TEA, (infuse ... into) 7, ~BA-EA SRP A AREF EM, cb claim to) ORF RRR SS. (stake a 8 SRA EMA CHRA, HRW AIA T HF. (make sb. uneasy) Translate the following passage into Chinese. In some cultures a significant aspect of spatial perception is shown by the amount of “per- sonal space” people need between themselves and others to feel comfortable and not crowded. North Americans, for instance, seem to require about four feet of space between themselves and the people near them to feel comfortable, On the other hand, people from Arab countries and Latin America feel comfortable when they are clase to each other. People from different cultures, therefore, may unconsciously infringe on each other's sense of space. Thus just as different perceptions of time may create cultural conflicts, so too may different perceptions of space. 33wk I. Dictation lsh, | Flin each blank in the passage below with ONE appropriate word. Human beings are able to communicate (1) a variety of ways besides the use of words. This type of communication is referred to (2) non-verbal communication. Perhaps the most prevalent form of non-verbal commianication is body language. Among humans, body language accounts (3) a large part of meaningful communication. The way we sit, stand, gesture, or orient ourselves in-a group often helps others make accurate (4) about our thoughts, feelings and intentions. Mannerisms such as a clenched jaw, narrowed €7es, 0 slumped posture can be interprated (5) conveying anger, distrust, or disinterest. On the other hand, steady eye contact, a tilted (6) ahd a reassuring smile can demonstrate interest and empathy. ‘As we develop a greater Sensitivity (7) body language and its implications, we can be more in tune (8) the thoughts and feelings OF others. We can also become more certain that, the messages we 4F€ communicating are the ones we intended to convey. Broo * Secay 8 Grnnar Tanai + artes 8 egal Giving a talk Suppose you were standing in a long line to buy a ticket home ata crowded railway station and someone jumped the queue right in front of you. Describe what happened, how you felt and what you did. Having a discussion Personal space varies in size in different cultures. Discuss with your classmates the similarities and differences between Chinese and Americans with regard to personal space. If you don’t have any idea of Americans’ demand for personal space, you can talk about other cultures you are more familiar with. China is a big country. People living in different parts of China also differ in their demand for personal space. You can also discuss these “sub-cultural” differences. 34 Unit 2Nwesbalay °°) Grammar Suppose a large crowd of people have been waiting for a bus for a long time and now a bus is, finally approaching. Wite a 250-word composition, In the first part, describe the situation. In the second part, tell the reader what people usually do in this situation, In the third part, say what you think people ought to do.1 The flowand shift of distance between us and the people with whom we interact are as much a part of communication experiences as the words we exchange. Notice how we might allow one person to stand very close to us and keep another at a distance. We use space and distance to convey messages. The study of this message system, called proximics’, is con- cerned with such things as our personal space, seating and furniture arrangement. All three have an influence on intercultural com- munication. Personal Space 2 Ourpersonal space, that piece of the uni- verse we occupy and call our own, is contained within an invisible boundary surrounding our body. As the owners of this area, we usually decide who may enter and who may not. When our space is invaded, we react in a variety of ways. We back up and retreat, stand our ground? as our hands become moist from nervousness, or sometimes even react violently. Our response is manifestation not only of our personality, but also our cultural background, For example, cultures that stress individualism (England, the United States, Germany, Australia) generally demand more space than do collective cultures’ and “tend to take an active, aggressive stance when their space is violated.” This perception and use of space is quite different from the one found in the Mexican and Arab cultures. As Condon’ 36 Uni SPACE AND DISTANCE! Larry A. Samovar? etal. tells us, in Mexico the “physical distance be- tween people when engaged in conversation is closer than what is usual north of the border.” And for the Middle Easterners, Ruch writes, “Typical Arab conversations are at close range. Closeness cannot be avoided.” a _ Asis the case with most of our behavior, our use of space is directly linked to the value system of our culture, In some Asian cultures, for example, students do not sit close to their teachers or stand near their bosses; the extended distance demonstrates deference and esteem. Extra interpersonal distance is also part of the cultural experience of the people of Scotland and Sweden, for whom it reflects privacy. And in Germany, Hall and Hall tell us, private space is sacred. Seating a Culture influences the manner and meaning in seating arrangements. Notice, for ‘example, that Americans, when in groups, tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standing beside them. This pat- tern also influences how they select leaders when in groups: in most instances, the person sitting at the head of the table is chosen. In. America, leaders usually are accustomed to being somewhat removed physically from the rest of the group and consequently choose chairs at the ends of the table. In China, seat ing arrangements take on different meanings. ‘The Chinese often experience alienation anduneasiness when they face someone directly 9¢ sit on opposite sides of a desk or table from someone. It makes them feel as if they are on trial. In China, meetings often take place with people sitting on couches. In Korea, seating, arrangements reflect status and role distinctions. In a car, office, or home, the seat at the right is considered the one of honor. s Forthe Japanese, seating arrangements at any formal or semiformal functiou’ are also based on hierarchy. The most important per- son sits at one end of the rectangular table, with those nearest in rank at the right and left of this senior position. The lowest in class is near est to the door and at the opposite end of the table from the person with the most authority, Furniture Arrangement Furniture arrangement within the home communicates something about the culture. For example, peopte from France, Italy, and Mexico who visit the United States are often surprised to see that the furniture in the living room is pointed toward a television set. For them, conversation is important, and facing chairs towards a television screen stifles conversation. In their countries, furniture is positioned to encourage interaction, 2 Even the arrangement of offices gives us a clue to the character of people. According to Hall and Hall, “French space is a reflection of French culture and French institutions. Ev- erything is centralized, and spatially the entire country is laid out around centers.” Ia Germany, where privacy is stressed, office fur niture is spread throughout the office. In Japan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierar- chicallySin the center ofa large, common room absent of walls or partitions, The supervisors and managers are positioned nearest the windows. This organization encourages the exchange of information, facilitates multitask accomplishments, and promotes the Confu- cian concept of learning through silent observation. = Co-cultures’ also have their own use of space. Prostitutes, for example, are very pos~ sessive of their territory. When they mentally mark an areaas their own, even though it may bea public street, they behave as ifit were their private property and keep other prostitutes away. In prisons, where space is limited, controlled, and ata premium" space and ter~ ritory are crucial forms of communication. New inmates quickly learn the culture of prison by learning about the use of space. They soon know when to enter another cell, that space reduction is a form of punishment, and that lines form for nearly all activities. Women normally allow both men and other women to stand closer to them than do men, Summariz~ ing other gender differences in the use of space, Leathers has concluded » Men use space as a means of asserting their dominance over women, as in the following: (a) they claim more personal space than women; (b) they more actively defend violations of their territories —which ate usu- ally much larger than the territories of women; (©) under conditions of high density, they be- ‘come more aggressive in their attempts to re- gain a desired measure of privacy; and (d) men more frequently walk in front of their female partner than vice versa. (969 words)we . { Notes 1. This texts taken from Communication Between Cultures (Third Edition) written by Larry A. Samovar, Richard E, Porter and Lisa A. Stefani and published by Wadsworth in 1998. Larry A. Samovar is a teacher of San Diego State University proximics (Paragraph 1): the study of space and distance between people stand our ground (Paragraph 2): collective cultures (Paragraph 2): cultures that emphasize collectivism Condon (Paragraph 2): Condon, and also Ruch, Hall and Hall, and Leathers, appearing in later paragraphs, are names of authors listed in the bibliography of the book from which the text is excerpted. Presumably these people have also made contributions to the area of intercultural communication. Most probably one of the Halls in “Hall and Hall” refers to the famous 20th- century American anthropologist Edward T., Hall, whose book The Hidden Dimension (1966) is a study of “social and personal space and man’s perception of it.” 7. function (Paragraph 5): party; reception & arranged hierarchically (Paragraph 7): arranged according to one’s rank or importance 9. co-cultures (Paragraph 8): In cell biology, co-culture means the growth of distinct cell types ina combined culture, Here it refers to the cultures that have derived from the combination of differ- cent cultures, ” 10. at a premium (Paragraph 8): very difficult to get because itis so litte in amount 4 ick to our position of opinion AeReN Questions for discussion 1. Do you keep the same distance from other people, when interacting with them? 2. Where do you usually sit in a meeting room if you can make your choice? ‘Try to explain why you have such a preference. 3. Suppose a friend comes to see you when you are watching an interesting TV play in your sitting room. Will you tum off the TV before you start your conversation? 4 ice in your. togetherness: et tere be spice ET ail Gibran by the laws of his tribe. Civilization is the process ofsetting nian free from man.we vexti < * PRE-READING QUESTIONS. TEXT COMPRENENSION «WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS: +. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT Notes RHETORICAL FEATURES OF THE TEXT oulary Seay mmar Writing st i Oral activities exercises for : integrated skills ay Bent i 2. For how many hours a day do you think a person has to stay on-line before he 6 reckoned to be an Internet buf? Is it good to be one? Why ot why not? 3940 (1) ALIENATION AND THE INTERNET! Will Baker? F ‘The Internet’ provides an amazing forum for the free exchange of ideas. Given the relatively few restrictions governing access and usage, itis the communications modal equivalent of international waters. itis my personal belief that the human potential can only be realized by the globalization of ideas. I developed this position years before the Internet came into widespread use. And Iam excited at the potential for the Internet to dramatically alter our global society for the better. However I am also troubled by the possible unintended negative consequences. . ‘There has been much talk about the “new information age.” But much less widely reported has been the notion that the Internet may be responsible for furthering the fragmentation of society by alienating its individual users. At first this might sound like an apparent contradiction: how can something, that is on the one hand responsible for global unification by eniabling the free exchange of ideas, alienate the participants? 2 Thad a recent discussion with a friend of mine who has what he described as a “problem” with the Internet. When I questioned further he said that he was “addicted,” and has “forced” himself to go off-line. He said that he felt like an alcoholic, in that ‘moderate use of the Internet was just not possible for him. Ihave not known this féllow to be given to exaggeration’, therefore when he described his Internet binges, when he ‘would spend over twenty-four hours on line non-stop, it gave me pause to think. He said, “The Internet isn’t real, but I was spending all my time on line, so I just had to stop.” He ‘went on to say that all of the time that he spent on line might have skewed his sense of reality, and that it made him feel lonely and depressed, ‘The fragmentation of society has been lamented for some time now. It seems to me that it probably began in earnest after World War II when a generation returned from doing great deeds overseas. They won the war, and by God they were going to win the peace Automobile ownership became commonplace and suburbs were created. “Progress” was their mantra‘. So even prior to the Internet's widespread popularity, | folks were already becoming distanced from their extended families’ and neighbors. And when we fast-forward to today we see an almost cruel irony in that people can and often do develop on-line relationships with folks on the other side of the globe, without leaving their homes. But at the expense of the time that would have otherwise been available for involvement in other activities which might foster a sense of community in their villages, cowns and cities Unit 3Last weekend my wife and I invited our extended family to our home to celebrate our daughter’s birthday. During the celebration my young nephew spent the entire time on my computer playing a simulated war game, My brother-in-law and I were chatting nearby and it struck us that in generations past, his son, my nephew, would have been outside playing with his friends. But now the little fellow goes on line to play his games against his friends in cyberspace, Itseems to me that the Internet is a powerful tool that presents an opportunity for the advancement of the acquisition and application of knowledge. However, based on. my personal experience I can understand how, as they surf the Web some folks might be confronted with cognitive overload’, And I can also understand how one might have his or her sense of reality distorted in the process. Is the Internet a real place? Depending upon how a “real place” is defined it might very well be. At the very least, I believe that when we use the Internet, we are forced to ask fundamental questions about how we perceive the world about us — perhaps another unintended consequence. Some would argue that the virtual existences created by some users who debate, shop, travel and have romance on line are in fact not real, while others would argue that, since in practical terms, folks are debating, shopping, traveling and having romance, the converse is true. Al of this being said, I believe that the key to realizing the potential of the Internet is in achieving balance in our lives. This would allow us to maximize its potential without losing our sense of place. However, like most things, that is easier said thant done, It seems to me that we are a society that values immediate gratification above all else, and what better place to achieve it than in cyberspace, where the cyber-world is your cyber-oyster. The widespread use of the automobile forever changed our society and culture, and perhaps a similar sort of thing is occurring now. I am not at all certain ‘where the “information superhighway” will lead us: some say to Utopia’, while others feel it’s the road to hell. But I do know that we all have the ability to maintain our sense of place in the world. Whether we choose to take advantage of this ability is another matter. (866 words) Unit 3 an42 Words and Expressions access /‘skses/n. means or right ofusing, reach- ing or entering addicted /o'dikt «, being dependent on sth. and wanting to spend as much tirne doing itas, possible alcoholic /zelkalholik/ n, sb. who can not stop drinking large amounts of alcohol, even when this is making him or her ill alienate /‘eiljonert/v. cause sb. to feel very dis- tant from or not welcome to sb. else alienation /eilja'nerfan/ n. causing sb. to fee! very distant or not welcome to sb. else binge /omds/n, an occasion when an activity is done in an extreme way, esp. cating, drinking or spending money _,, converse /"konv3is/n. the opposite cyberspace /‘saibaspes/ n, data banks and net- ‘works in computer technology considered as a space depressed /ai'prest/ a. low in spirits dramatically /dro'meetikaly ad, suddenly and noticeably exaggeration /ig.zeedgo'rerfan/ n, action of ‘making a situation, quality or feature appear greater, more obvious of more important than it really is forum /"forram/ n. a place or an occasion for unit 8 talking about a probleti or matter, esp. of public interest foster /'fosta/ v, help to develop fragmentation /fregmenterfon/ n. breaking sth, into small pieces globalization /glaubalar'zerfan/ n. the state of developing or being developed so as to make possible international influence or operation gratification /gretyfikerfan/ n, satisfaction; pleasure modal /‘maudal/ a. of or for the mode moderate /‘modarat/a. neither small nor large but between the swo; clearly within the lim- its ofa range of possibilities oyster /"oista/n. aworld in which sb. can do anything or go anywhere that he or she wants to perceive /po' , see, notice or realize sth., esp. when it is not obvious potential /po'tenfal/n, the ability to develop, achieve oF succeed simulated /‘sunjuleitid/ a. made to look, feel ete. like the real thing skew /skjuy v, cause to be not straight or exact; twist surf /satff v, skim the Internet aimlesslyNotes 1. This text is taken from htipu//together.new/wbaker/essays.htm. 2, Will Baker (1935-2005), an American writer whose social and environmental enthusiasm led him to write on global themes, was an environmentalist who understood the dilemma in trying to preserve the wilderness where humans live. An inspiring UC Davis English teacher, Baker wrote popular science fiction novels as well as essays. 3, the Internet (Paragraph 1): a large computer network linking smaller computer networks worldwide 4, Ihave not known this fellow to be given to exaggeration ... (Paragraph 3): As far as I know, this fellow is not inclined to exaggerate .. 5, They won the war, and by God they were going to win the peace. (Paragraph 4): In World ‘War II, American soldiers, together with their allies, defeated their enemies, i.e. Germany, Italy and Japan. When the soldiers returned from the battlefields after the War, they wanted to enjoy to the full the material benefits of peace. This is why the U.S. saw a boom in car ownership after ‘World War IL 6 mantra (Paragraph 4): Originally it is a word or sound in Hinduism and Buddhism repeated to aid concentration in meditation. Here it means a statement or slogan repeated frequently. For instance, the environntental mantra that energy has for too long been too cheap. 7, extended families (Paragraph 4): An extended family is one which extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, whoall live nearby orin one household, 8, cognitive overload (Paragraph 6): more information than one can process and absorb 9, Utopia (Paragraph 7): Originally it refers to an imaginary island described in Sir Thomas More's Utopia (1516) as enjoying perfection in law, politics, etc. Here it means an ideal state. 43Text comprehension Necesncomes Ly 44 Decide which of the following best states the author's purpose of writing, A. Totell the reader that he is bewildered by the benefits and the negative consequences brought, about by the Internet. B. Toconvince the reader of our ability to reap the benefit ofthe Internet without being penalized by it. C. To argue that the demerits of the Internet overweigh its merits. Judge, according to the text, whether the following statements are true oF false. 1. The author believes that the human potential can’t be realized without @ & the globalization of ideas. 2. The paradox seems unintelligible to the author that the Internet alienates @ the participants and at the same time it drives toward global unification. 3, When his friend told him about his Internet binges, the author thought @ 4a he was exaggerating, 4, When people spend too much time on line, they will be unable to par- @ se ticipate in activities together with other community members so that their sense of community gradually diminishes. A person is likely to be cognitively overloaded if he is confronted with too @ a much information on the Internet, and he may consequently have a dis- torted sense of reality. Answer the following questions 1. What's the author's viewpoint about the benefit of the Internet? What does he see about its negative side? 2, What happened to the author's friend as regards the Internet? What negative con- sequences did he see about it? 3, Whatalienated society members before the Internet gained popularity? Whatalienates them in the information age? 4, What is meant by the “cruel irony” that appears in Paragraph 4? 5, How, according to the author, can the po- tential of the Internet be realized?IV. Explain in your own words the following sentences. 1. Given the relatively few restrictions gov- cerning access and usage, it is the commu- nications modal equivalent of interna~ al waters. 2 But much less widely reported has been the notion that the Internet may be respon- sible for furthering the fragmentation of society by alienating its individual users. 3. Ttseems to me that we are a society that values immediate gratification above all else, and whar better place to achieve it than in cyberspace, where the cyber-world is your eyber-oyster. three pars, ie. the openirg part or the introduct a and the summary or the’ conclusion part. Divide the text wtee bs ingly and then find out the thesis statement in the fst part a statement in the last part. The author seems to regard the Intemet as ¢ do and hurts us at the same time. To lustate the ac Internet the author uses antonys such as Un enters (reine wer ae pressions) ee uc thes pce He out and discuss their rhetorical function. |. _ Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words. 1. Itis my personal belief that the human potential can only be realized by the globalization of ideas. 2. The Internet may be tesponsible for furthering the fragmentation of society by alienating its individual users, Unie 3 4sum, 46 3. He said that he was “addicted”, and has “forced” himself to go off-line. 4, However, based on my personal experience I can understand how, as they surf the Web some folks might be confronted with cognitive overload. 5. Some would argue that the virmal existences created by some users who debate, shop, travel and have romance on line are in fact not real. Fill in the blank(s) in each sentence with a phrase from the box in its appropriate form, atthe expense of prior to give... pause tO think take advantage of be available for in carest for the better be confronted with ._ John’s mind is always full of fantasies, He dreams of changing the world ‘Edward Stuart became a brilliant scholar, but only his health, The company's policy of reform great difficulties at the start. The corporation the exceptional opportunities open in exports. He said it not in jest A tennis court and a swimming pool regular members of the club. All the arrangements should be completed your departure. ‘An opposition statesman said he hoped the agreement them about the futility of violence. ey away Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words, 1. The company fears noisy brightly-lit shops are__older customers. (alienation) 2. Trends toward the of industry have dramatically affected food produc- tion in that country. (globe) By the first century BC, Buddhism wasin danger of. into small ects. fragmentation) Sheisa TY and watches as much as she can. (addiction) The dress___her wasp waist and enlarges her bosom, (exaggeration) He never forgot the hardships he witnessed during the Great of the 1930s, (depress) Cars are tested to see how much damage they suffer in crashes. (simulation) ‘The news that they were well 1s. (gratification) ONAN aw Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part in each sentence without changing its original meaning. 1. The president warned, ‘America must get rid of the hangover we all have because of the economic binge we just went through,” referring to the long period of inflated stock prices that sent Americans streaming into the market. A. indulgence B. speculation C habit D. inflation 2, There is a slight difference in meaning between the two words. Amild B. subtle C, moderate D. minimal 3. To lament his death, national flags all over the country were hoisted at half-mast, Av regret B.mourn C. depress D. dissatisfy 4, There's always intense media coverage of airplane crashes and that can really play into people's Weis 3vi fears and skew their perceptions of how safe it is to fy. ‘A. misconceive B. change C.distort D. preoccupy 5. Asheet of metal can be shaken to simulate thunder. A pretend to be B. imitate C. reproduce D.unify 6. This budget places short-term, political partisan gratification ahead of the nation’s needs, A satisfaction B. pleasure C. nomination D. bonus 7. She gradually perceived that her parents had been right. A. noticed B. knew C. accepted D. realized 8. Abig international bank just can’t afford to alienate clients in countries around the world. A. separate B. give up C. discard D. distance Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used. 1. However Iam also troubled by the possible 183- —antonym: seuded negative consequences. 2. Automobile ownership became commonplace and suburbs were created. 3. Those folks were already becoming distanced synonym: from their extended families and neighbors. 4A. These activities might foster a sense of commu- nity among the local people. 5, Hesaid that he felt like an alcoholic, in thatmoder= _Antonym: ate use of the Internet was just not possible for him, 6 Itseems to me that the Internet is a powerful tool that presents an opportunity for the advancement ss of the acquisition and application of knowledge. : 7. And I can also understand how one might have his. Synonym or her sense of reality distorted in the progress. 8. Weare forced to ask fundamental questions about how we perceive the world about us. Explain the meaning of the underlined part in each sentence. 1. Large deposits of limestone and clay can be found in the northern reaches of the state of ‘Washington. 2. Several colleges and universities in the United States are now requiring that their students purchase personal computers. 3. The use of mechanical refrigerators became widespread in the United States in the 1920s. 4, Could we go out tomorrow night instead? I'd rather have a quiet evening in tonight. 5. Becky will fill you in on what happened at the last meeting. 6 ‘You can lose yourself'in a sea of identical hairstyles and thought styles.48 Trarsion ~" rite, ied Wing galedsly, sss Q 1. absolute construction 2. fo: preposition or infinitive marker 3. inversion Combine the sentences in each group into one, using at least one absolute construction. 1. A. Alllof thisis said. B. Ibelieve that the key to realizing the potential of the Internetis in achieving balance in our lives. 2. A. There had been no rain. B. The ground was dry. 3. A When I walked in, Grandpa was sitting at the kitchen table. B. The newspaper was spread before him, 4. A The boys leaned against the willow tree. B. Their fishing poles rested on sticks. C. Their eyes gazed at the bobbers floating on the ripples. 5. A. Mark went homeward alone. B. His heart was full of a strange emotion. 6 A The discussion had been completed, B, The chairman adjourned the meeting for halfan hour. 7. A. Diana stood motionless at the end of the diving board B. Her hands were at her sides. C. Her heels were slightly raised. D. Every muscle anticipated action. 8 A. The cowboy dominates the pages of many magazines. B. His hair is dark and curly. C. His broad shoulders are sloping yet powerful. D. His expression is calm and confident, Unie 3um. Put the verbs in brackets into a gerund or an infinitive. 1. Ltried 1 (pacify) him but he refused to ___(be pacified) and wenton (grumble). 2. Tam looking forward to (sce) you. 3, Lobject © __ _(be treated) like a child. 4, Idon’t feel like ____(do) online shopping, 5. Iflseeto_____(get) the car out, will you see to close) the windows? 6 He hates (answer) the phone, and very often just lets it (ring). 7. ‘Two whole pages are devoted to (report) yesterday’s bomb explosion. 8. His suggestions went very near to (resolve) our dilemma 9, He bought the old house with an eye to (make) ita hotel. 10. I'm so tired I don't think 1 feel up co (go) shopping today. Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the words given. 1. He had hardly arrived when she started complaining Hardly 2. Once Manton gets logged onto the Net, he rarely cares about anything else. Rarely 3. You must not touch this switch under any circumstances. Under no circumstances 4, They have never known such hardships in all their lives. Never 5, He worries so much about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night. So much 6. He spoke not only more correctly but also more convincingly. Notonly 7. They succeeded only after several trials. Only 8 The passengers are not permitted to open the doors themselves under any circumstances. ‘Under ne circumstances Rewrite each of the following sentences, shifting the adverbial phrase of direction or place to the front of the clause. Use inversion where possible. 1. The teacher blew a whistle and the children ran off. 2. ‘The man lit the fuse and sfter a few seconds the rocket went up. 3. Asmall dark-haired girl was sitting on the stairs. Uni 49vi 50 4. Amilk-van came round the corner. 5. The vicar goes there 6, The people dived for cover as the bullets flew over their heads. 7. Heer father stood in the doorway. 8. Awhite pillar was in front of them and a small, marble statue stood on top of it. Correct any mistakes you find in this newspaper item. ‘The people of Sawston were evacuated yesterday as forest fires headed towards the town. Such the heat was of the oncoming inferno that trees more than 100 metres ahead began to smoulder. Only once in recent years, during 1994, a town of this size has had to be evacuated because of forest fires. A fleet of coaches and lorries arrived in the town in the early morning. Into these vehicles the sick and elderly climbed, before they headed off to safety across the river. Residents with cars were ordered to leave by midmorning, Later in the day, as the wind changed direction and it became clear that the fire would leave Sawston untouched, were heard complaints from some residents. “At no time the fires posed a real threat,” said one local man. “I didn’t want to leave my home, and nor most of my neighbours did.” But Chief Fire Officer Jones replied, “Hadn’t we taken this action, lives would have been put at risk Only when the fires have moved well away from the town residents will be allowed to return to their homes.” Make sentences of your own after the sentences given below, keeping the underlined structures in your sentences, 1. He said that he felt like an alcoholic, in that moderate use of the Internet was just not possible for him, 2. Allof this being said, I believe that the key to realizing the potential of the Internet is in achieving balance in our lives. Your sentenceso Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1 Given the relatively few restrictions governing access and usage, itis the communications modal equivalent of international waters. At first this might sound like an apparent contradiction: how can something, that is on the one hand responsible for global wnification by enabling the free exchange of ideas, alienate the participants? T have not known this fellow to be given to exaggeration, therefore when he described his Internet binges, when he would spend over twenty-four hours on line non-stop, it gave me pause to think But at the expense of the time that would have otherwise been available for involvement in other activities which might foster a sense of community in their villages, towns and citi ‘Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and phrases given in brackets. 1 7. RAGA, SMSRALB. H- BETA, ARMAMENT IR. (addict) ARAL A A TAY, SEER MAT BIRR BAPE Sa a a ALE 4 A. (simulate) RR, MMe TVA I EAR MEE RAS AY (in earnest) BADR EBA EA RMR PE, 2k THAME DA th BA. (ac the ex- pense of) HABE, KURATA AKIRA T | (be given to) BIER HORE Y PER, RAR EAH RRMA th FLIER. (at the very least) PAAR RAR Atk ARACEAE. (perceive) ‘Translate the following passage into Chinese. ‘The Internet has launched us into a true information age and is enabling people around the ‘world to interact with each other ona scale previously unimaginable. Whatever evolutionary course the Internet and the Information Superhighway takes, the digital convergence of the telecommunications, television, and computer industries has forever altered the way we com- ‘municate and compute. This convergence will enable companies to deliver services that were once beyond their technical limits. WebTV will allow viewers to access the Internet. Big-screen, high-definition digital television and DVDs may change the way movies are shot. Satellites will help automobiles find their own way home. Households will receive signals from satellites, microwave towers, fiber or copper lines.© Vicculay Grammar natan wot tng Dictation Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE appropriate word. Since the 1960s, when the Internet was developed by the Pentagon (1) military wecwork capable (2)__ surviving nuclear war, the technology and number of users have grown at an unthinkable (3) This explosion has brought (4) it all sorts of ‘moral and practical questions including the censorship by the state. We censor all of our media (5) the interests of society as a whole, and the Internet is no different. Freedom of speech is not an absolute thing (6) aright that our society gives us; when, however, freedom of speech conflicts with another individual's right (7) privacy, quality of life (8) even life itself, censorship is not only justified but a duty of (9) society. Racist and terrorist propaganda and hardcore pornography on the Internet should be censored. The landmark Communications and Decency Act (CDA) was passed in 1996 in the US. to tackle this (10) fries cculay © Gammr*) Tantos.*' ee Wy Neal ° an gated skis i Having 2 dialogue Suppose your desk-mate, who used to be a top student, has recently become addicted to the Internet, Because of this, he or she has often been absent from class and fallen behind in his or her studies. Now talk to this classmate, trying to talk him or her out of this bad habit. faving a discussion Tiivide yourselves into 2 groups. The first group work together to make a list of the advantages of the Internet and the other group try to come up with a list ofits disadvantages. Then each group appoint four representatives to have a debate on the topic “Do the advantages of the Internet out- ‘weigh its disadvantages?” The other members of each group can help their representatives when necessary. 52 Unit 3rie soonest Weebly ia Gamat = Tain ri ‘With the Internet people can now shop, bank, work and communicate without leaving home. ‘The danger is that people could become isolated from each other and lose social skills. Write a 250-word essay on the topic “The Danger of the Internet.” In the first part, tell the reader about the problem caused by the wide use of the Internet. In the second part, provide evidence to prove that the problem is serious. And in the third part, make suggestions on how to solve this problem. 53ayy Text Tt 1 For the better part of 15 years’, America Online (AOL) has nurtured a vision, Back in the days when EO" and founder Steve Case modems creaked along 300 bits a second, when ictook halfan hour to download a small black- and-white photo, Case imagined a world where ordinary folk, like the ones he grew up with in Hawaii, would find real utility in con- nected computers. However, back then almost everyone considered Case’s vision a perfectly ridiculous idea — except Case, of course, 2 In 1985he founded a company that even- tually became America Galine, and he has just Jousted with the doubters‘ ever since. ‘Today, AOL connects millions of users to the Internet for a fee. The company categorizes Web sites and Internet information into Web channels (similar to special ‘TV stations) for travel, shopping, games, personal finance, and so on. By putting 4 frame around the Internet and world of information, AOL makes surfing the really. really easy, besides being fun and affordable. But for Steve Case, living his dream. has been anything but easy. = Itallstarted with a unique marketing ap- proach — blanketing the countryside with dis- kettes containing AOL software. At trade shows, on magazine covers, in mailers, even onairplanes — you couldn’t miss the free AOL disks. One analyst called this “marketing by carpet bombing,” Although it took the com- 54 AMERICA ONLINE: LOSING THE BATTLES, BUT WINNING THE WAR’ Michael H. Mescon et al pany five years to attract a million subscribers, it only took owo more years to double that. ‘That's more than The New York Times and Wash- ington Post have added during the last half century. The Internet market changed overnight, and forever. Millions instantly rec- ognized che value of getting online, and AOL was their first, best hope Butenticing people with freeware and then charging them higher-than-market rates to hook into the Internet — even if AOL made it user-friendly — meant users might try a dif ferent service. So in 1996 AOL made its prices ‘more competitive, and that’s when the self demolition derby* began. First AOL changed its pricing structure to allow for unlimited ac- cess at a flat rate’. Expecting 200,000 new customers, it attracted 500,000 — in one month! Even though it had added modems in anticipation of increased demand, the surge quickly ate up che additional capacity, forcing AOLsalready strained network to back up’ like a kitchen sink. Customers screamed. Frus- trated users called the company America Onhold or America Offline — and for good reason. Attorney generals threatened to sue AOL for advertising a service it couldn’t deliver. And AOL — forced to suspend its TV pitch for new subscribers —cut back on direct marketing and pumped an additional $100 million into its ailing network.