New Nepal, the poem by Siddhicharan Shrestha, is a translated version of the original poem ‘Naya Nepal’.

The
poem has been translated by Shreedhar Lohani. In this political poem, the speaker makes a strong call to raise
voices against the then-Rana rule. The speaker seems to be a rebel who urges freedom, self-respect, and
equality. In the poem, the poet encourages the people to speak against all sorts of tyranny that exist in society.
People, during Rana’s rule, were too timid to raise their voices against the Ranas because if anyone tried to
speak, they would be punished severely.

People were not courageous enough to revolt against the Ranas due to the massive domination of the past.
Since the Ranas maintained fear, no one dared to speak against them. So, through the poem, the poet wanted to
inspire common people to speak for their rights and freedom and ultimately overthrow the Rana regime. New
Nepal stanza-wise Summary In the first stanza, the poet appeals to all the Nepalese to speak the truth. He urges
us to unfold the hidden miseries and rebel against the prevalent domination, discrimination, and injustice. In the
second stanza, the poet energizes people to rebel like an unstoppable and continuous stream

The
story
has
many
themes
like

people’s struggle against nature, hope in life and human survival instinct. The central character Mokgobja
does everything to survive his family. His intention is pure and natural. He has hope that he
will fight against natural disaster like drought by hook or crook. He is ready to sacrifice his
son’s daughters to make rain. So, the story presents the theme of human survival instinct. In
the same way, the story also presents struggle of rural farmers who still do traditional
farming to survive.

The whole cultivating local area is reliant upon nature. At the point when the dry spell
comes, the ranchers become totally defenseless. At the point when nature becomes heartless
to man, man also becomes cruel and there is a deficiency of mankind. The dread of death
and enduring draws out a sort of endurance sense in man which rises above the restrictions
of mental stability and levelheadedness. Therefore, what is considered as unnatural  becomes
regular and adequate.
Major Character analysis/ Character Sketch of Mokgobja:
Mokgobja is the central character/ protagonist/hero of the story.
He is 70 years old laborious farmer.

He follows his tradition and rituals.

He is the head of his family.

He is a victim of the natural disaster-drought.

He sacrifices his son’s daughters to make rain.

Techniques in the Story:
The writer has used different techniques to present his theme of man’s struggle against nature to survive.
Major techniques are Contrast and imagery, Foreshadowing, Personification, Symbolism, Simile, Irony, etc.

Dover Beach Poem Analysis

First stanza

Arnold begins by describing the setting in which the poem is situated. Although it is never stated clearly in the poem, it is evident
from the title that the beach in question is Dover on the English coast. The sea is considered to be tranquil. The moon “lies fair”
lovely, upon the straits”. Although it is useful to visualize the speaker in a certain place, the setting is less important than what it
represents.

The lights on the far coast gleam visibly and then they disappear, leaving the “cliffs of England” standing alone in the bay. The light
that shines suddenly vanishes, symbolizing the fading faith of the English people. The night is silent, and no one around him
appears to notice the enormity of what is going on. The speaker describes the calm as “tranquil”. However, as the reader will
discover, many things appear to be one way but are the opposite.

Now the speaker turns to another person in the scene and requests that this unnamed individual come to the window and breathe
the “sweet…night-air!”. The speaker spends the second part of this stanza describing the sounds of the water he is looking at. The
speaker directs the listener’s attention to the sound made by the sea as it rushes in over the pebbles on the shore. “The grating
roar” created as they roll over one another. As the sea recedes and returns, this happens again and again. The narrator finds the
slow pace of this movement, as well as its endless repetitions, sorrowful.

Second stanza
The second stanza is significantly shorter and connects the two characters’ world to the bigger picture of history. The speaker
claims that Sophocles heard this sound on the Ægean sea when the tides came in “long ago”. It reminded him of the emotions of
“human misery” and how they “ebb and flow”. Arnold hopes to draw the reader’s attention to the universal experience of misery
that people have had throughout history. The narrator returns to the present in this short stanza, stating that “we” are experiencing
the same emotions in the sound.

Third stanza

Here, it becomes evident that Arnold is referring to his countrymen and women’s diminishing faith. “The Sea of Faith” once
encompassed the entire “round earth’s shore” and tied everyone together like a girdle, according to him. However, this period has
now gone. The populace is no longer connected by a shared Christian trust in God, but rather, as Arnold sees it, by new sciences
and conflicting opinions. There is no longer any return of the water of the sea when it used to draw away and come back to the
shore. “Melancholy” and “long”, the sea is now just receding. It is retreating from England and the rest of the world’s countries,
leaving people vulnerable.

Fourth stanza

The companion who is staring out over the river with the speaker at the beginning of the fourth stanza is most likely a lover or
romantic partner. He is now speaking directly to her, and potentially to all the remaining true believers in God. In this “land of
dreams”, he requests that they stay committed to one another. The world has changed; it now resembles a dream rather than the
reality he used to.
Conclusion
The poem concludes with a pessimistic judgment on the state of the world. Real suffering and faith are fading away as
people throughout the world suffer on “a darkling plain”, confused and fighting for things they don’t understand.

Point of View in Shooting an Elephant:

The writer uses the first person point of view to present his experience in Burma as a police
office of the British Empire.
Short Analysis of the story Shooting an Elephant
It is a narrative essay where we find a story of a police officer’s interaction with a wild
elephant. It is written by George Orwell. It presents Orwell’s time story. Orwell used to
serve as a police officer for the British empire in Burma. The story interestingly brings an
inner mental conflict of the central character, the police officer. We come to know that he
wasn’t satisfied by British rule in Burma.
He attaches himself to Burmese people. He shares his sentiments to the people. So, he is
against the British empire in Burma. Irony is that he hates British empire in Burma but he
still serves the empire. He doesn’t like the rule of British because Burmese people are
oppressed by the rule. Although he supports Burmese but he is mocked for working with
British empire. In fact, he is in confusing state because he is supporting both British as well
as Burmese people.
Summary/Synopsis of the story Shooting an Elephant:
The whole story moves around a single day event of shooting an elephant. The story begins
when the speaker knows that an elephant has become violent by broking its chain. He comes
to know that an elephant is running here and there uncontrollably. The elephant is moving
through a market. He is obliged to follow his duty by controlling the elephant.
He takes his a small rifle and starts chasing it. He doesn’t want to kill the animal. Infact, he
wants to control it. When he encounters with the elephant, he knows that the elephant has
destroyed the market. He sees the mess created by the elephant. It has also killed an innocent
villager. He chases the elephant to the paddy fields. He finds that the elephant is enjoying the
paddy. He finds the elephant vast and beautiful. He doesn’t want to shoot the elephant.
He comes to know that two thousand people are waiting for his shooting the elephant. They
expects that he will kill the elephant. Their expectation is high because he represents
powerful British empire who has power to take the action. He thinks that if he doesn’t shoot
the elephant, Burmese people will start mocking him.
At last, to save his dignity, he aims at the brain of the elephant and shoots the elephant with
his rifle. The crowd cheers him for his action. But the elephant survives. He shoots
continuously to kill the elephant. He finds that the elephant is still breathing. He considers
his action as a shameful act and leaves the field. He comes to know that the elephant died
after half an hour. People have mixed feelings about his action. One young officer takes his
action as a shameful act because it is not good to kill an elephant for killing a Burmese
coolie.
Themes in George Orwell’s Shooting an Elephant:
The story presents the theme of imperialism. Imperialism is a policy of a country to increase
its territory, power, influence and control by using different means like military force. The
writer doesn’t support imperialism.In fact, he is against it. He hates it. In this story, he wants
to show the reader about the bad impacts of imperialism on ruled people like Burmese.
He hints that both ruler and ruled are the victims of it. He shows his hate towards the British
Empire during his service as a police officer in Burma. He shows Burmese people losing
self-dignity and identity when they were ruled by the Empire. They were hated and
oppressed by the rule. He shoots the elephant because he is also a victim of the imperialism.
He has the duty to serve the empire as a police officer.
Symbol in George Orwell’s Shooting an Elephant:
The central symbol of the story is the elephant.It captures the bad effects of imperialism on
ruler and ruled. The elephant doesn’t have freedom to travel here and there like the people of
Burmese. It has lost its self respect and dignity. The British Empire’s treatment towards
Burmese people can be evaluated from the elephant’s critical situation at last.  It shows lack
of humanity. So, the symbol symbolizes the contemporary situation where Burmese people
were hated and oppressed by the rule.
Short Summary/Analysis of the Poem ‘The Unknown Citizen’ Poem by W.H. Auden
The poem was written by W.H. Audent (British Poet). The poem is an elegy. Elegy is a
poem written for the dead. It is a satirical elegy. It praises a man who has died recently.
The man lived his life according to the government plan. The person always followed social
norms and values to protect the government rules and regulations. He never questioned
against it. By showing the past normal life of the dead person, the poet is satirizing
the standardization (guidelines) of modern life set by the state.
 In fact, the poet is making fun of such standard modern life ruled by state oppression. In
modern life, people rush for standard life like the right job, the right number of kids, etc.
People declare it as a symbol of successful life. But the speaker doesn’t find such kind of
standard life as a total life.
The speaker talks about a dead person who never made a formal complaint about the
government. No one ever made a complaint about him too. He was the perfect citizen
because he followed social policies to be the perfect citizen.
He served his society throughout his career and life.  He did the same job in his life except
serving in the war. He worked at Fudge Motors Inc. He was liked by his colleagues at the
company. He had the health insurance. He had also modern possessions like car, radio,
fridge, etc. He had a peaceful family life with a wife and five children. At last, her retired
from his job and life.
Theme of the Poem ‘The Unknown Citizen’ Poem by W.H. Auden
The poem makes fun  of an elegy given by the state. The government and its institutions
delivered the elegy for the citizen who always followed the standard norms of the state. In
modern world, a state has enough power to control and oppress its citizens. People are under
the surveillance of the state.
Through this poem, the poet wants to show that many people are losing their freedom and
identity due to standardization of modern state. The state is delivering the elegy not to give
sympathy for the dead but attracting people to follow the same standard guideline of the
state to get the same kind of treatment after his/her death.
Analysis of Title of  the Poem ‘The Unknown Citizen’ Poem by W.H. Auden
Title of the Poem is ironic because the title says ‘the unknown citizen’ but the state knows
everything about his citizen. The state has all necessary information about the dead. In fact,
the dead person is only known to his state. He lost all his freedom throughout his life. He
always lived under the surveillance of the state. So, the poem raises the issue of freedom
crisis of the state citizen.
A parrot is captured and a narrow iron cage is his world now In place of the open sky. Now
his free, happy life is finished. There is only pain and sorrow, no peace or rest. His eyes have
swollen by crying. Trying to get out, his beak has become blunt, and wings and feet have
become weaker. His sad and weeping old parents need him. But there is no way out.
In the forest, his real home, he enjoyed cool waters, playing in the green trees, eating sweet
fruits and living with family and friends. But now all this is a dream. There are only enemies
around him and no one for help. Freedom seems impossible. Every day will be hard. He
suffers heat and cold, passing the days weeping and lamenting. He does not get water on
time. His throat has become dry by talking and singing for people. He is beaten if he refuses.
He does not get enough to survive in return for his service. Instead, he gets insults, scolding
and threats.
He is only a plaything for humans. They take pleasure in his suffering. His power of speech
has become a curse. He prays to God to pity on him and help him escape. Humans exploit
the virtues in other creatures. They are not satisfied until the creatures die. Therefore, the
parrot begs God not to give life to parrots as long as a single human remains on earth.
Theme/ Interpretation of The Parrot in the Cage:
We can interpret this poem on three levels. First, it shows unequal human-animal
relationship. We see cruel treatment of other creatures by human beings. The parrot’s pitiful
condition inside the cage contrasts with his happy forest life. We control and exploit animals
in many ways. Putting the parrot in a cage is just one example. The poet suggests us to stop
such injustice. The second interpretation is political.
It suggests Nepalese people’s freedom trapped in the cage of Rana rule. The parrot
represents the condition of captured freedom fighters. Finally, there is also a spiritual side to
the poem, a philosophical message. The caged parrot is a symbol of the free, immortal
human soul bound in the mortal body. The parrot tries to free himself from the cage. The
poet suggests us to rise above the body.
Critical Analysis of The Parrot in the Cage:
According to the parrot’s description, his condition is pitiful. But he might be exaggerating
the fact. Humans capture animals not only for cruel treatment. We also do so to preserve
them. In forest, some powerless animals and birds might face danger and difficulty in living.
In such case we need to protect them by capturing. We also produce good breeds of animals
in systematic ways. The poem neglects such good acts and passes judgement on the whole
human race based on an example. All humans are not cruel as the parrot thinks.
The parrot’s condition has made us think about our own life. Future is uncertain. Our life
may suddenly change from happy to tragic condition, from good to bad time. Just as the
parrot becomes a plaything in the hands of humans, we are helpless before time. At least the
parrot has memories of happy time although he is in a cage now. We can learn this from
him: keeping good memories for bad times.
Advertise Your Business

❖ An American showman, businessman, politician, entrepreneur and author

❖ Poor at birth and rich at death

❖ Lecture written in 1882.

❖ He assumes that not only moral life compatible with business success but also the best path to
business success

❖ His lectures create an optimistic energy that makes the listeners want to go right and conquer the
world.

Summarize of Advertise Your Business |

In business, businessman should deal with his customers politely. It is his best capital ever invests in
business. Advertisement and showy building are nothing if he does not have politeness. To continue his
business, reserving some profit, he should sell qualitative product in cheap prices. He should not think
to be overnight millionaire selling the product in an expensive way. Customers are God. So, for their
minor mistake, they should not be humiliated. Charitable human beings get happiness. Duty of rich
person is to be benevolent. According to Solomon in Bible, if you scatter, there increases. If you
become miser, you will be poor. It means that miser people are poor in heart.

According to the writer, businessman should not share his secrecy to anybody. His hopes, aims and
profit should be kept secret. Same thing is applicable to business letter. While writing letters,
businessman must know what not to write. If he does not focus on content of writing, sometimes, he
may lose his reputation.

A Summary and Analysis of James Joyce’s ‘Eveline’

Eveline is a short story taken from Dubliners. The story captures the story of Eveline, a
young woman of Ireland. She is the central character of this story. She was 19 years old. The
woman lives with her father because her mother is dead. She has a secret lover named Frank.
He is a sailor.
She is not happy with her life in Ireland. But her father is against her decision. Her father
forbids her to meet Frank. She takes the decision to leave her abusive father at the age of 19.
She chooses the step because of her poverty-stricken existence in her family. She wants to
start her new journey of better life with her lover Frank. They wanted to shift in Buenos
Aires, Argentina.

Eveline runs her house. She is the responsible key person of her family after her mother’s
death. Her father is drunkard. He drinks a lot. He rarely shares his money to run his family.
She has two brothers. They are Harry and Ernest. Harry is always busy with his business
trips. Her another brother Ernest has died.

Eveline works in a shop in Dublin. She is tired of her father’s irresponsible behaviour of not
taking care of his family. So, one day, she books a ship to leave Dublin. She is going to
Argentina with her lover Frank. But suddenly, she changes her mind when she is about to
board the ship with Frank. She returns back to her home without telling anything to Frank.
Theme/Central Idea of the story Eveline by James Joyce Or

What does the phrase ‘paralysis of Ireland’ mean in the story? Why did the Joyce use the term ‘paralysis’?

James Joyce is
a Modernist writer of the Early 20th Century. In this story Eveline James Joyce
has depicted the realistic version of Dublin at his time unlike other romantic writers of his
time.

He highlights the ‘paralysis’ of Ireland. It means people feel unable to move. They are stick with
their lives. They fear to start a fresh new life. It captures the exact reality of his time. He
captures Dubliners longing for the past. They fail to move ahead because of their past life in
Dublin. The situation is same with Eveline.

She is about to take a crucial step with her lover by shifting to Argentina but suddenly she
drops her plan and returns back to her home. She continues her mother’s mistake by
returning back to home. It proves that Dubliners are held back by their past memories.

The story is a modern fiction. It doesn’t give us clear cut idea about the central theme. The
story wants to suggest us that human life is uncertain and ambiguous just like the story’s
theme.

Why did Eveline return back to home instead of leaving with her lover Frank? What are the possible causes behind
Eveline staying in Dublin?

Ans: Possible reasons are:

1. nostalgia {deep longing} for her homeland

2. nostalgia for birthplace.
3. responsibilities towards father and brother
4. attachment to Dublin
5. memory of her dead brother

Summarize the essay in your own words.

In the essay, Ellen Goodman satirizes the mechanical and hectic life of developed countries. Phil is an employee
who is a workaholic (hardworking man). While working, he died. He was 51 years old. As he died of heart
problem, at that time he was working in office on holiday (Sunday) at 3 am. He worked six days a week and five
of them, he worked 8 or 9 at night. He thinks that he is an important person of the office. He did not have time to
eat food at home. So, he would eat salad sandwiches at his office. He was so busy. So, he could not give time for
his family members so that he was like unknown person at home.
His wife Helen was 48 years old. She was also job holder before marriage. On her husband's death day, Phil's
company friend sympathized saying that she had missed him a lot. In response, she says that she had already
missed him for many years. His eldest son also did not know how his father was. So, he goes to ask around the
neighborhood about his father. His second child is daughter who is 24 and newly married. She also did not speak
much with her father as she was with his father's car. It means that there was communication gap between them.
His youngest son was very near to him. He also says that his father and he only boarded. On this funeral, 65-
year-old company president says that company will miss him much and hard to get another man like Phil. Helen
does not want to hear such ideas from him. She needs financial support from the company.

In this way, the essay shows that company in industrial age, only counts for staffs' hardworking. It only
seeks benefit and welfare of the company.

Main Idea of Light My Lucky

This essay shows how commercial advertisements mislead the people and how important it is for the consumers to
make a critical watch of the ads. Here, they describe a promotional advertisement of a cigarette named 'Lucky Strike'
and how the designers of the ad try to mislead the people showing symbolic and metaphorical connections of the
cigarette with health, beauty and sexuality instead of the health hazards. The ad does not tell it directly but it is
implied by the perfectly healthy and beautiful image of a young lady in the ad. Such ads make the meaning
unconsciously in the mind of the consumers.

Summary of light my lucky

In this essay, the writers would like to describe an advertisement for the cigarettes named 'Lucky Strike' because
they find the ad cleverly designed, technically perfect and attractive to allure the consumers. On the surface, the ad
is simple. It presents a photo of a beautiful young woman perhaps 23/4 years old in a sweater wearing a scarf with
one hand in her pocket and the other resting lightly on her windblown hair, holding an unlighted cigarette. She is
looking straightly with somehow sexy looks. The words 'Light My Lucky' appear in quotation marks below her chin.
In the lower right corner, there is a large image of an opened package of the cigarette. At the bottom, there is a well-
known warning from a surgeon which says 'Smoking by pregnant woman may result in fetal injury, premature birth,
and low weight.'

Now if we look at the advertisement on the deeper level, we find that the designers have used many techniques in
it. They have been able to underestimate the warning and they are focusing on the consumption of the cigarette.
The picture obviously focuses on the beautiful and healthy woman who has not lighted the cigarette but she is
saying 'light my Lucky'. She seems to be in the outdoor environment. So there is somehow a metonymic connection
between the woman, emotion, outdoors and cigarette. By showing such positive, attractive, and healthy woman, the
makers of the ad want to minimize the unhealthy effect of cigarette smoking. They want to attach healthy values on
the mind of the consumers subconsciously.

The words 'Light My Lucky' is the use of intertextuality, showing two or more meanings by the same phrase. Here,
on the literal level, she tells us to light her cigarette named Lucky. But on the deeper metaphorical level, it is like
saying 'Light My Fire' or light my emotion as it is used in rock songs. So the makers of the ad want to connect the
cigarette with beauty, health and emotional pleasure. Secondly, the word 'light' is a pun with a double meaning. On
the surface, it tells us to set on fire, or light her cigarette, but in the deeper level, it is arousing her fired emotions. At
the same time, the word 'light' also means less risky and free from bad ingredients as we say in 'light beer' or 'light
cigarette' even to the health conscious people.

Lastly, the health warning also ignores the health hazards on the general public because it indicates only the pregnant
women. The warning from the surgeon shows the connection among smoking, pregnancy and ill health, but the ad shows
the connection among smoking, beauty, sexuality, outdoor adventure and good health. The idea that smoking is unhealthy is
shadowed by the other attractive messages. So this is extremely clever and a well-made advertisement.     

About writer and essay :

Written by C. Wright Mills who was a popular sociologist was born in 1916 and dies in
1962. He taught at Columbia University for many years. He is best known for writing
‘the power Elite’.

The Ideal of Craftsmanship bbs 2nd year

Main idea :

As the title imply, this essay deals with some ideas which are related to the craftsmanship.
Here, the craftsman is a person who makes beautiful things by hand like a painting, wood
carving, stone carving, making beautiful statues, composing music, writing literature and
creating artistic monuments. A craftsman is an artist and his craftsmanship is his skill in
creating art. Now, the ideal of craftsmanship refers to the guiding principles of a craftsman
that make him so skillful, hard-working and satisfied. So this essay is about the basic principles
of a craftsman that make him so much devoted to his work. Craftsmen create art which are
really eye catching and the people enjoy looking at it. The craftsman gets pleasure in creating
and the people get pleasure looking at it. Such pleasure the art provides is called aesthetic
pleasure. 

The Ideal of craftsmanship by C Wright Mills 

Summary of the ideal of craftsmanship By C. Wright Mills

In this essay, the writer discusses on the guiding principles that make an artist so much
hardworking, creative and satisfied. He talks about how they create art and what encourages
them to be involved in such work. He says that the artist gets a great pleasure in creation
which does not let him think about any other thing than the product. He is not interested in
money and matter even though life is difficult for him. In the same way, the writer says that
there are six major features of the craftsmanship such as:

The ideal of craftsmanship summary in English

A. Work gratification or pleasure at work :

According to the writer, why an artist is devoted to his work so much is that he gets more
pleasure in his creation. The hope of getting pleasure in his product pays the continuous
attention for the quality and completion of his art. It creates a will-to-work spontaneously on a
particular project of his art. All other motives like earning money and improving his lifestyle
are not focused. After the work is completed, he gets a kind of pleasure and satisfaction which
is called work gratification.

B. The tie between the product and producer :

Another working principle of an artist is the psychological tie between his mind and his
product. All the time, even after so many years, the artist thinks that it is his art and its
ownership goes to him. Sometimes he does not have legal ownership to his art because he is
paid for that; but his psychology believes that it is his own. He never stops to think so. Of
course he also gets consumer satisfaction but his creator satisfaction is greater.

C.  Freedom to control his work :

The craftsman is always free to begin, design or modify his work no matter whether it was paid
art or preordered. He has a freedom on how to make plans, how to begin, and how to
accomplish. Both plan and performance are one for him because he is the master of his art. His
problems and difficulties during the making should be dealt by himself alone. 

D. Learning from his work and developing his skills :

The craftsman's work a continuous process of learning from his work and developing his skill
until his death. The more he creates, the more he learns and the better his product is. Such
cumulative skill is obtained by his devotion and practice. An artist is a self learned craftsman at
a higher level. Famous artists like Shakespeare and Leonardo da Vinci learned from themselves
they didn't have superior teacher above them.  
E. No split of work and play :

For the ideal craftsman, there is no difference between his work and play. He feels that he is
fairly while he is creating his art. It is an activity done for himself, exercised for his own shake,
not for economic value or any ulterior purpose. He also compares his work with culture. The
means of being better cultured is his work. Work is the means and culture is the end. 

F. Craftsmanship determines the mode of living :

Finally, the writer says that artists never flee from their work into a separate sphere of leisure.
All the time, day and night they think about their work but still they do not have stress.
Instead, they have happiness, satisfaction and pleasure in life. Art and artists are never
separated. His work of art is his faithful daily companion. Apart from mere animal rest, he is
always with his art which makes him peaceful and clam both mentally and physically. So his
work determines his mode of living. 

Main Idea :

This essay deals with the conflict between religion and science that came to be a great debate after 19 th century.
Earlier, people believed in religion more than science, but after the scientific theories of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo,
Newton and Darwin, science developed a lot and religion got challenged. A great turmoil of thought and discussion
was held all around the world on religion and science. Some said religion is greater than science and some claimed
just the opposite. In 1859, Charles Darwin published his well known book 'Origin of Species' which brought a revolt
that human beings are not created by god but they were developed gradually from the microorganism to reptiles
and the reptiles to monkeys and the monkeys to human beings. This thought challenged the religious thought that
human beings were created by god. In the same context, this article was written by Whitehead to be delivered at
Harvard University in 1925. Here, he wants to say that religion and science are not hostile to each other, but they
can develop together. Still he observes that religion is fading away and science is getting more powerful in the
modern world.

Summary of Religion and Science by Alfred North Whitehead

The writer expresses his views on religion and science on four sections. At first, he says we need to understand the
relation between religion and science. As people think, it is not so much related to each other. Neither they are
closely related nor are they enemies to each other. They are totally different fields of studies. But many people
believe that religion and science are straight opposites. These two subjects seem to be at open and frank
disagreement to each other. Here, his opinion is that they are not so much related to each other and both of them
can develop in their own ways. When we look back to the history, both religion and science have come through
continual development. There were many misconceptions on religion and the same in science. In both field, we find
the additions, deletion and modifications of ideas. 
In the second section, he says that a 'clash of doctrines is not a disaster but an opportunity'. Here he says that when
these matters came into discussion, both religion and science are highlighted and both of them have got their own
logic. Both of them gained new ideas to establish their foundations. Such clash of ideas made it clear that religion is
the contemplation of the spiritual inner thought but science is a concerned with the external physical phenomena. It
is best to allow both of them to flourish and develop if they could. He gives some examples of developments both in
religion and science and he explains the geocentric and heliocentric world views. 

In the third section, he says that religion is at the defense, rather weak defense but science is at the attack . Both are
free to present their logics but one seems to have overruling the other very soon. Religion will not get its old power
until it can justify its ideas like science. 

If religion takes help of scientific ideas, it will be good for religion. But the problem is that most of the religious ideas
cannot be justified. For example in the middle age, people thought that heaven is in the sky and hell is underground
and volcanoes are the fire from the hell. But such beliefs are not justified by science and religion became weak. 
In the last section, the writer says that there are some causes for the fading of religion in the public . Religion is just
the reaction of human beings on the search for god and his worship, which is beyond reach. Some people say that
religion is valuable for the ordering of life and its right conduct. This idea is also fading since there is morality to
guide us at right conduct. Religion is something real but not yet realized, something final good but not reached, it is
a search for god but a hopeless result. In fact, human life is a flash of occasional enjoyments lighting up a bagatelle
of transient experience. The power of god is the worship he inspires in such a transient life. In the end, he says that
the death of religion comes with the repression of the high hope in it.

Main Idea of the new physics by Fritjof Capra

This essay 'the new physics' by 'Fritjof Capra' proposes a new point of view to look at the
universe. The writer, as a scientist himself, finds that the older perspective of universe is in
question and there is new physics. Physics originally refers to the whole universe and its
physical existence. In fact, physics is the study of the physical universe, existence of the things
found in the universe. The old physics believes in the existence of the things in separation, but
the new physics, as the writer proposes, believes in the unified, holistic and ecological existence
of the universe. The whole universe has come into existence from the one single whole. So the
concept of new physics is getting closer to Eastern mysticism of the One.   

Summary of the new physics by Fritjof Capra

The writer says that modern physics got a great contribution from Albert Einstein who had
published two articles on physics about the theory of relativity. One was published in 1905
which was called special theory of relativity and the other was published after ten years which
was called general theory of relativity. The special theory of relativity is about the concept of
universe as a unified whole. But general theory of relativity is about the atomic energy, quantum
theory and its properties. Although his general theory of relativity became more popular,
throughout his life, Einstein strongly believed in nature's inherent harmony and the unified
foundation of physics. 
The 20th century physics worked a lot in the experimentation of atomic structures at atomic and
subatomic levels but lately, they found some similarities among the structures of all atoms to all
substances. Their own earlier concepts on atoms have been challenged for the first time and they
are compelled to think about the universe as a single whole. Physics refers to universe and this
new concept to understand the universe is called the new physics. The new physics needed
profound changes in the concepts of space, time, matter, cause and effect. Out of the
revolutionary changes in our concepts of reality brought by modern physics, a new consistent
world view is emerging now. 

This new world view is not yet believed by most of the leading physicists but it is under
discussion going beyond technical findings. These scientists are deeply interested in relationship
between physics and philosophy. They say that they needed to look at the world open-mindedly,
broadly and generously to understand the creation of nature. 

In contrast to the mechanistic world view, the new world view is characterized by the words like
organic, holistic and ecological entity. It can also be called a systemic world view. The whole
universe is no longer seen as a mechanistic entity made of a multitude of objects, but it has to be
pictured as one indivisible, dynamic whole whose parts are essentially interrelated into the
original whole. The eastern world view of mysticism seems to be relevant to this new world
view, the new physics. It has been discussed seriously even among the scientific community. In
this sense, the new physics is closer to mysticism and philosophical world view. 

In contrast to the mechanistic world view, the new world view is characterized by the words like
organic, holistic and ecological entity. It can also be called a systemic world view. The whole
universe is no longer seen as a mechanistic entity made of a multitude of objects, but it has to be
pictured as one indivisible, dynamic whole whose parts are essentially interrelated into the
original whole. The eastern world view of mysticism seems to be relevant to this new world
view, the new physics. It has been discussed seriously even among the scientific community. In
this sense, the new physics is closer to mysticism and philosophical world view. 

On Warts by Lewis Thomas

Summary

On warts is an essay where the writer discusses warts and their treatment. According to the
writer, warts are wonderful structures. They appear on any part of the skin like mushrooms on a
damp lawn. warts are both useful and essential as the exuberant (very energetic) cells of a wart
are the elaborate reproductive apparatus of a virus. 

Warts can be made to go away by thinking by hypnotic suggestions. For the writer, it is more
surprising than cloning or recombinant DNA, or acupuncture. No one really understands exactly
how the cure works. Is it by science or by magic? And the strangest thing is they vanish without
a trace. In hypnotic suggestion, instruction is given in a state of hypnosis to patients'
unconscious mind to cure warts. He presents a study in which warts patients were hypnotized,
and the suggestion was made that their warts would begin to go away. The results were positive.

The unconscious mind is powerful in the sense that you give yourself thoughts and listen to
opinions from others on how to treat and get rid of warts. Therefore, the writer himself wishes to
have warts to see how the unconscious mind works. It is mysterious how the unconscious mind
can prompt warts to disappear. The writer being a doctor gives hypnotic suggestions, to cure
warts. At last, he says to start a war against warts, warts and all. 

The Etiquette of Freedom by Gary Snyder

Summary
Etiquette: a “customary code of polite behavior in society.”, good
manners

In Snyder’s view, what is often missing in human behavior is graceful

conduct. The essay “The Etiquette of Freedom,” reminds us of our ethical
(moral) obligation that we are indeed (truly) connected to everything else.
Learning the birds and the flowers is local etiquette. It is rude not to know
the creature near us. He concludes in this extract that ‘ The lessons we
learn from the wild become the etiquette of freedom. To know the wild is
to be truly free. Here wild means uncontrolled freedom. There is wildness
in us everything comes from there. We need to manage and understand
its nature to know the true meaning of freedom 

According to the writer, we are an animal because we are mammals. Our

ancestors were animals. Our bodies are wild. Both animals and humans
have the same features. Both quickly and automatically turn their head at
a shout, feel fear of the danger, breathe, feel relaxed in the quiet
moment, to survive both eat food. Therefore, he says our bodies are wild.

It would be a mistake to think that human beings as superior because of

language and society.  Animals also communicate extensively (widely). 
Language is learned in the house and in the fields, not at school. Without
having ever been taught formal grammar we speak correct grammar. We
learn vocabulary from the mind. The mind is also wild because the mind
takes it automatically or freely.  Likewise, other creatures learn a
language from their surroundings. In school, language is refined and
grammar is taught.

There is social order not only in society, it is found in nature too. In fact, it
is in nature before the age of books and legal codes. Actually, we are
followers of nature's rule. The lessons we learn from the wild become the
etiquette of freedom. We human beings only are not present in this world
within us other creatures also share equally this earth. They have similar
features. The depth of mind, and the unconscious, are our inner
wilderness areas. Memories, images, anger, and delights, arise
spontaneously in the mind.  We balance it with the outer world. There is
uncontrolled freedom in it.  We need to manage it to enjoy a true sense of
freedom. Freedom doesn’t mean we harm other creatures. As we all
share the same planet. We must live in harmony with each other and
establish an etiquette relationship with nature.
 
What is the main idea of The Etiquette of Freedom?
His first essay, “The Etiquette of Freedom,” talks about freedom,
wildness, nature, and culture. It's a crash course into Gary's mindset, as
well as into an expansive world view that goes beyond the typical
connotations of words that yield a pre-set significance.

Profession for Woman

Virginia Woolf is addressing a group of women seeking employment in a

workforce predominated by men. She speaks of the struggle present for
all women writers, and that is to break out of the conventions society has
for women- being pure, and conservative, and sycophantic towards men
without a mind of their own. This is a mental barrier that she was able to
break, with great difficulty, in order to incorporate her own voice into her
writing. She was able to do so thanks to her financial independence,
which allowed her to not depend on writing for a livelihood and allowed
her to break conventions. Now that women will join the workforce, Woolf
says that it is important to ask questions regarding what all of this implies,
and how women are to behave once they are professionals, and to
explore the individual voice that women will need to bring to their jobs.