NAME-RISHABH GOEL

REG NO-21BCE2503

DIGITAL ASSIGNMENT-1

SUB-DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS

Rusha bh 4ue 21BEA503

T(n) aT(m|6) 4O(u

(1 T(n) 3T (n|2)t n
=

a 3 b» a 2 Po

b
acb

T(1) =
6(nlo3 °m)
i) /n): T(m|2)4 2
a b 2 M2 n P o

6 (2)
i T()- 16T(mu) t m
a 6 b>
a I6 l67 4

iu T(n) aT(n|2)t mlog

a2 b-2

a b

Tn)6 (m log"n)
 v) T (n) 1/M/p)4 n}log M
a2 b: 2 K: P--
a b

1(1 alog8(n log logn )

(v n 27 (n/ul4n.5
b kO5 P o

T(m) ( ms)
(H) T (n) =
T(M/4) m
a 2 k M

acb

T/n)( ni)
(Tt) T(m)= T (2 (m
a b2

(tx Tm 6T/13)4log
a6 b3 k2 P:
acbk
Tm) m logn)
X) T
64T ( m&) -M*(09 4T )t* 63)
a 6 b 8

T(n) ( nlog )
 2
(2) (a) A
X) Sx10 10x2o
303
3033 3S XI Mf5T
M AB(D

17375 2875
o|262 3S 362 5
3 75 500 ABO((Dt)A BDf)
2087S 2 0 2 5
Ol000

M[3 M 33T 3u7 M[u s3

STSO 265 750
M [33 A BC A (BC)
=

M2u33 B CD =
(B.c)d o Bd)
150t 35+ 2627 3SS KO
5x D
000 375
M 353 D E CD)E
o C(DE)
3750 2 50 o
M IUS -
A B.
A.
(BD) A D) |
4&7 5 210601 AeoD
M2, 53

30 25s 712 5
(BD)
637S
(SD)F

Pasothes3 ak o ) E ((a.09k
(b) boo daMMmimy
C abltm A0luin
Dnamit
Auena JUhad uwolues
ada dgm an comhuul
unko
boeakmg dowm a, Conal roblen
lal: use
wa lne sulhsoblema sos
The unmoun iclto bohumel duaiging ag otihms
dmamie Prog %amwmimg to solUe
toblem "b oumg amd combining he
soluwki ow to uls
Aubfsoblem m a bottem
u Mawmek
Cha tacA tics obeoblems had cam
Aol Ued wwwwa
dynamic
ooqaaMmimq
ha hoy xhibid o6Hmal salst rutusA amd
OVloNIm 3ubfaoblems . oþti mal sulsstauelike
wnoas.hat h obimal Sol M to a so blew
Com Jue Mst uted from optimal Aoluto
toi sub sobl-em oealjmg uftob I-ems
MIam thad dhu samo Aufooblem au soluel
deal e duging execuh on o ago i dfm.
Sles
Se o{u_a Þao blem uAw omame pavadijun
chaxa doeas obtt ma SolM
(9 Beu vau
Ualues o oemal
Amalles
ss1m eussi ely JMteMMA
in te
3
ComdtauucA a dubroblemy
otHmak sol tem troCemklad
cmlad uos wahonunos wai on.
oymawmu 5OTamuMy
0 MOmoigaki em (b) tblatnsm »
(3

MUM

4t26
fC=
T23= win(648(8t3 48) 14

r T3 23
fl3 = 17

f2f 19
 j 5
23 21 2 4 2 S

26 2 29

mum (2S3 2 1)
28

fasu poh

3
2 2 1=
T 2 2 2 2

Fimalath

3
 () Clemmts o getnd algoeulhmy
(a
(a
canolidal Aed A Jelulion JA
LReald tom ihs
(b)Aolucion tunisn ; MAedl ds doleet dhh
but
Canolidale do be addsd Ja
Aolulion Ahis
CC)
seasibulily wwetuor. Jasd ts
detoemins Lohethes
dotoemum
Atandlidal tam bi shethes
uld do
.C0) A Catibule to hoAslulisn
abjerus Aunchiom
Mo do
Aun
oluhom 0d yalur fo
a
E A patNal so1".
a
Jolutlion umhon
UKd to imdi
wi cale
cal wMth,
uurtht ca
Csmletu sol haa been
seaehod.
foo shoatdtþalh taom wlix A UR uill uue
isketoa's nlgoai wm.
1
a
Seh
O

St2

St

6
ShodteA SPT
O 1 2

6
Final
M 2

(12 3)
21
(
 (S Hulwmam(cole
Pgo si th
lc
(21 C
(3) odi1 o m
(yl

2 allo(ale mol ()

( X al Ta3 ExtsadMn /o)

(7 Y righd e 1- Extsat Mn (&)

(8) FEJ -4[a3+f[y3

(9) imacet (812)
eue Exlaact Mm (8)

Eawnilk

ao
AL Cundong oadst

16) lela)
 a4

a Mo

al4oLa 6S
eBo 3 5

65 88
elso39 a40
CE) bliy)

gle) LaaD
 fma te
153

ao u

a3
She
Cods
Coun
31

b o 8

29

d IO 3

t OO 1T

o d 6
 Bf25o3
fushabh 4oek

(6)
(67 tm Quens Pooblem haug 9LCms do
we JIa ouo
CheJsboatdl alspng the conmtaaint thad o wo LIIMA

shoule be im Jhesame DOw, same (oluww G M Mg cu oyoha

Deoad mocle
X12

(19 K2 = y

2
x2
33 (29)
(13 3-3
2

B
Xy3
3

EEE
P 2

3
 218 2J03

(T Ga klagking Boamch NBoUNA

amch N Bowm.d
Patamett Backdaqrking
U s e o to solU a
Apbsoch wd do nd all huub\
OsUimihak on þooblems
Aol avilabl o a pscblem
w hem id sualies htd
when w Alaloy mat has o hUue dol Hhn
ha mac a badl chotu
wndct Ho Jo chot u abenod ho Aos1
by backma l h
3t eakchus tade shacn ta
opHrmal sD ofim al Ao1"
7+tcmeesesAtatu sFacg
Toaebsak
OFS o8 BFS

funcks 4 involus oasalulily tx 4Uwo|ues boncluna fx

Pso blems Duui ovM soblem optmuakon so blewm

94 i s 4 s . cunl
NOuOMA UALl in Aoluwng
ul un soluuMg
Aplicahio
stb un o Aulus os lemafs ack prob Tbduellung
a h colobi19 solAmom

Solv COM 4ole akwMot 36

all robl-eMy 'al pso Llsmiy

Soluien 4 u u u l asch o
() Chsomalu Mume

Chsomalu Mw.le J MIMIMUM munlset o(olo%A

QLtcel to olos any 94ahh uth thal MO lvo
adjacent uucu J l oe AMI
medJh Aame Colo

4 Coloim Psoblem d
(1

Ku- R
7 wBengty
loe
O
Xyra

So hotd Com b
M
opHws A l d Aku 3 BC
O.

opH@n.
Y KY=u

6
 m-4
Prff P
(2 b, 1)
ubheR f»atkh ons x
Louues Fsoth@w
mocle i 3/9x'

12
2
bound
altba
Loe bound
=
-32-6 38 - -3
MOclo2

-32
LG-38
Modo : Modo

22 modeyuaZ -1 2
-36 6» -22

2 -32
x-Y
moclo 3 30 126

onodl-8
mede i 32
3Y-1
Mado 1 :
-1
-1_ -3g
U -3
-39
-32

L8T alobad
X X c A -3o

6-9) -O

moce is
32

-38
, 3
Sluio)
3 D
-
O)C32( ) 20
38 -2D
32/
(to) int humi (umtn fun2 wm
(a) c-1) ebuM
Jolusmm
Fu
xetlukm Lun (n1) 2/m-1)
hgn 2 u i(m-
am
Ti me (nle nx y
n (eeyi H COm be wyi Hon a
bo t tem a
T (n)T(n-)+ T (n) 2t/m-1)tC
shich is o(n). huch is ol2")

b) voic wA (iM m, ml a s t I )

6 iem tt
wh ( em ? aet liJ ca (4)
j44

Ti Cmlri ty is ol) CLs Oulu look sum n UnLs ame

ha n t ooP eny sums to a ' a 4194 me. um c ealiss
Comlimal os ho valuR o w monet set o o o OMAw

O( Mtm)= o (n)
KACulL Max
wO CoAR s ccdtt whle loo
dmelicQ
6 whule Lrof eKeculs 6o
rhtd
COR
- M -2 why loob Okecules

whilo loop U Uwmunþckeleel to whilo l0o p euly

honte woA o(n ).

CC Void uMdem( um m

o in M/e ( c n (44)
fos (li=t dc *4)
fo ( k 1 , k e n ; k*k*
Cowt tH?.

iat fos doo com{lri u Aog

2md o8 Om)

foD O(lOg)

A all lboh

A logn A logn )
O(m

mlegm)
(D (a)

NP-hoa s NP- (Dm{lolu

can Je solue i 4(am bo Aolwecd

NDA
bya
a nP ( et bnob lem Hwna Nahm
ha Com bo seluibyimto i polyuoml al
X
olmomiay h M

mo Umkmo wn Tiw s RMow.

34 A Mo a dotis i om
80lem. dots i wm þxoble

Paob lem udew

Halbiny pao blem, Ex. Hamiltomla

xtev Co ve
Hcle, Gsud
Sainalilil
(b
*
w ov had x im NP (moxmal SaAY
Mo Ma GM
bby ui ng asuiklse polyuo mLas
m MDA ) aMd hom paout Mad P hokd too.
lo pOvl M a x us NP haxd, u choAo a moum
To
P CEYleU þ soblem Ay odiALR
thod ck am
Polymo wo ul me fsxcMA oM ai su
asbit sas Jsta ICHR to Jmtans I
ham cl
o* u u a
boly H 4acmfo1vak.
SL SL Such Ma SLA o

Ce) Conehd m Muosetieal cemulet suenn

Hhad used fo (oupase tho (mutai oual
Comloyiby o Fwo doeuion paobles. A Psoblem
A Jaud to h me eduabs
poluo mial
PobleA oM algostwn thad Aolue

'oblews B COM k uAd fo Solu A CM

bolmomial ti

Co) T tgu pöoblem

b) T taouuelmg salman aoblem
Th ul4d dum þroblem.
(d To paO LR (t1&UE NP co
hauue fo Pao both NP 0P cu{leto.

NO
Folmomieo h m
a lgo fo» cP

Pai (k) in P h
O S
exis
Loat Co hat
Hor

vi dena aAd a wkus PAiz

ad Aeoax . Th
widdie accut

Whus MV NS
Patt (b)
k 1s
huD
a t (c.

hos a igj c a
Leost k
O CP
uqu Paoblem
idNP Comtk&
Cemluu
obleM.
(12) Alsihm Bellmam fodd

Sth Satf einded geafh

wih Mo

Stth2 choose a Adattung ucelx amd adigm A path velucs

cLelVeen
UIsit each edge elax ko bauh uy Hancs hey
cL n CCMati.

SAe Une med fo clo hu vHs bCouM um e wowt

CQLe a ein þdh longth mighy meed to ho xradjuee
N HmA

SehS Not ccs hous he ucetox ad hu tof right C6s nu had

bath lemath adjusted

Seh6 Alte ll Uegh us hau heit paHhleu gthu, we chesk

a VR

Conxi o(vE)
Edgos
A dges ill do elaxed (Vwmu ue
T eluniy O(UE)
 3

(4)a

edges
2)2,3) (2,4) (4,1) (34)

3 D
3
2
(u

2
 3

So deaukd fo thu Ahodt4 ds ta

a a wik s om A uaim g Rellmamfo ad

a
3(2
3

2
3
-3 -2
|
(13) TA (emur hull o a de o hla u fnid

m a l s (omAx polygou ha
ale m Al.
ON loaes p
Aad oly gom has MO Co
ha u bod cwwwaLAA thu Md edgs
19w194u bolygon IM oes Co
Shal COM COALM. (A BC)

Auull

4 the aulle bamd dMalogr Sutou pls

MAU
MaLls aR tkin outo flat
Taywn to codjad back fo il
sutas.
bemdbena: duuA MCloe ho oagma ongt
Mauils toumg4
Mat RCk Ou

Baaltol ad o bs hat coutt

oll pls m a bt A is a
cuuur hull
CoAMUY hull 0uRd by M
algoaitMwn
( Gsahan Scams Algoaitm
Jawuis fhe oaemM
ivice & Conues Abhrooh.
(14) FLoyd wahall

Algoai hm
(1 ndi alie Hu olM madsix dms au unhu qrol
h n uAda Cl AMat CeA humki Ouely MOd a

t a t eRkex
(3 CuhM u biR
oleeady houue COMA dekeel ( O t 2 k-) a
wnteemoolll wrh cu

(1 for uey þal (ir AC ? destimaion.

wMtokymmecia UCAAO x Aho batlh

(5
-
olis C I I 7
d Ci3 C otut CeJ4S
T mo (aANAO ity O(V 2 )
eakcs E dges .
 k 3
k O

2 3

O -2
2
2
3 2
3 O
O
2 3
O
3 O

K1

3 3
2

2 2 2

3 A 5 O
O 2 3
O 3 -I o

k2
2 3
2

O 2

3 O

3 O
(15 kMP tamg Matth1ng
2 67
a ba ba Ca T 3s7 Pale 21314I
ba ba ba ba ba Ca Ca
7T Hakle

5 61
P a b b

TT 23 o
Su i: 9 0
Comhatung PLS with TCJ
PLT£ T i++ PsAulho
Sth 2

Comlasng flil wih T'23

PEI=TOI onet Aod
Ste3 l3
Canfoting P3wih Tla3
P 3 f T Ca]
Backl sacking on Pr J Tl3J

Steh izn q-o

Coasin Pl3 wi hCu

Stes
Cwhawmg P3 wih T[sI
PCI =TCs]
SteK 6
Camarmg P3 wih 7 C}
Pl2 T]
Aty 7: i7 92
COmeim PlaJ wi l3
T

Steg 8 93
Camfaimg ely] wih 1? 1
PfuI t-Te]
S
CowAae PLs3 wi h Te3
PTsT 1l)
Sto LE[o 5
Comh Pl J uwih Tlio
PLES + T CioJ
Backtoack OMP
onP CamAaimg
ott umet ch Pu with T£toJ becauas
l5TTsT 3
Stehr
Covnhao Pts3 ihLuJ
PST TLJ
St 12 E12 5
Comfa Pl6 with Tli23
P&3TLi23
Sfeh13
aNoss PLT3 wrh 1li33
fli3-T Cis]
Pattosm P hosa beMo wnd im Text P To faS AMpu
fake fo Avd bin
- M 13-7 6 shiu
 Assay efeuLdaR o stofs
(1
lale blalbloltalea lhladb)
a lelbalc

(2) b a cb oa b
blal bo dol alb

C3belbla lBel be clal alb

TaTd o6l a cla
balcbl a bla ba b |aela (a 5
alb a b | a q

( a cb ba
balblal clalal b
ab dbalCa

C6 ba db abla a dlalalA
Lal ab| a dal
(7 ba clba blal bla clalal)
obal6 alca
 (8)
al elbNAA la ela alb
Talb Elal ca
(1b
albToi6 TaTca
10 o clb albbl elhelal alb]

(tnblalelbal bla6a b Caa

abo a dla]
(12 bo
albal ca
(13 b
ab
TaTb a|b| alcal
Patlezntounod.
6) RobimKaes

T YI5 26535 8q 93
26

Cocle od P.

wimdowise (ocles
(1
3 3 | 1\ a
(3) I u(
u) 5 =
HE Sbuwious hul
(5 5
S * =
HrtT Stwious id
(6) 2 2 ( U
HIT Sfuios Kil
(7)26 26 =
(8) 63 65 Matcheod
a)53 3 : =
(1D) 3 5 35 / = 2 2
( 5 S8 1 3
(12) 8 =
89 1:=
(3) 7 - 97-( = qa
1 79 79 = 2
(1S) 93 93 1= 5

Sd R mao IS (awh aRis ous c why

got 4his wm Hola im w hich wl
4wuou hitu uas otlesmoukc hod
h
(17) m kadgens tlgodihm am edge h040M aamdomly
aMd dhm hoAn ode Cnddates ushic h sulA
AeMoolo. the poocss (ontinu nlis M
wo u{OMad aes mamumA um ah. tho4o uoo
duneMdus semd Cul UM oigina ta{n
a h.
f h h.

Agoai wM o

Make a (oAH g toth n skir h uulo Jse Juonsed

C CCTCoudha dael gra)
whule Cb Conkaum mow Mam two vwkhas
o Sel a amolem o g 7u e ho Cauteaclael
ach.
Cowdaacd h eolges amd ms ge ha veelsee
A mto n

Remo e loops ( Aoo mad)

A ho aboW su my tuwo ekhces cuull Je

CmamiMum h y{h amal h eolges Cownselung

hose wo Ui cws elrAlmla he wMUMUMm

Chood 2o a to Comtsat mo cls 4

1
 o olgo
St Camd sact
uAilloe NMIAlA

s), (
b

e tor (ouksd iwig9

Steh3 thich choo4e

(23)
(18) Cacuhom Sa Algoai m
ukduma
( Find M ond wi m lo wssl (o
oo
o4 u h poi m
code
AM
Hhs b
COuAe
wh h ul cotll sAe vot
b6IMd
Co dim celu w
2
bHhek Pauu jM im Ce0aAing Odda a
(21 Soo fola L w L
ola wd Þivot po .
b(w t+ au line cwmbeling Pivot poi

giem þoin,mAAWsd Counler clochuwiie.

(3 Pb CeAA MMA dbsted LA a ma04 SCam
R Fark byy
ham A0stee
adolun he i vo poi P2 A

e hoM leta
botnb
Ot M aUnM4A0 ated 6LA

ch bt, he whehe img lulA

would take uaA loatk
ob uuMUN i9d
fo CoL hul. to do ul COM

poY eed
Co4s pocolucd

b MO LLMS
a doled fo coMU Au. u wi
Jo lateoy
M we'vR prousAM a dosled bla

were adaled to hull uuin unss

 Po
Pa P
Pu P
PT
PL 2

RF
Pa

5
PS P
2|

Pu
PL
C ha o
P& but i s om
sgh nd sid l So wl boj S
PT
P6
Pu
Ao wR u l
oas Casd
P&
2
P
us eo M Stack

Pa 8

P
 AhOul uA hss ut
P12
ound 41d/ of m Soop Pq
Pq
6
pushP4

P P

Mo bud JA aso M tigks-

hamd sicle
ob ush PIo m
P
P
P
P
MO w (3 alAo stghd nond Ai
M Pah Ao WA
So
tuAh
Po P

P6
Pu
2
Pt -DA MOw
P So
oWk mal (omux iull
9slack
Po
P3

Py
Fimal owwv hulk
 Riuhah yhoel
(20) A veetun Couetam umdlueccteel geafh tBCE A 503
s set
a o (&ulued ) a ul veluiu Hhad oa a

ug dge (v) the g a4h ahes

Ueetex (over ALhough h MaAM Vetler
Coe th k covees a0
dges
em an
unduecteo g ba the ueeltx Co wt p soblem
to ind wnimimum 3 eun Coee

cettx Couek Fsoblem u NP Com[loto bsoblem ht

Js
MoPolymomlas mt ol 4oa h wmlus P: nP.
thte a afhor polmomiad HaR agoiHuns to
Solue pacblem hough

Algoaitwwm t1
i l ialw ha besut as
as
(2
Conatd C scl a all dg
aoh. del he in gu
ded be E.
(3) o cuhile ¬ úA Mot cmy
.(0 Pick am
edgo (4)sem Jc d
o add
d
61
Revno w dge s owmf wch
JnadoM m
age nlhe
uOU.
Rouem RiAuA

Oulhuk vetex covet un

A biM0H 822 12

(1