Vt NIT 4 Page No : —~ aa — Dale : Tau ceties xp eres \ot | on te = be Pye eye yp aI eC RY PAGS | Mora = = Mec ht (an Praag vove tue! Sper ca ete {acest Yo ign | \yflota Jal NMwsai Fee Gon? Yorit= Wort hk : Poecth. , Yat b+#(ca dal om || Rie mare: Ee bel, 4. dg ebb tothe, Und ki x ee hee grbclathy iy hie ary yt 3 lye Ls ny : Gmthy nT RS by = + aa 2A Ut, | ]. oe Pape ita: ‘Fortune Date : Wns Prado Gr Corre aay Nrotned — N 7 rer p= tr Sp Lautan = Maas 4 au, \ Ya Aye Went ey ( Pant +H tnt) Adom — as ov Adowls Pri bres it = | \ nar ye = = Wxte sa fosu “Spe ius 33u, =v | an} ay 4 AG ewe Math 13. I= Suan Fy ] — \ = >) 7 GreNumerical bey, ods, ty 03 2 ” y(02)= y+ 2y (0) + y’ O)+- x5.) directly. So, a pointwise solution is points (x).)'1) (ay Jas which satisfy approximately a Pre-assipn, in cul by not known particular solution. 1 by Taylor series (Type 1) 352 Le, we get (xy). 11-5, Solu AIM: To find the numerical solution of the equation dy —=f(%y) dx th given the initial condition y (%) =Yo- i Now, we expand y () about the point x=.p in a Taylor's series i powers of (x=): That is, = 20)" yozyea+= 7 5D (44) + SE 9" (ag) + 1) a) where y (%) -( Es ; ie, YQ)=Yo+ h Bon a =y @)=Yotq 0 + Ey "+ 3p0 to (4) where h=x,—%9 OF x; =Ayth. To find yp’, yo”, --- we use (1) and its derivatives at x=, Though the series (4) is an infinite series, we can truncate it at any convenient term, if A is small and the accuracy is obtained. Now, having got y,, we can calculate yy yi os ete., by using y”=f(x, 9). Now expanding y (x), in a Taylor’s series about the point x=. We get Ln ae a WNT MN FM ate yen 6) Proceeding in the same way, we get ay tty rg ey og B® ying) 6 ns 1=In FT In tan” + 37a at { dv) Ca (6) is an infinite series and hence we have to truncate at some term wherei sal solution of Ordinary Differential Equations act jumorical value calculated, ne ain, for calculation purpose, the terms uy et ert nl ewe ‘eet eerms involving pto and including h" and higher Ft eee sai . powers of hh, Frith used is said to be of nth order. ‘The inne , i ‘or is oe), B including more number of terms for calcul MU gcod further. ee gh is small and the terms after 1 terms i are neglected, the exe fg) where <0. ffx, —x9= hh AL i dy Ro Ys 7 2. Solv i pple 2. Solve Fe=x+Y, given y()=0, and get y(/-1), B oie series method. Compare your result with the explicit Solution. Here, x)= 1, y9=0, h40-1 Y=V(r=1)=0 Jo =p FY =1+0=1 lation, the error can =z + By Taylor series, we have ne oss apnea RY 5p Yor Ty Io +57 Yo" +37 Yo +70 pee ( i : 2 ra "a eneyanso+ a+ St a+ OX e+ Fe 5 OD a+ 22) 120 = 0-1 +0.01 4 0-00033 + 0-00000833+ 0-000000166+ ~~ a fh TEN he Br ear eee TE +t 3) BWe calculate icc Ys io wit =H 91 = 0.11034 1833 1401 1033847 = 1-21033847 21033847 yoene 2-2103384735 ; 4 Numerical Metag Sy yy=y (1-2) = 01 1033847 + ot (121033847) + or 2.21033847) + 2" + ¢ 3847) +94 Gainey, = 0-11033847+ 0- voices 221033847 (0-005 +0016, ty = 0,24280160 The exact solution of Seaxtyis -i1-1426"! * =0-11034 12-1+2e?=02428 0-11033847 y (1-2) =0:2461077 Exact vajties: y (1-1) =0+110341836, y (1-2) =024280552 ee find, correct to fou Barty? and y (0)=1. (B.Sc. BR. Ap. 1992) X= 0, Yo= 1, h=01 J; maOlpeyen-! yi" =2+2yy’+ 20"? = Dy" + 2y’y"” + ayy” yy” + 6y'y” jty=OtI=1 9" = Bot 2p Yo =2 0” =2+ 2990" +200")? =272(1) 2) +2 (1P=8 6 = 2y9.Y0"" + 6 Yo" Yor” =2X1x8+ 6 (1) (2)=28 By Taylor series method, A R 1= Yor Ti Io +55 I0" ah yrs ON =yp= (2 Oy a (+22 mye = 140-1 +001 + 0001333333 + 0.0001 16666sotto of Ordinary Differential Equations 355 t cil 5 ft 2 )M1144999 11S By Taylor series, ho, kt on i +790 F790 + Hrs = (1) yu y1=902)= oP oe E oOahc 402 @ 02" = + 720 (32)+ — 000533333 + 0-000085333 194752003 Now again starting with x=0-2 4s the starting value xo, use again uation (1), Now x9=0:2, yo=0-194752003,h=0-2 Yo! = 1 ~ Urgyy = 1-2 (0-2) (0:194752003) = 0:9220992 Yo” =— 2 (xay’ + yg) =— 2 [(02) (09220992) + 0194752003] == 0-758343686 Yo” =~ 2 [xgyg” + 20" ] | == 2[(0-2) (- 0758343686) + 2.(0-9220992) } 3:38505933 | Yo =~ 2 [(0-2) (~ 338505933) +3 (~ 0:758343686) | i =5-90408585 P€ equation (1) again, | | | | As i (04) = 0.194752003-+ (0.2) (09220992) + 3 (- 0758343686 _356 Numerica Meu, : ey 3 192) 3.38505933) 4 02)! _ 6 24 S44. = 0,359883723 Te e can also take 4=0-1 and Note: ‘To fine y (0-2) we can also take A . Bet 9 ( pete from this, we ean obtain y (0-2). This wi be OV ty. MORE acar, since fis small. ie Example 5. Using Taylor series method, fed y(-1) ang hs correct to four decimal places given (BR M.Sc. "86, MS. Noy: fs ® "Pandy (1)=1. x Solution. Take xp =I, yo= 1, =0-1 Petyyl3 y say wo =I) =1 By Taylor series, elt ae Vi =Yot hy’ +5700 shee . 13/8 nastbersonineGh(S) A ($ bes = 140-1 + 0-00666+ 0.000148 + --- = 1-10681 We start with (x,, y,) as the Starting. value. y= 110681 vy Say? = (1-1) (110681) = 1.13785 vil an, Waza yy y+ yl ” = $ (11) 1-10681)°29 (1.13785) + (110680) =0-38992 + 1.03441 = 1.42433 J" = 6929787 v thy + 91-2) = 110681 + (0-0) (1-13785) OOF 1.42433 +22! (game 4a Slaton of Ordinary Different Equations 357 = 122772, id Vat x = 01 (0-1) Og decimal places) ssanmple 6. Using Taylor series meth, fin Y=KMOEZL (correct to 4 Ol 001 vente t ODE H+, 0 , (+ oe Ne 120-1 4005 +. -0001666- 0-0000416+ 905125 240895125 = 1.095125 1095125 = 0.904875 h nent oy Ol ) 1905125-+ (01) 0895125) +S (1.095125) +A ovois7s) 4 0.108268 Similarly (03) = 0.7402 (4 decimais) 304) =06897 (4 decimals) n, "ample 7, py Comet to tye means of Taylor series expansion, find y at x= 0-1, © significant digits given dy ~2ys3e!, y(0)=0. dx Salution, Here %0=0, yo= 0,1, = 01,2) =02, x)= 03,401 y= ay!" 4 aet igen b>372 _ B A (2) or (3) vothay(en[t(xezn, y+thtay Equations (2) or (3) is called modified Euler’s formula. Note 2. Hence the Euler predictor is Yat 1 = Int AY and the corrector is he, yaa = In #3 (Ie +Y¥ne1) in the Improved Euler method: Note 3. There is a lot of confusion among the authors: Some take the improved Euler method as the modified Euler method and the modified Euler method is not mentioned at all: You can see this in some books, me Wp Example 1. Given y’=—y,and y (Q) =+1, determine the values ofY at x = (0:01) (OL) (0.64) by Euler moran meus Solution. y’=—y and y (0) =1; f(y, y) = Here, %=0, yo= I, x =0-01, x, =002, x, We have to find y1, ¥ ys, y4. Take h = 0-01. By Euler algorithm, Ins t= Int BIg = Int HL Cy y,) A) y een 1+, ED = 0.01 = 099 pony 2 &xv yjp solution of Ordinary Differential Equations 373 wl je wt 1) FAY = 099-4 (OI y,) = 0:99 + (O-01)(— 0:99) = 0-9801 = 098014 (O01)(— 09801) 0-97034 (O-.01)(—0. 9703) 09801 _.0-9801 09703 0.9802 0. 7 the exact solution. we *amplé 2. Using Euler’s method, solve numerically the equation, yexty.y (0) = 1, for x= 0-0 (0-2)(1-0) sd your answer with the exact solution, 7 soem Here h=0:2, f(,y=x+y, x9=0,¥)= 1 =0-2, y=0-4, 1,206, x4=08, x5 = 1-0 By Evler Benne 1 = Sot hF Gos Yo) =o +h Leo +301 =14(0-2)(041)=1-2 yy=yy th [xy Fy] 12 + 0-20-24 1-2) = 1.48 Ys =I2 th [xy + yo] = 1-48 + (0-2) (0-4 + 1-48) = 1-856 y= 1-856 + (0:2)(0-6 + 1-856) = 23472 Ys = 23472 + (0:2)(0-8 + 23472) = 294664 Exact solution is y= 2e*—x—1. Hence the tabular values are: 0-2 0-4 06 08 10 | 1-48 1856 23472 2.94664 | 15836 26511 3.4366 | 1.2428 1 ee he values of y deviates from the exact values as x increases. Hence i 10 se either Modied Euler or Improved Euler method forthe iy tmp Solve numerically y' =y + e', y (0) = 0 for x= 0-2, 0-4 by Euler method- ae ee Solution, y’ aewm © Numerical Methods yy Wt TALC) HL Oy AIA HS Oy NAIA ML [Load fy Ho HY G90) “ti + Yo +h (Yo +e) + oth JothOoter) +e") 02, =0+> bp = (0-1) (04140402 (041) +27 ¥ (0-2) = (Ol) [1 +0-2 + 11-2214] = 0-24214 -Q) Fe P= 1.46354 Yi FAS (1,9) = 024214 + (0-2)(1-46354) = 053485 FQ +hy, FHF (yy) =f 0-4, 053485) 1 YEN using (2), . ¥ (0-4) Example 4. Compute y at x = 0-25 by Modified Euler method given y =2xy, y (0) = 1. (BR. Nov. 1995) Solution. Here, f(x, y) = 2xy : x9=0,yo= 1. Take h=0-25, x,=0-25 By Modified Euler method, werent hl y(aeth me bnrionra }) -© 8 nesrt[s (arth, ot 3 hf 99 )| FG.) =F, 1) =2(0)(1) =0. y= 1+(0-25) {f(0-125,1)] + (0-25) [2 x 0-125x 1 ¥ (0-25) = 1.0625 ing 2 By solving 7 =2xy, we get y=e" using y (0) = 1, 2 y (0:25) = 679 — 1.9645 Exact value of y (0:25) = 1.0645 Error is only 0-002. mi Note: To improve the result we can take h = 0-125 and get y (0125) # then get y (0-25). Of course, labour is more. ag—— p Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations 375 netic 7 fon sample 5. Solve the equation denim) given y(0) = 0 using 4 Euler's method and tabulate the solutions at x = 0-1, 0:2, and ifiee Me re your results with the exact solutions, na NM. vei vet the solutions by Improved Euler method. (Anna Ap. 2005) (BR. Nov. 1991) salution. Heres y= 0,99 0,4) =01,x9=02,5=04. hl Yel-y & FON=1=9; Foy I) = 1 Si yy Modified Euler method, 1 1 rae et S(t Yat Z MS Op ») 1 1 narths sory oD ML 99) oO word AF (os Yo) = 0 +o uw) =0-05 sing (2), : 7 ; 91 =0+0-1 (0-05, 0.05)] (0.101 bop N=Y Ol) = 0.098000 = 2060-1 = 1 FG) ED=y, 50.9055 \— 6 nenths(a tz inet asenyp = 0.095 + (0-1) [7 (0-15, 0:14025)] = 0-095 + (0-1) [1-0-14025})5.) 6 0) y¥ (0-2) =0-18098 ; = y+ re(mr5 In yot 5 ASC ») 1} 1 oe +7 h=0-25 ya +4 AF (yo) = 0-18098 +. (0-05) [1 - 0-18098} ir =0-22193 EQ), we pet 703) =y,=0-18098 + (0-1) [1 0.22193] = 0258787. Pxact solution, & 1~y gives * slogd—y e+e log -ya-y-¢376 At x=0,) using this eX By Improved Euler ™ ASL st solution, “ OD= 1 —e 0! = 0-095 16258 y(-2)=1 67 8? = 0-181269247 y@3)=1 =e 03 =0-259181779 ‘ ethod, + > AU Gm Yn) FFE tr hn t BS Gr YD Yao =n genre th FG 30) $F Er 0+ NT or yo) f Go, Yo) = 1 Y= o=l Pee or) 1 Ole eel using in (6). FOr Fy FAS Gr YD) =f O2; 0-095 + (0-1 yO1=0+ 5) 1 +091= td A FOr tS x FAL Er yo= J=1-y, =1- 0-095 = 0-905 )(0-905)) = 0-8145 using in (7), we get yp =y (0-2) = 0-095+ ot [0-905 + 0-8145] y (0-2) = 0-18098 1 : Ys = Yat A Cr Ya) +f Hs Yo hF C2» ya) F (2, ¥2) = 1 — yz = 1 — 0-18098 = 0-81902 y2+hf (Xx, y2) = 0-18098 + (0-1)(0-81902) = 0-26288 using in (8), =y (3) 0-1 ya =y (0-3) = 0-18098+ “>> [0-81902 + 1 — 0-26288] y (0:3) = 0-258787 The values are tabulated. z - Ol Meee = Improved Euler Exact solution 02 0.18098 91098 0.09516 03 0.258787 0.18098 0-18127 0-258787 0.25918 (4) +5) (6) (8)| Solution wy vrei» eyyerential Equations 377 erica : Narné fied Buler and Improved Euler methods give the same values sified Bu 1 & Mod cimal places. qect 10 IX GEC 2 corte ample 6. Given y" =x 7 = ys ¥ (0) “ne value of ¥ (O-L), BY using Imp, places - improved Euler method, pleGolution. By ime » Sind correct to four decimal ved Euler method. + MUL Cm Yd +L Ont Ag FAS (x oS nm Yn) I y= Yo FALL Cos Yo) HC Yot hF (xo, ¥o))I c, F Bor Yo) =X8 — YOH OA 1 = Yor hF Go Yo) = 1+ (O-1)(— 1-01=09 oe FEN Yo+ Af Zo. ¥0)) =x} — 0-9 =O1P ~©9)=-0-89_ melt 14+ 0-899) yON=1 -Ox 1-89 = 0.9055. Example 7. Using improved Euler method find y at x = 0-1 and yar x= 02 given (MS. Ap. 1991) Solution. By Improved Euler method, Yast Yn ZW ES Cpe Iu) +L Cig + fs Yo Hf Ce YD] aes) = YO+T AY Cor Yo) + FC 9 + AF Co Hod) 2) 1000) =y9~ 219 0 =1 FO Yo+ Af (xo, Yo)) =F (0-1, 1-1) = 1-1 2x0) _ooisis = dry =1=1+21 11 40.91818)= 1.098909 O22) = 9, + SAFO tF Oman t hfe FQ, yy =y, 2x, 2x01 Dil 2 dig ee = 095009 t 0913412 | “e+ hF Oe, y,)) =F (0-2, 1.095909 + (0-1)(0-913412)) > 7Ae 318 2x0-2 27 (0.2, 1-18732) = 18732-1739 = 985045, using in (3), yy = 1.095909 = 1-1841009 ae 0.913412 +0:850427] 095907 ample 8. Using Modified Euler method, find y (0-2), y (0-1) given d Gavtyh y (0) = 1. (MS. Ap. ’) Solution. Here, ¥)=0, Yo= 1. h=0-1,% 20 f@yarry By Modified Euler method, nevorhsfargh 2049 afte) wt) yor bbs Om yo =304z" (947) 142 ora 105 using in (1) . y= 1+ 1) £05, 1:05)] 1(01)= 1 +O MAGES}? LOSES y= nensnty hyyyta par e.90) £ (1,91) =f OL, 1:1105) = (0-1)? + (1-1105) ? = 1.2432! vs +h As len yd = 11105 + (0.05)(1-24321) = 726 * ¥2=1-1105+ (0-1) [f (0-15, 1-172660)] +1105 + (0-1) (0-15)? , 2 y (02) = 1.25026, )((0:15)° +,(1-17266)"] EXERCISE 11.3 1, Compute ¥ (03) takin dy Bh = O1 = = imp" Euler method, given ayn 2x, y (Q)=1 usingn 1 J jal Solution of Ordinary Differentiay Equations ie : ye \ sil ji 383 YEO f(x, d#4arf yh 6 0 9) sse4s0] (hy 2 =F [ro *4frox4) = the area of y= F004 hy and 75 x9 +h with 2 2 bY Simpson's One-third rule, ies Ay reduces to the area by Sim Note 3. In all the three methods, (2nd order, 3rd order and 4th order) th, : values of ky, ky are same, Therefore, one need Not repeat the oa while doing by all the three methods, Bumple 1. Apply the fourth order Runge-Kutta ‘method to find uy given that y’=x+y, y (O) = J, i PS0n'S One-third rule, Solution. Since A is hot mentioned in -the, question. we take 2 yertyyQst s FO N=249,%9=0,y9=1 4 50:-1,2,=0-2 d 8y fourth order Runge-Kutta ‘method, for the first interval, NENG. 30) = ON +94) = C-1041)=01 Bo 15 z *tfioeg have dh} 7008 109 = 0:1)(005 + 1-05) =0.11 =isfaet rete =ODF005, 1.055) =(0.1)(005 + 1.055) =0-1105 "=F 64h, 94) é “OD F041, 11105) = @ 190-1 41-1105) = 0412105 1 5 + ky + 2k + ky) “40 10:22 +0:2210+ 0-12105) = 0.110341667. a O)sy, . Yo+ Ay = 1-110341667 = 1.110342, en ig re® FOR Cy, y,) we et Gy 92): Again apply Runge- "placing Q, » Yo) by (x, y4). ~ = 0-1210342 OM G91) = Ory, +9) = OINOL+ 1110342 =0 Shp HF +h) =D /(015 1170889 a = (0-1)(0-15 + 1-170859) = 0-13208: iNumertoal Meth. 486 (0861060007 yy ey (02) sy, Ay OBIB73ON9 “Tabular values ates \ &) (10) <8 Steer 0) is called wwe predict from 4h ay,at yg et 4h sett aha t 2) where Xp Equation (l yr formula. Hence Milne’s correctol -yy-1 +290) (11) Tne bP ie, — Yneup=¥n~ and correct using = hy yeu? vari t3 Ont #8 Hen) 2) Yate i.€., = 7 ie, — Yaene=¥n-14 3 fn-1 +4f,+ fied Yat and Note: Knowinj 1g 4 consecutive values of y namely; y; + Yn- 3 Yn- 2? yon the | Yn we calc " cae facile Yee using predictor formula, Use this 8. nt a better Jp iy is latest yy: on the R.HLS. of (12) and get (x+y) given Example 1. Fi ; yO=2,y (05) im 70) iy) isthe solution of 9 (0-5) = 2-636, y (I ae Solution, 595 and y (1-5) = 4: yy=2,y, = 2-63 Here, x)= 0, x, = 05, x VEE AS | =2:636, »,= 3595, y= 4.968 = 1:0, 45 = 15,85 = 20, nz05y solution of Ordinary Differential Equations cal ya predictor formula, 4h py Milne’s nat PVn-2 ~In-t + 29H) Jet hP 4h , , ” yap = I0t—g On —H2' + 2ys') rom (1)s j Losi, =“ pla pO += 7 0542636) = 1.5680 . =t (a+y) =} (1-4 3:595) =2-2975 yet sty) = (15 +4968) =3:2340 By (2), 405) Yape2t—3 = 68710 i Using Milne’s corrector formula, [2 (1-680) - (2:2975) + 2 (3:2340) } hoy 2 eh 5 Yas e=In-1 +g Ont +4e Yat) Bees yee poe i, Yue Wat O2 + 4y5 +94) vl / M4 =F ety) =F 2+ 68710) = 4.4355 Using (3), we get Ye 3595 + aS [2:2975+4 (3.2340) + 4:4355] = 68732 *: Corrected value of y at x = 2 is 6-8732. 399 eA) (2) oe Example 2, Using Milne’s method find y (4-4) given 5 xy’ +y°-2=0 then y (4) =, ¥ (4-1) = 1-0049, y (4:2) 0097 and y (4-3) = 1-0143. (Anna Nov. 2004) Soh 2 lution, yt gah S41, 1 =42,23543 *454-4, yo I, yy = 1-0049, yp = 1-0097,y3 = 1-0143. 2-2 2 yf = SOY _ 2~(1-0049)" _ 3 Sel) = 0.0493 bhNumerical Methods-1V 400 2 Day} 2-0 00T 9.0467 ya, 542) 2 A a-y8 2 (10143) _ 9.9452 Yee, 7 543) By Milne’s pect formula, wd Jape On” yy +293) (1) = se [2 (0-0493) - 0.0467 +2 (0-0452)] =101897 ; Bod 2 bo? (1.01897) _ 9437 WF Ey SAA using e=Vatg 3% Ay tye ) on(2) = 1.0097 + “(0.0467 +4 (0-0452) + 0.0437]. = 1.01874. niserng wins “Use this corrected 9, ¢'and find y4,¢ and again use (2) yf 2-(1.01874 = 0.043735 Yae =F Gq) 544) Now using (2), P= 1-097 + 1 10.0467 +4 (0-0452) + 0-043735] = 101874 Since two ‘ consecutive ! values. of yy, “are equal; we take y4 = 1-01874 (correct to 5 decimals). Example x Determine the value of y (0-4) using Milne’s, method given y'=ay4y,y(0)=1; use Taylor series to get the values of y (0-1), y (0-2) and y (0-3). (MS. Ap. 1989) uition, Hee for 0, yo= 1, xy = 0-1, x2 = 0-2, x, = 0:3, x4= 04 yaxyty q ny Yo = Xoo t Yo y’ =xy + y +2) y+ dy Yo" = Xoo" + Yot 20. Yo =3 Wan! ty ty +242 OP Y | yo!” =xo¥0" + yo + 2 42.00) = xy" +2y' + 2yy"42(y' an yo" t 2¥0 Yo" aye hy! eo, ow N=Yo+ hyo +" Yo +50"y Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations 401 ica! yw" 0.01 4, 0.001 e144 +E” x 10+ 21 £01 +0015 + 0-001666 1167 1167. yy + yF= CO-L) (11167) + (1-167)? = 13587 yi +91 + 2yp’ = rl) (13587) + 1-1167 + 2 (1-1167) (13587) 2871 y+ 2p1 + yn" +2. On? corp We os (ue yenthyy ty + EH etl 167+ 24 (1.3587) +2 287 +oot (16-4131) (02) = 12767 1 = 45) +99 = (0-2) (12767) + (1.2767) = 1.8853 +9 + 2yay2! = (0-2) (1-8853) + 1-2767 + 2 (1-2767) (1-8853) 4677 yy” =agyy"" + Dye! +2 Daye" + On’) = 28-6875 rg By g Bm YyaYat yy’ ty yn" tg =12767 + (0-1) (1-8853)+ 204 (6.4677 +20 (28.6875) Now, knowing yo, yj, ¥2.93-we will find y,. By Milne’s predictor formula, , Ane Df) ~ 0, Yap = Yo [2yy! — yy! +2931] (1) Wi = yy +yF = (0-1) (1-1167) + (1-1167)? = 1.3887 Y= ayy + Y} = (0-2) (1.2767) + (12767)? = 1.8853 a= Hay5+ y= (0-3) (1.5023) + (1-5023)? = 2:7076 Using (1), 40-1) 3 (2 (1.3587) - 1.8853 +2 (27076)] = 1.83297 OY Yan = ayy y3 = (0-4) (1.83297) + (1.83297)? = 4.09296 Yap = 1+ ae j iNumerical Methods. 402 ethods-ty Using, Milne’s corrector formula, M4, entt by! ays Ya} u(Q) 21.2767 4+ 2 [1-8853 +4 (27076) + 409299 a 3 = 1-83698 y (0-4) = 183698. Note: We can use this y of y4. (04) on the R.HLS. of (2) and get an improved valye Example 4. Given Bafgeey? and y(0)=1,y 0-1) = 1.06, Ix (0-4) by Milne’s predictor correc. » (0-2) = 1-12, y (0:3) = 1-21, evaluate y( a method. (ov. 1991) Solution. x9 = 0) = Y= 1 y= 1-06, yo 2, x3 = 0:3, x4 = 0-4 =1-12,y;= 1-21, h=01 Yafay= a+x)y 1 1 a wi=3 (148 )rb =F +0 12172 wiag(14at paz t+ O04 1-067 05074 wag(14+8 eel 30-6522 ee 2 By Milne’s method, 4h , , Yan = Jot" [> yy 2yy ] “e 1) alt [2 (05674) - 0.6522 2 (0-7979)] = on 1 v4 = + Ga)'] 09) 1 = 7 +016) [1-27717 = 0.9460 By corrector method, I) Rete — (nee Yer = Yr Yat Ay +a] (2) OL = 112475 (0:6522 + 4 (0.7979) +0.94601aril Solution ef Ordinary Differential Equations 0 = 12797 Now use this on the RLS. of (2) and p Bet yy, Ya 5 Liao. 161 (12797)? = q.949g again asing 2s yah 4 0b 7 | t0.65224. ne iis 1.2798 y (04) = 1-2798, snl 5. Given y' = and Hoy a ‘find ae fy @ io) (a. by Euler method Using that value obtain, = (ii) y (02) by modifi ied Euler method, (iii) Obtain y (0:3) by improved Euler ‘method and find (iv) y(04) by Milne's method. Solution. By Euler method, newt lia) =O 01) =) EOD by modified Euler method: aT 1 1 i yey thf tity hy ty Many) =O +o] 1 -[» +e») ons cn] 1-(oreSta- 0») . = 01855 By improved Euler method:: EAE AY Cr) Yb Af 9) =01855+ 94 (1 ~ytl-y-W ny =01855+ 92 2 2y,-h (1-y2)] =018554 91 ¢ =y) 2-H) =0-2629 Now knowing yo, yj, Jp.Jy we will find yy By Mine's method: Yap =r FTL Ii’ yf +295] Se404 Numericat meimnous—1y Ly Od a9 #2 = HI =0+ A [3 — 294 +92 — 2981 0-4 13 — 2 (0-1) + (01859) — 2 (0-2629) J 3280 2 a er + A4ys + Yan) O1 py —y, +4 99) +1 Yap 1 — 0.3280 = 0-6720 1855+ 1855+ [6 —y2 — 493 + Yap] y @-4) = 0-3333- 11-18. Adam-Bashforth (or Adam’s) predictor-corrector method We state below another predictor-corrector method,.called Adam's method o, Adam-Bashforth method., We give below predictor and we require four continuous itector formula without proof. Here also. corrector formtfind the value of y at the fifth point similar to Milne’s method. Predictor: Ynet.p =In+ Fy L 5500 — 59¥m— 1 #37 Yann 2 —9y%,-3] [9x01 +1994 —S¥—1 + yn-2] : dy 1 »@) given FL=ZEr*Y-¥ O=2 h Corrector: =ynt OF? Yn te = Int Bq Example 6. Solve and get y (0-5) = 2-636, y U) = 3-595, » U5) = 4-968 by Adam's method. Solution. From Example 1 under Milne’s method, we have yo = 5 (O+2)=1 yi’ = 15680, yo" = 2-2975, yx’ = 3-2340. By Adam's predictor formula, fe 7 neh. =n t+ BGL S594 — 591 + STH — OM .)hClrUG . Yan = Is 35 | S595 — 595 + 37yf — 9y6] =, =4.908+ 8 + SF (55 (3-2340) — 59 (2.2975) + 37 (1-5680) — 9} =6-8708j solution ness 4 (2+ 68708) =4:4354 o IT gy4’ + L9yy’ — Sy2’ + yy + sal + 19ys bore) ] “O 2yy ve 24.968 + oe 19 44959 + 19.8234) 5 (2.2975)+ 1 S680, 268731 _ we can further improve using this Talest y4, again in (2), Using Adam's method find y (0-4) given e vant 1. 4 Dy yQ=hy OD= 101, y 02) = 1-02, y 0:3) = 1-023. eo 4 (MS. 1992) gation, 4970.4 = 01, %2= 02, x50, 24204 yox ti) = LOL, yp = 1-02, y= 1,023, yy =? By Adam's method, Wk AE) GO) reitor Yao np =a F 3g | 55% ~ 5Y4 1 $32 — 994-3] _ AF halt Ws Jap =+oeL S5yy' — S9yp' + 3Ty,/ — 9y6 ] ma Rats Here wo = %00=0 1 _@1) 0-01) tab ny, = C20 oos0s 0-2) (1-022) nada = OPO) o002 (03) 1005 niotsgy =0:1535 Using in (1), _ 0-1 1535) Jap = 1-023, +54 [55 (0-1535) — 59 (0:1022) +37 (0-0505) — 9 (0)] . “i 0408 | Ny stays =404) (10408) = 0:20816. By Adam’ Ss ee formula Nenesy, pe CPt Les +19, = Sy +n | Wee see 9944 + 19ys’ — Sy,’ +y,'] a406 a 7 o 19 (0.2082) + 19 01539) ~ 5 (0-1022) + 0.0505 = 1.023 = 10410 y 0-4) = 4,07 HOMO. dy example 8. Find y (0-1). 9 O2)¥ (0:3) from =X + YY O=Iby ce obtain y (0-4) using Adam's methog, Runge-Kutta method and hen 20-1, 4) =02,x;=04, x=04 using 2 yyaayty 1X9 = 0541 Solution. “f(s york geht y = ODLO.N=O1 1=01 reaiy{ 008, yor J-ons0o0s 1.05) = (0-1) [(0-05) (1-05) + (1-05)?] =0:1155 gy=ngl 0.05,35422 |= (OS 005, 1.0578) = (0-1) [(0-05) (1-0578) + (1-0578)"] 01172 ky= hf (Xo + hs Yo + hs) = (0-1) f 11, 1-1172) = (0-1) [(O-1) (1-1172) + (1-1172)" ] = 0-13598 ye Yo +E hy + Bla + 2k + hl =1-1169 y (0-1) =1-1169. Again, start from y,\: ky =hf (41. 1) = ODF OL, 1-169) =0:1359 Kgzhf| tery, +3 )-ons0rs 1.1849) 271" 2 . d =0-1582 ky=h| 015.147 Jo @DsO15. 1199 =0-16098 kq= (0-1) f 0-2, 12779) = 0-1889 = 1 yeh 16946 [0-13594-2 (0-1582+ 0:16098) + 0:1889] y (0-2) = 1.2774, Start from (X2, y2) to get yition of Crdmary Differential Equations 407 ul solu ff yw A Wn) = OVLO2, 12774) = 0.1887 neu hoot) (1) £025, 1.3718) = 0-225 h 2 0. elf] ety ety JF ODS025, 1.3887 = 02274 ky wei one e (1) £03, 1-5048) = 02716 1 y= 127744 G [018874 2 (02225) +2 (0.2274) 40.2716) = 15041 Now we use Adam's predictor formula,’ h , . range 2 Yep=33 3g | 553 — 592! + 3791’ = 996 ] 2) w= +yO=1 yf =a typ = 13592 yy’ = Yo +99 = 18872 Jy =XYy +5 = 2713S Using (2), Yap 15041 +O ps (2-7135) — 59 (1-8872) +37 (13592) 9 (1)] = 18341 : Yan = 404 +Y4= (0-4) (1-8341) + (1-8341)? = 4.0976 h , , rey? Me Dat 94 9944+ 19y,'—5yy'+ "| = 15041 +O [9 (4-0976) + 19 (27135) — 5 (1-8872) + 1-3592] 8389 8389, ¥(04) ample 9. Obtain y (0. 6) given 2 ‘an's method, Solution, y = x4 VSG yax+y 7050, x, =0:2, xy =0-4, x, =0:6,y,=1 x+y, (0)=1 with h=0-2 by408 Numerical Method, We require y (0-6). We find y,31¥1 $0 that y; can be found out. yexty Yo’ = 1 yo" = 2,30” =2 yrelty’ zy Bn =yothyy +e 2 yr Yo + 0. (0-2) yy (atx = 0-2) = 14 (02 1 OX 4 OX a = 1-2427 yy = 14427, yy" =2-4427, y= 24427 0-2)? 2) Jp = 1-2427 + (0-2) (1.4427) + oo (24427) +02 (24427) +. = 15834 1, 0% ,, 02), 3-1 =Io~ 02) Yo + JY G0 =0-8373 xy ty_1 = (- 0-2) + (08373) = 06373 yy eat y= 1st 5 = 15834492 2 (55 (19834) - 59,447) +37 (1) -9(06373)] = 2.0437 Yap =HAYs, anne =1: 5834492 [9 (24 nae 19 (1-9834) — 5 (114427) +1] = 2.0439 ¥ (0-6) = 2.0439, EXERCISE 11.5 1. vr Milne’s method, find y (0-2) given F=02)x4+01)y,yO)= =2,y (005) =2.0103, y (0-1) =2-0211, oat 2.0323, 0, ( ; f 2 Find ¥(08) given ¥ =y—s2,y(0)=1, y(02)=1-12186, y(04)= 14