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    15 views20 pages

    Gears

    Uploaded by

    Francis

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 20
    Gears. Introduction Gears, defined as toothed members transmitting rotary motion from one shaft to another, are among the oldest devices and inventions of man. In about 2600 B.C. the Chinese are known to have used a chariot incorporating a complex series of gears. Aristotle, in the fourth century B.C, wrote of gears as though they were common place. In the fifteenth century A.D, Leonardo ‘-designed a multitude of devices incorporating many kinds of gears. Amorig the various da V means of mechanical power transmission (including primarily gears, belts, and chains), gears are ion efficiency is as high as 98 generally the most rugged and durable. Their power transm percent, On the other hand, gears are usually more costly than chains and belts. As would be expécted, gear manufacturing costs increase sharply with increased precision as required for the combination of high speeds and heavy loads, and for low noise levels. Gears are compact, positive engagement, power transmission elements that determines the speed, torque and direction of rotation of driven elements, Gear types may be grouped into four main categories, Spur, Helical, Bevel, and worm gears, Typically, shaft orientations, efficiency and speed determine which of these types of gears should be used in 2 particular “aq. application. Two or more gears working together are called transmission, The most common configuration of a gear is to mesh with another gear. However, a gear can be rotated with a non-rotating toothed part known as a rack thereby producing translation instead of rotation. Such arrangements are known as rack and pinion and is shown in fig 1a, In external gearing, the gears of the two shafts mesh externally with each other as shown in fig 1b. The larger of the two gears is called gear and the smaller is called pinion. In an internal gearing, the gears of the two shafts mesh internally with each other as shown in fig le. The larger of taese two wheels is called annular wheel and the smaller is called pinion, ~~ J Eee) (a) Rack and Pinion (b) Extemal gearing (6) Internal gearing Fig | Common gear configuration Advantages and Disadvantages of Gear Drives ‘The following are the advantages and disadvantages of the gear drive as compared to other drives, ie, belt, rope and chain drives: Advantages 1. It transmits exact velocity ratio. 2. It may be used to transmit large power. 3. It may be used for small center distances of shafts 4, _Ithas high efficiency. . «thas reliable service. 6 It has compact layout. Disadvantages 1. Since the manufacture of gears require special tools and equipment, therefore it is costlier than other drives 2. The error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations and noise during operation. 3. It requires suitable lubricant and reliable method of applying it, for the proper operation of gear drives. Classification of Gears The gears or toothed wheels may be classified as follows : 1. According to the position of axes of the shafts. The axes of the two shafts between which the motion is to be transmitted, may be (a) Parallel, (6) intersecting, and (c) Non-intersecting and non-parallel. 2. According to the peripheral velocity of the gears. The gears, according to the peripheral velocity of the gears, may be classified (@) Low velocity, (6) Medium velocity, and (c) High velocity ‘The gears having velocity less than 3 m/s are termed as low velocity gears and gears having velocity between 3 and 15 m/s are known as mediunt velocity gears. If the velocity of gears is more than 15 m/s, then these are called high speed gears. 3. According to the type of gearing. The gears, according to the type of gearing, may be classified as : (a) External gearing, (6) Internal gearing, and (e) Rack and pinion. 4. According to the position of teeth on the gear surface, The teeth on the gear surface may be (@ Straight, (6) Inclined, and (ec) Curved. spur gears have straight teeth whereas helical gears have their teeth inclined to the wheel rim. In case of spiral gears, the teeth are curved over the rim surface. Gear Nomenclature Spur gears are the simplest and most common type of gears, and for this reason will be used to develop the primary kinematic relationships of the tooth form as shown in Figure 2. The following terms used in gears will be used in this lesson and should be clearly understood. Big 2 Gear Nomenclature |. Pitch circle, It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action, would give the same motion as the actual gear. 2. Pitch circle diameter. Itis the diameter of the pitch circle. The size of the gear is usu Je diameter. It is also called pitch diameter. specified by the pitch ci 3. Pitch point. itis a common point of contact between two pitch circles. 4. Pitch surface. ts the surface of the rolling dises which the meshing gears have replaced at the pitch circle 5, Pressure angle or angle of obliquity. It is the angle between the common normal to two gear teeth at the point of contact and the common tangent atthe pitch point. Its usually denoted by @. ‘The standard pressure angles are14.5° and 20° : 6. Addendum. Ivis the radial distance ofa tooth from the pitch cirele tothe top ofthe tooth. 7. Dedendum. itis the radial distance ofa tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the tooth, 8. Addendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the top of the teeth and is concentric with the pitch circle. : 9, Dedendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth. It is also called root: circle. Note : Root circle diameter = Pitch circlé diameter cos 9, where @ is the pressure angle. 10. Circular pitch. It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth. It is usually denoted by pe. Mathematically, Circular pitch, P, == DIT a) where D = Diameter of the pitch circle, and 7"= Number of teeth on the wheel. A little consideration will show that the two gears will mesh together correctly, if the two wheels have the same circular pitch. Note : ff D, and D; are the diameters of the two meshing gears having the teeth T; and T, respectively; then for them to mesh correctly, = y Bum aeanet 2 11. Diametrat pitch. It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter in millimetres. It denoted by pd. Mathematically, Diametral pitch, Pa =5= 7 >> 6) Where T = Number of teeth, D = Pitch circle diameter, 12. Module. It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimetres to the number of teeth. It is usually denoted by m. Mathematically, Module, m=D/T ® distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth, in a 13. Clearance. Its the ra meshing gear. A circle passing through the top of the meshing gear is known as clearance circle. 14, Total depth. Its the radial distance between the addendum and the dedendum circle of a gear It is equal to the sum of the addendum and dedendum. 15, Working depth, It is radial distance from the addendum circle to the clearance circle. It is ‘equal to the sum of the addendum of the two meshing gears. 16, Tooth thickness. It is the width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle. 17: Tooth space. It is the width of space between the two adjacent teeth measured along the pitch circle. 18. Backlash. It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness, as measured le, on the pitch 19, Face of the tooth. It is surface of the tooth above the pitch surface. 20. Top land. itis the surface of the top of the tooth. 21. Flank of the tooth. It is the surface of the tooth below the pitch surface. It is the width of the gear tooth measured parallel to its axis. 22. Face width Note: Face width is not standardized, but generally > bad poser at can ban Sranantitfed Bom 4. atend por : oe Toke Cs =! P Gh Absh Np = FRO ap = G4MPs = SIN /ro** Ong _ LoS Pa = 105M /room™ fe 4b m= oom eee ute Bago eeib = Oakes, or HERS wer We We Roxy vobure Ve TDA 4 F-Babimy Cs Via TDpxNe _ pxonetee = 4. 6alm/3 - 6a Os = Os x Gy de Len then iass ods, Alefore. State tle piteh Uae Nees EH ; Nel Sty foshy ae = p.gi0s & 222I0 Cu Yyy easy = OF aa ose ~ Oe a Dy Our = oot [| Me = wn r | iP a [ye ose tin = oS — SAS 2 Olt F | i ial Alb Sine Dep Tp a SER OTE — BRE ae meee . Ose * Yg = [05K OME = Me i | ISee HL Pilon Ts Sle. Weaker Letsis oe Ts oft otal Fe = One bs Thy = (Op xcy) b. 7-9" ! » I Fe FA LO-Bae “Lox TX 8x 0:09F We Kya ieee gu 69 = S3BISY a, = Rev = Hep %* osteo 4 = NB HelicalGear A helical gear is an ordinary spur gear which has teeth in form of helix around the Two such gears may be used to connect two para!c] shafts in place of spur gears, The hel ines may be right-handed on one gear and left; handed on the other. The pi surfaces are Cael asin spur gearing, but the teeth instead of being parallel to the axis, wind sound the cylinders helically like screw threads. The teeth of helical gears with parallel axis have line contact, as in spur gearing. This provides gradual engagement and continuovs contact of the engaging teeth, Hence helical is Pi e smooth drive with a high efficiency of transmission. The major difference between a gears giv Bio helical gear and a spur-gear is the helix angle which is zero in spur gears. In a helical gear, the elical mating gear must have the same helix angle but different hand. Terms used in Helical Gears The following terms in connection with helical geass, as shown in Fig. 6, are be used, |. Helix angle. Itis a constant angle made by the iclices with the axis of rotation. 2. Axial pitch, Itis the distance, parallel o the ay 2, between similar faces of adjacent teeth. It is ‘he same as circular pitch and is thereforedenotcit by Bx, The axial Pitch may also be defined as ianei the circular pitch in the plane of rotation or the 3. Normal pitch, It is the distance between similar fa f 2

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