soet\ ZBI Lime production ke the lime is limestone. Limestone mainly of the ‘mineral calcite (calcjy, a | dolomite (magnesium carbonen fe ther minerars. The raw material used to mal sedimentary 2H) rock composed carbonate CaCO3) and/or the mineral apse Ug uls MgC 03) along with small amounts of ol Limestone: . Limestone is formed by the compaction of the remains of corals 9, animals and plants on {hi bottoms of oceans around the world. It can be g soft white substance (cl alk piudalthrough 1. a very hard substanc | limestone deposits are a soft brown rock, ele(marble +»). Most commercial : e are defined by their magnesium carbonate (MgCO ) CaO (Quicklime) +CO2t 2. Magnesia limestone: CaMg (CO3)2 + heat > CaCO3 + MgO + CO21- (at around 750 °C) t around 1100 °C) teal : Large quantities of quicklime are converted into hydrated lime by addin water. The process of hydration, also known as slaking, is one of the following chemical reactions between lime and water : CaO + H20 (water) > Ca(OH)2 (hydrated lime) To complete the thermal decomposition of limestone into lime, the stone must be heated to the dissociation temperature Uslaill 3 ))5— 45 0f the carbonates, and this temperature must be maintained for a certain period of time. The dissociation temperature varies depending on the type of limestone being bumed. For example, calcite dissociates at 898°C (1,648°F) while magnesium carbonate dissociates at 402 to 480°C (756 to 896°F). Because_this(thermal_decomposition_of limestone) is_a_reversiblea Se chemical reaction, the carbon dioxide emitted “sislas_a_result_of calcination must be removed to prevent _recarbonation. Recarbonation 4% Soccurs when carbon dioxide is reabsorbed«~elais! sty by the cooling lime, diminishing 48 the quality of the finished product. Lime kilns can be classified-iia‘ into three groups: a. rotary kilns, b. vertical kilns, and c. miscellaneous €.% a ydgy Sexes zr patl ae UlBM NYS a. Rotary Kilns: Figure (1) illustrates a rotary kiln poston ih a preheater. Arotary kiln is a slong cylinder, ranging in length from 7516 500 feet, with a diameter between,4 and II feet. This cylinder is set at an incline of 3 to 5 degrees and rofates at a rate of 35 to 80 revolutions per hour. The inner surface of the cylinder is lined with refractorys all ie brick. Gablldoylbs cho Bl poses Fig (1) : Preheater rotary kiln system for lime production. Surrounding 4 the brick is a layer of insulation 4 , then an outer casing of steel boiler plate. Before entering the kiln, the limestone passes through the preheater, where itis heated with hot exhaustésiiiall gases from the kiln. Preheaters improve thermal efficiency by using heat from the kiln that might otherwise be lost. Burning fuel enters the cylinder from the lower end, and pre-heated limestone is delivered into the upper end. As the limestone passes through the cylinder that is filled with flame4ilal and hot combustion’ al! gases, it calcines into lime, which is dischargede 383 at the lower end of the cylinder. Lime must be cooled after exiting the rotary kiln. Various types of coolers are used, including contact coolers, satellite coolers, rotary coolers, and grate coolers. Severe Chale ball Soa ce eg bod Laieareal se tange vertical cylinders that arg b. Vertical kiln: Vesa tilt ee chunkstaS eh of limestone, completely filled from wit oe the preheat zone. the calsinn The ones Fete cooling zone. These 20MeS are no physi ni sain which is a continuous cylinder. The vertical kiln has memento 2 Eo rea erie a diagram of a vertical kiln. prema ii gsm io ics diame alo ee na combuson gases. Stones tht ate f00 small to be sed are called “spalls.” Jants with vertical kilns and uantities of spalls can accumulate at p! pee a sae meal ‘or impossible to dispose of profitably4~) 3. Depending on the source of limestone, spalls can constitute from 30 to 70 percent of the limestone intended for use as kiln feed. Rotary kilns can use small that calcine faster and lead to fewer spalls. To solve the problem of stones Assxs| oLeS\ ¢. Miscellaneous Kiln Types: These kilns are made up of similar to vertical kilns (see Fig middle, allowing gases to flow from one shaft to the other. The shafts alternate functions: while one is acting as the calcining shaft, the other serves as the preheating shaft. Limestone fills the shafts from the top. Hot combustion gases are fired down the first shaft, calcining the lime. Every 12 to 14 minutes, the flow is reverseduS*2 . The lime is cooled in the bottom section of each shaft with a countercurrentu-Sles 15 flow of air.Stone charging door Kiln shatt Fire box or fuel ports Discharge lime Fig (2): Vertical kiln system for lime production. Zones % Storage Y ie Preheating y ’ Calcining Finishing ¢ Y Cooling ’ iy \