572 BEHAVIOR OF ANALOG SYSTEMS IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE identical to the optimization of the baseband system with G = He(w) = ky. Hence, from Eqs. (12.83) with $,(@) = Nw?/A? and Sp = m*, we have HH, (0) oy, = 12. WMoloMen = Teas Le Venlo) df ee Sat) J, VorSn(o) df (Hao), = LSzO) Feo VePSaleh of (12.88b) : (ae) =f Spo) f (? ) = (12.880) oda [ove] Because y = A?/2NB, Ge), i T (= ”) (12.882) Comparison of Eq. (12.884) with Eq, (12.47) shows that PDE in FM improves the SNR by the factor inside the brackets on the right-hand side of Eq. (12.884). Optimum preemphasis and deemphasis is not used in commercial FM broadcasting for historical and practical reasons, The relatively simple suboptimum scheme, discussed in See. 5.5, is used instead. REFERENCES 1. PF Panter, Modulation, Noise, and Spectral Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1965. 2. N, Abramson, “Bandwidth and Spectra of Phase- and Frequency-Modulated Waves,” IEEE Trans, Commun. Syst., vol. CS-11, pp. 407-414, Dec. 1963. S. O. Rice, “Mathematical Analysis of Random Noise,” Bell Syst Jaly 1944; vol. 24, pp. 46-156, Jan, 1945, A.J. Viterbi, Principles of Coherent Communication, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966. HLE, Rowe, Signals and Noise in Communication Systems, Van Nostrand, Princeton, NI, 1965. M.D. Paez and T. H. Glissom, “Minimum Mean Square Error Quantization in Speech, PCM, and DPCM Systems,” JEEE Trans. Commun, Technol., vol. COM-20, pp. 225-230, April 1972. Tech, J., vol. 28, pp. 282-332, one 12.1-1 A certain telephone channel has H.(w) ~ 10-? over the signal band. The message signal PSD is Sy(w) = rect (w/2x), with o 30007. The channel noise PSD is S,(w) = 10°*. If the ‘output SNR at the receiver is required to be at least 30 dB, what is the minimum transmited over required? Calculate the valuc of 6 corresponding to this power. 12.12 A signal m() with PSD S_(w) = Brect(w/2a) and @ = 8000x is transmitted over @ telephone channel with transfer function H.(q) = 10°3/(ja + a). The channel acise PSD is §,(@) = 10-"°, To compensate for the channel distortion, the receiver filter transfer function is chosen to beProblems 573 tw) = (22*) seo (2) The receiver output SNR is required to be at least 35 dB. Determine the minimum required value of 6 and the corresponding transmitted power S; and the power 5; received atthe receiver input For a DSB-SC system with a channel noise PSD of S,(w) = 10 and a baseband signal of bandwidth 4 kHz, the receiver output SNR is required to be at least 30 dB. The receiver is as shown in Fig. 12.3. (a) What must be the signal power S; received atthe receiver input? (b) What is the receiver output noise power N? (©) What isthe minimum transmitted power Sp ifthe channel transfer funetion is H(w) = 10~* over the transmission band?” Repeat Prob. 12.2-1 for SSB-SC. 12.2.3. Determine the output SNR of each of the two quadrature multiplexed channels and compare the results with those of DSB-SC and SSB-SC. 12.24 Assume [r(¢)]nax = —L (Inia = My (a) Show that for AM, my = pA (b) Show that the output SNR for AM [Eq, (12.14)] can be expressed as where K? = m/z (©) Using the result in part (b), show that for tone modulation with js = 1, S,/No = 7/3. (@) Show that if Sr and Sj are the AM and DSB-SC transmitted powers, respectively, required toatiain a given output SNR, then Sp=PS forw=1 and P>1 12.2.5 A gaussian baseband random process m(t) is transmitted by AM, (a) Show that for 30 loading (that is, my = 30), the output SNR is 7/10 when jo (b) Show that for 30 loading and j1 = 0.5, the output SNR ~ y /36. 12.2-6 In many communication systems, the transmitted signal is limited by peak power rather than by average power. Under such a limitation, AM fares much worse than DSB-SC or SSB-SC. Show that for tone modulation fora fixed peak power transmitted, the output SNR of AM is 6 4B below that of DSB-SC and 9 dB below that of SSB-SC. 12.2-7 Determine yee it AM with jp = 1 ifthe onset ofthe thresholds when E, > A with probability 0.01, whore Z, is the noise envelope, Assume the modulating signal m(t) to be gaussian and use do loading. 12.341 ForanFM communicationsystem with # = 2and white channel noise with PSD S,() = 10~"°, the output SNR is found to be 28 dB. The baseband signal m(t) is gaussian and band-limited574 BEHAVIOR OF ANALOG SYSTEMS IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE 123-2 123-3 123-4 123-5 12.36 123-7 123-8 to 15 kHz, and 30 loading is used. The demodulator constant « = 10°*, This means that the FM demodulator output is ay(¢) when the input is A cos fat + W(t)]. In the present case, the signal at the demodulator output is ekym(r). The output noise is also multiplied by «. (a) Determine the received signal power 5, (by Determine the output signal power 5. (©) Determine the output noise power No. For the modulating signal m(t) shown in Fig. P12.3-2, show that PM is superior to FM by @ fuctor 31?/4 trom the SNR point of view. Hint: Assume the bandwidth of m(1) to be the frequency of its third harmonic. mo B ae = -8 Figure P123-2 For a modulating signal m(?) = cos o,f, show that PM is superior to FM by a factor of 2.25 from the SNR point of view. Hint: Determine m’, by setting fi(t) = 0. For m(t) = a) cosit + a3 cosent, show that PM is superior to FM from the SNR point of view when (1 + xy)? < (1 -+2)?/3, whee x =a) /a and y = a «22. Hint: Use Eq, (12.39), ‘Show that B2 in Eq, (12.42a) can also be expressed directly in the time domain as fuctyP dt mi(t)dt Se Show that when the modulating signal m(t) has a Butterworth PSD, that is, Sm) TF epinh™ ‘then the mean square bandwidth B2 is given by a Sin (x /2k) B= 22 Bato inn fay **? and as k > 00, BE > 472. ‘A modulating signal PSD is given by wl og aaa? Sy(o) = ‘The effective bandwidth B of m(?) is that bandwidth which contains x percent of the total power of m(1), Determine which of the angle modulations is superior if: (a) x = 99; (b) x = 95: (0 x= 90. In Prob. 12.3-4, FM and PM were compared fora given transmission bandwidth. If we compare them for a given mean square transmission bandwidth, we get a slightly different result, Show123-9 123.10 Ran 124-1 R42 Problems 575 that PM is superior to FM if (1 + xy?) < (1 +.x2)/3 when they are compared for a given ‘mean square transmission bandwidth, This example shows that two signal spectra with the same ‘mean square bandwidth can have different conventional bandwidths, Hint: In this case Sq (0) is discrete, Normalize it, and then take the second moment about the origin. Show that aft ae In a certain FM system used in space communication, the output SNR is found to be 23.4 dB with = 2. The modulating signal m(t) is gaussian with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, and 30 loading is used. The system with = 2 is in the nonthreshold region of operation, The output SNR is required to be at least 40 dB. Because powers at premium in space communication, itis decided to increase the output SNR by increasing f (ie, increasing the transmission bandwidth) as much asis possible. (a) What are the maximum value of f and the corresponding transmission bandwidth that can be used without running into the threshold? What is the corresponding output SNR? Hin Use Egs. (12.51) and (12.37) to determine the minimum usable 7. (b) What must be the minimum increase in the transmitted power required to attain an output SNR of 40 4B? What are the corresponding value of f and the transmission bandwidth? Show that () For tone modulation, the dividing line between narrow-band and wide-band modulation is p= 047. (b) For a gaussian modulating signal with 30 loading, the dividing line is at 8 = 0.55. (6) For 4e loading itis t 6 = 0.56. For FM stereophonic broadcasting (Fig. 5.19), show that the (L — R) channel is about 22 4B noisier than the L + R channel. Hint: L + R is the baseband signal. It is preemphasized to obtain (L + RY. The signal (L — R) is preemphasized to obtain (L.— RY’, which is used to obtain (L = RY cosinet. The sum (L + RY’ + (L — RY'cosext now frequency-modulates a cartier. At the receiver, after frequency demodulation, (L + R)' and (L — RY'cosaict are separated, (L—RY'is deemphasized. (L+ RY coseoct is multiplied by 2cos.t toobtain (L— RY, which is then deemphasized In M-ary PCM, pulses can take M distinct amplitudes (in contrast to two for binary PCM). ‘Show that the signal-to-quantization-noise ratio for M-ary PCM is ATTY signal band-limited to 4.5 MHz is to be transmitted by binary PCM. The receiver output signal-to-quantization-noise ratio is required to be at least 55 dB. (a) If all brightness levels are assumed to be equally likely, that is, amplitudes of m() are uniformly distributed in the range (—m,, mp), find the minimum number of quantization levels L required, Select the nearest value of L to satisfy L = 2" (b) For this value of L, compute the receiver output SNR and the transmission bandwidth, assuming the nonthreshold region of operation © If the output SNR is requited to be increased by 6 dB (four times), what are the new value of L and the corresponding transmission bandwidth?576 BEHAVIOR OF ANALOG SYSTEMS IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE 12.4.3 124-4 12.45 125-1 125-2 125-3 A modulating signal m(t) band-limited to4 KHz is sampled ata rate of 8000 samples persecond ‘The samples are quantized into 256 levels, binary coded, and transmitted over a channet with Sq(o) = 6.25 x 10-7. Bach received pulse has energy E, = 2 x 10-S. Given that my = I and /9, (@) Find the output SNR assuming polar signal, and the error probability given in Eq. (12.63), (b) Ifthe transmitted power is reduced by 10 dB, find the new SNR. (© At the reduced power level in part (b), is it possible to increase the output SNR by changing the value of L? Determine the maximum output SNR achievable and the corresponding value of L, Ina PCM channel using & identical regenerative links, we have shown thatthe error probability Pe of the overall channel is kP., where P, is the error probability of an individual link (se~ Example 10.7). This shows that P, is cumulative. (@) Show that if k — | links are identical with error probability P, and the remaining one has an error probability P?, then Pe=(k- UP. +P (b) For a certain chain of repeaters with k = 100 (100 repeaters), itis found that y over each of the 99 links is 25 dB, and over the remaining link y is 23 dB. Calculate P, and P; using Eq, (12.62) (with n = 8). Now compute Pr and show that Py is primarily determined by the single weakest link in the chain, For companded PCM with n = 8, 4 = 255, and amplitude m uniformly distributed in the range (A, A) (A < m,), show that 5 6394(03 /m No (a2 /m2) +0.0068(6m/ my) + 1.53 x 10- Note that my is a constant of the system, not of the signal. The peak signal A can vary form talker to talker, whereas m, is fixed for a given system. Armessage signal m(t) with Suto) = (@ = 3000x) a ate DSB-SC modulates a carrier of 100 kHz. Assume an ideal channel with H.(w) = 107 and the channel noise PSD $,(«) = 2 x 10°. The transmitted power is required to be 1 KW, and G=107 (a) Determine transfer functions of optimum preemphasis and deemphasis filters. (by Determine the output signal power, the noise power, and the output SNR. (©) Determine y at the demodulator input. Repeat Prob. 12.5-1 for the SSB (USB) case. 1 was shown in the text that when the baseband m(t) is band-limited with a uniform PSD, PM and FM have identical performance from the SNR point of view. For such m(t), show that optimum PDE filters in angle modulation ean improve the output SNR by a factor of 43 (o¢ 1.3 4B) only. Find the optimum PDE filter transfer functions. Recreate