FASTENERS AND

STRUCTURAL STEEL
Fasteners are devices that join or fasten parts together. They may be threaded or nonthreaded. Threaded fasteners
are easily installed or removed. Nonthreaded fasteners must meet ANSI standards. Structural steel is used for the
structures of buildings. Structural steel may be joined by welding or by threaded or nonthreaded fasteners.

OBJECTIVES
• List common advantages of threadéd fasteners. o Describe nonthreaded fasteners and rivets.

• Describe screw thread series. • Define structural steel and identify standards organi-
• among screw thread classes,
Explain the relationship zations referenced in its manufacture.
tolerances,and allowances. • Describe major types of structural steel shapes.
• Describe the methods of screw thread representation.

THREADED FASTENERS of UN (Unified National) and UNR (Unified National

Rounded) threads are similar, except that the roots and
A threadedfastener is a device such as a nut or bolt that
crests of UNR threads may be rounded. Additionally, the
joins or fastens pans together with threads. Threaded
fastenershave several advantages for joining parts. For
basic profile of UN and UNR threads is similar to ISO
(International Organization for Standardization) metric
example, threaded fasteners are commercially available
threads, except for the diameter and number of threads
in a variety of sizes, styles, strengths, and materials
per inch. See Figure 6-1. See Appendix.
and are capable of joining similar or dissimilar materi-
als. They are easily installed in the shop or the field

with hand or power tools and are easily removed and THREAD SPECIFICATIONS
replaced.
Threaded fasteners are based upon the principle of an 0.125 H 0.125 P
inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder. Early threaded
fasteners were not uniform in size or thread profile and
consequently were not interchangeable. The need for 600
0.625 H
interchangeable parts prompted the work of Sir Joseph 300

Whitworth of Great Britain and William Sellers of the

0.25 H 0.5 P
United States. In the 19th century, Whitworth developed
the Whitworth Thread, which had a standard thread 0.25 P
angle of approximately 550, and Sellers developed the ROOTS AND CRESTS 900
OF UNR MAY BE ROUNDED
basis for the American National Thread, which had a
standard thread angle of 600. MINOR DIAMETER
OF
AXIS BASIC PITCH DIAMETER
The Unified Screw Thread Standard was developed SCREW THREAD BASIC MAJOR DIAMETER
by committees from the United States, Great Britain, PITCH H = HEIGHT
and Canada, and was based on the 600 standard thread
angle. Subsequent developments led to the Unified Inch Figure 6-1. The basic profiles of UN and UNR threads
Screw Thread (UN and UNR Thread Form). Profiles are similar.
 PRINTREADING FOR WELDERS

SCREW THREAD SERIES To find pitch, apply the following formula:

A screw thread series is a group of diameter-pitch 1

combinations. Screw thread series are distinguished

from one another by the number of threads per inch for
a series of specific diameters. The standard series is a where
screw thread series of coarse (UNC/UNRC), fine (UNF/
UNRF), and extra-fine (UNEF/UNREF) graded pitches P = pitch in inches
and eight series with constant pitches. See Figure 6-2. 1 = constant

N = threads per inch

A thread lock coating can be applied to a threaded For example, what is the pitch of a thread having
fastener to help prevent the loosening of assembled
16 threads per inch?
parts subjected to vibration, shock, and/or chemical
leakage. In some applications, thread lock coatings 1

can be used in place of washers.

Threads are grouped into series by their pitch. Pitch 16

is the distancebetween corresponding points on adja-
1"
cent thread forms. Pitch is always measured parallel to
the axis. 16

STANDARD SERIES THREADS— GRADED PITCHES

NOMINAL UNC UNF UNEF
DIAMETER TPI TAP DRILL TPI TAP DRILL TPI TAP DRILL
o (.0600) 80
1 (.0730) 64 No. 53 72 No. 53
2 (.0860) 56 No. 50 64 No. 50
3 (.0990) 48 No. 47 56 No. 45
4 (.1120) 40 No. 43 48 NO. 42
5 (.1250) 40 No. 38 44 N o. 37
6 (.1380) 32 No. 36 40 No. 33
8 (.1640) 32 No. 29 36 No. 29
10 (.1900) 24 No. 25 32 No. 21
12 (.2160) 24 No. 16 28 No. 14 32 No. 13
1/4 (.2500) 20 No. 7 28 No. 3 32 7/32

5/16 (.3125) 18 24 32 9/32

% (.3750) 16 5/16 24 32 11/32

7/16 (.4375) 14 20 25/64 28 13/32

1/2 (.5000) 13 20 28 15/32

9/16 (.5625) 12 18 33/64 24 33/64

% (.6250) 11 17/32 18 37/64 24 37/64

11/16 (.6875) 24 41/64

3/4 (.7500) 10 21/32 16 11/16 20 45/64

13/16 (.8125) 20 49/64

7/8 (.8750) 9 49/64 14 13/16 20 53/64

15/16 (.9375) 20 57/64

1 (1.000) 8 12 59/64 20 61/64

Figure 6-2. A screw thread series is a group of diameter-pitch combinations.

 CHAPTER 6 —FASTENERS AND STRUCTURAL STEEL

Metric threads are measured in millimeters (25.4 mm thread is a right-hand thread. The length of threaded
= 1 The same basic formula can be used to determine fasteners is often included at the end of the thread note.
the approximate pitch for metric threads. Threads may See Figure 6-3.
be either graded pitch or constant pitch.
Graded pitch is a standard screw thread series with
a different number of threads per inch based on the
THREAD DESIGNATION
diameter. Generally, the smaller the diameter of the
graded pitch series, the larger the number of threads FRACTIONAL DIAMETER
per inch. For example, a 2 (0.0860") UNC thread has THREADS PER INCH
THREAD SERIES
56 threads per inch while a 3/4 (0.7500") UNC thread THREAD CLASS
has 10 threads per inch. EXTERNAL THREADS
Constant pitch is a standard screw thread series with
a set number of threads per inch regardless of diameter.
OR
Constant pitch series may have 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 28, O. 50- OU C-
EXTERNAL THREADS
or 32 threads per inch. The larger the diameter, the THREAD CLASS
smaller the number of threads per inch. For example, a THREAD SERIES
THREADS PER INCH
21/2 diameter bolt has 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, or 20 threads per DECIMAL DIAMETER
inch, while a 1/4 diameter bolt has 20, 28, or 32 threads
per inch.
The special series is a screw thread series with
combinations of diameter and pitch not in the standard
screw thread series. Preference is given to standard series
coarse and fine graded pitch threads.

DIA THREAD, 24 UNIFIED

3
NATIONAL FINE THREADS -24 UNF-2B
SCREW THREAD CLASSES PER INCH, CLASS 2 FIT,
INTERNAL THREADS
The class of thread indicates its tolerance and allowance.
Tolerance is the amount of variation allowed above or
below a dimension. Allowance is the difference between
the design size and the basic size of a thread.

Classes of threads are IA, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B.
The A designates external threads. The B designates in-
ternal threads. The tolerance of threads decreases as the
class number increases. For example, the tolerance for a
Class 2A thread is less than the tolerance for a Class IA
thread. Class 2A and Class 2B are the most commonly
used thread classes for bolts, nuts, screws,
SCREW THREAD DESIGNATION
Threads are designated by thread notes. The thread
Figure 6-3. Threads are designated by thread notes.
THREAD REPRESENTATION
Thread representation is the method of drawing used to
show a threaded part. Screw threads are represented on
etc. drawings by three methods: simplified representation,
schematic representation, and detailed representation.
One method of thread representation is commonly
used throughout one drawing, although more than one
method may be used on the same drawing for clarity.

note specifies in sequence the nominal size, number See Figure 6-4.
of threads per inch, thread form and series, and thread
Simplified Representation. Simplified representation
class. For example, the thread note 1/2-13 UNC-2A is a method of thread representation in which hidden
specifies 1/2" diameter, 13 threads per inch, coarse lines are drawn parallel to the axis at the approximate
thread form, Class 2 fit, and external thread. depth of the thread. Simplified representation is the
The diameter of a thread may be stated in fraction- most commonly used method of thread representation.
al or decimal dimensions. The letters LH follow the Various combinations of internal, external, and sectional
thread note for left-hand threads. If not specified, the views are shown with this method.
 PRINTREADING FOR WELDERS

Schematic Representation. Schematic representation

THREAD REPRESENTATION
isa method of thread representation in which solid lines
INTERNAL EXTERNAL perpendicular to the axis represent roots and crests. This
method is not used for hidden intemal threads or sectional
views of external threads.

Detailed Representation. Detailed representation is a

method of thread representation in which the thread pro-
files are connected by helices. A helix is the curve formed
11 11
11
II
MOST by a line angular to the axis of a cylinder and in a plane
II COMMONLY
II
11 USED wrapped around the cylinder. Detailed representation is
11
11
11 METHOD the least commonly used method of thread representation
11

because it is time-consuming to draw.

Bolts, Screws, and Nuts. Bolts, screws, and nuts are

purchased parts. Consequently, they are generally shown
on prints as thread representations with notes giving
specific information. Bolts and screws are available in a
SIMPLIFIED
wide range of sizes (diameters and lengths), hardnesses,
head styles, etc. See Figure 6-5.
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
The length of a bolt or screw is the distance from the
bearing surface of the head to the tip, measured parallel
to the axis. The thread length for standard bolts is gener-
NOT USED ally twice the diameter plus 1/4" for bolts up to 6". For
FOR HIDDEN
INTERNAL bolts over 6", the thread length is generally twice the
THREADS
OR diameter plus 1/2".
SECTIONAL
VIEWS OF Nuts are either square or hexagonal. Their distance
EXTERNAL across flats corresponds to Standard English or metric
THREADS
dimensions to facilitate driving with wrenches or sockets
and ratchets.

SCHEMATIC NONTHREADED FASTENERS

INTERNAL EXTERNAL A nonthreaded fastener is a device that joins or fastens
parts together without threads. The most common non-
threaded fastener is the rivet. A rivet is a cylindrical metal
pin with a preformed head. The shank is the cylindrical
body of a rivet.
The rivet shank is inserted through holes and pressed
LEAST or beaten into a second head to hold the parts together.
COMMONLY The riveting process can also be automated. The shape
USED
METHOD of the preformed head and the length and diameter of the
shank distinguish one rivet from another.
Two parts are joined together by the grip of a rivet,
which fits through predrilled holes slightly larger than the
shank of the rivet. The length of the shank must exceed
the thickness of the two be joined by enough
parts to
DETAILED material to allow the shank to be upset or shaped into
the final form. The grip is the effective holding length
Figure 6-4. Thread representation is the method of drawing of a rivet. The size of the rivet required is determined by
used to show a threaded part. the thickness of the parts being joined. See Figure 6-6.
 CHAPTER 6— FASTENERS AND STRUCTURAL STEEL

THREADED FASTENERS
HEX
HEAD THREAD
FILLET
LENGTH

SQUARE HEAD BOLT

D

LENGTH
BODY DIAMETER
HEX CAP SCREW
DIMENSIONS

O 82 100 N/
ROUND HEAD BOLT

FLAT 1000 FLAT OVAL

WASHER COUNTERSUNK COUNTERSUNK COUNTERSUNK
COUNTERSUNK BOLT

o
STEP BOLT HEX ROUND TRUSS PAN

ROUND HEAD SQUARE NECK FILLISTER BUTTON HEADLESS SQUARE ROUND

CARRIAGE BOLT (SET-SCREWS) (SET-SCREWS) COUNTERSUNK
BOLTS HEADS

SQUARE NUT MACHINE SCREW NUTS HEX SOCKET PHILLIPS RECESS DRILLED SPANNER

HEX JAM NUT HEX THICK NUT

FLUTED SOCKET FREARSON RECESS SLOTTED SPANNER

HEX SLOTTED NUT HEX THICK SLOTTED NUT

SLOTTED CLUTCH RECESS POZIDRIV RECESS ONE-WAY

HEX CASTLE NUT CAP (ACORN) NUT

NUTS DRIVING RECESSES

Figure 6-5. Bolts, screws, and nuts are threaded fasteners.

 PRINTREADING FOR WELDERS

RIVETS

PAN HEAD BUTTON HEAD FLAT FLAT HEAD BUTTON HIGH BUTTON PAN STEEPLE OVAL
COUNTERSUNK HEAD HEAD HEAD (BOILER
HEAD RIVET)

BELT COOPER'S TINNER'S TRUSS HEAD FLAT CONE OVAL MACHINE GLOBE
COUNTERSUNK HEAD COUNTERSUNK
HEAD HEAD
SMALL RIVETS LARGE RIVETS NONSTANDARD
DIAMETER OR LESS) (EDIAMETER OR LESS) RIVET HEADS
HEAD STYLES
BUTTON —l GRIP GRIP
HEAD I SHANK
COUNTERSUNK
HEAD
LAP JOINT BUTT JOINT LENGTH LENGTH

APPLICATION SIZE

Figure 6-6. Rivets are nonthreaded fasteners used to join or fasten parts.

Rivets are relatively inexpensive and are gener- with slash marks indicating countersinking, flattening,
ally manufactured from ductile metals such as steel, near side, far side, and both sides. Afield rivet is a rivet
aluminum, copper, brass, and bronze. A ductile metal placed in the field.

is a metal that can be formed easily. Riveting can also

be used to join materials that cannot be welded, such
as dissimilar metals, plastics, or material that could
damaged by heat.
A riveted joint is permanent. However,
loosen under stress and become ineffective. Rivets are
Rivet placement is controlled by pitch, margin,
and the thickness of the material being riveted. Rivet
be pitch is the distance from the center of one rivet to the
center of the next rivet in the same row. Back (trans-
rivets can verse) pitch is the distance from the center of one row
of rivets to the center of the adjacent row of rivets.

also subject to corrosion by liquids and generally cannot Diagonal pitch is the distance between the centers of
hold pressure because of the possibility of leaks. rivets nearest each other in adjacent rows. Margin is

Rivets are classified into three groups: large, small, the distance from the edge of the plate to the centerline
and blind. A large rivet is a rivet with a shank 1/2" or of the nearest row of rivets. See Figure 6-7.
greater in diameter.The second head of large rivets
can only be formed by applying force to the rivet after
it has been heated red-hot.A small rivet is a rivet with STRUCTURAL STEEL
a shank 7/16" or less in diameter. A blind rivet is a rivet Structural steel is steel used in the erection of struc-
with a hollow shank that joins two parts with access tures. It is produced in a variety of shapes to serve as
from one side only. load-bearing units in building construction. Manufactur-
Rivets are shown on prints with conventional rep- ers of structural steel must roll the members with close
resentation. Shop rivets are shown as clear circles with tolerance and check the chemical properties constantly
slash marks indicating countersinking, flattening, near to ensure that the finished product will have the required
and both sides. A shop rivet is a rivet placed
side, far side, strength. Standard specifications for structural steel are
in the shop. Field rivets are shown as darkened circles established by the ASTM International.
 CHAPTER 6 —FASTENERS AND STRUCTURAL STEEL

Available lengths of structural steel vary by supplier.

RIVET SYMBOLS
Standard structural steel shapes include beams (W, M,
S, HP, and channel C and MC), angle (L), tee (WT, MT,
FAR and ST), and other structural steel shapes (tubing, pipe,
SIDE
bar, and plate). See Figure 6-8.
BOTH
SIDES
BEAMS
COUNTERSUNK AND CHIPPED
A beam is I-shaped structural steel. Beams are used to
NEAR BOTH provide support over long expanses. Beams may be used
SIDE SIDES
as lintels, joists, piles, or girders, depending upon their
FAR size and the job requirements.
SIDE
Standard I beams are designated S. Wide-flange

COUNTERSUNK (NOT OVERI8 HIGH) beams are designated W. Miscellaneous-shaped beams

are designated M. Bearing piles are designated HP.
NEAR BOTH Beams are described by their nominal dimensions over
SIDE SIDES
the flanges and the weight per foot. An example of a
FAR
SIDE
description for a W beam W 14 x 34. The W indicates
is

the type of beam. The nominal size between the flanges

FLATTENED TO AND RIVETS) is 14". The weight per running foot is 34 lb.

NEAR BOTH Channel. Channel is C-shaped structural steel used

SIDE SIDES
in conjunction with other structural shapes as support
FAR members or combined to serve as an I beam. American
SIDE
standard channel is designated C. Miscellaneous channel

FLATTENED TO — (z RIVETS AND OVER) is designated MC. Channels can be welded back-to-back
to form an I beam. Channel is dimensioned similar to
SHOP RIVETS
beams with the flange width measured from the heel
111 TWO FULL FAR to the toe. For example, C 10 x 30 indicates a piece of
HEADS SIDE channel 10" deep and 30 1b per foot of length. Specifi-
NEAR cations for C 10 x 30 are a 3.033" flange width and a
BOTH
SIDE SIDES 0.673" web thickness.
COUNTERSUNK
FELD RIVETS

J/EVZféV!ß
PLATES
BACK (TRANSVERSE)
PITCH

RIVET
PITCH
DIAGONAL
PITCH

PLATE PLATE
ROW ROW ROW MARGIN
1 2 3

Figure 6-7. Conventional rivet symbols are used to show

rivets on prints. Structural steel is typically used to support other building materials.
 PRINTREADING FOR WELDERS

ANGLE
STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES
Angle is L-shaped structural steel consisting of two
BEAM W, M, S, HP equal or unequal widths. Angle is widely used in sup-
NOMINAL port members where loads can be transferred to the
DEPTH 900 member. Angle used when rigidity of the
is also
FLANGE
DEPTH BEAM 18 76 members requires a 900 member. See Figure 6-9. It can
WEB SHAPE
X

FLANGE be notched, bent, and welded to provide a strong rein-

WIDTH WEIGHT PER
RUNNING FOOT forced joint without extensive labor. Angle is measured
from the heel to the end of the leg. Unequal-leg angle
HEEL has different leg-size specifications, with the longer leg
CHANNEL C, MC
dimension always specified first, followed by the thick-
TOE
FLANGE
DEPTH -X
CHANNEL
ness.For example, 4 x 31/2 x Z %
indicates unequal-leg

WEB DEPTH AC10x3 angle with the first leg 4" wide and the other leg 31/2"

FLANGE wide. Each leg is 5/8" thick.

WIDTH WEIGHT PER
RUNNING FOOT

ANGLE Z LONG LEG ANGLE

WEB ANGLE
LEG 1

SHORT LEG
HEEL LEG WEB THICKNESS ANGLE 1

CUT
(FIELD FINISH FLOOR
NOTE: LONG LEG DIMENSION ALWAYS LISTED FIRST TO LENGTH FROM
20 PIECE)

TEE T
CUT FROM BEAM FLANGE
TEE WIDTH COMP. DECK
STEM 1
FLOOR BEAM
DEPTH STEEL
4
FLOOR
DEPTH JOISTS
-.01 FLANGE 1+—
WIDTH STEM THICKNESS

TUBING SQUARE WIDTH

Figure 6-9. Angle is structural steel that is used when the
WALL THICKNESS load and rigidity require a 900 member.
DEPTH
WIDTH WALL THICKNESS
TEE
BAR WIDTH Tee is T-shaped structural steel made from I beams cut
by the mill or the Tee is used
THICKNESS
BAR 34 to specifications supplier.

1+-WIDTH-Å THICKNESS where more strength is required than angle could pro-
vide. Tee is sized by flange width and nominal depth.
For example, T 2 x 2 x 5/16 indicates a piece of tee 2"
PLATE PLATE WIDTH
wide, 2" deep, and 5/16" thick.
WIDTH
2 Lx48x120
THICKNESS
THICKNESS OTHER STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES
LENGTH LENGTH
Other structural steel shapes include tubing, pipe, bar,
and plate. A wide variety of sizes is commercially
Figure 6-8. Standard structural steel shapes are drawn available. Additionally, mills may produce custom sizes
and noted on prints. as required.
 CHAPTER 6— FASTENERS AND STRUCTURAL STEEL

Tubing. Tubing is round-, square-, or rectangular-shaped Pipe. Pipe is round structural steel. Pipe is commonly
structural steel. Tubing is used for columns or other used to carry gases or liquids. Pipe for most common ap-
structural applications. Round tubing is sized based on plications is made from wrought steel, low-carbon steel,

diameter and wall thickness. Square and rectangular
tubing are sized based on cross-sectional dimension
and wall thickness. The inside dimension (or diameter)
is determined by subtracting the wall thickness from the
cross-sectional dimension. An example of a description
for rectangular tubing is 6 x 2 x 1/4. The piece of tubing
is 6" wide and 2" deep, and has a wall thickness of 1/4"
or low-alloy steel. Special applications may use chromi-
um-molybdenum, nickel steel, stainless steel, copper, alu-
minum, or brass piping. Pipe is commonly manufactured
in nominal pipe sizes (NPS) ranging from 1/8" to 12". See
Figure 6-10. The NPS is a standardized size based on a
nominal dimension. Inside diameter of pipe is determined
by the wall thickness designation or schedule number.

PIPE DIAMETERS

OUTSIDE STANDARD
DIAMETER

INSIDE EXTRA STRONG

DIAMETER

DOUBLE
WALL
EXTRA STRONG
THICKNESS

OUTSIDE
INSIDE DIAMETER* WALL THICKNESS
PIPE SIZE*
(NOMINAL) DIAMETER SCHEDULE 40
SCHEDULE80 XXS DOUBLE
SCHEDULE SCHEDULE SCHEDULE
(ACTUAL SIZE) EXTRA. EXTRA-
STANDARD STRONG STRONG 40 80 xxs
0.405 0.269 0.215 0.068 0.095
0.540 0.364 0.312 0.088 0.119
0.675 0.493 0.423 0.091 0.126
0.840 0.622 0.546 0.252 0.109 0.147 0.294
1.050 0.824 0.742 0.434 0.113 0.154 0.308
1 1.315 1.049 0.957 0.599 0.133 0.179 0.358
1% 1.660 1.380 1.278 0.896 0.140 0.191 0.382
1% 1.900 1.610 1.500 1.100 0.145 0.200 0.400
2 2.375 2.067 1.939 1.503 0.154 0.218 0.436
21/2 2.875 2.469 2.323 1.771 0.203 0.276 0.552
3 3.500 3.068 2.900 2.300 0.216 0.300 0.600
31/2 4.000 3.548 3.364 2.728 0.226 0.318
4 4.500 4.026 3.826 3.152 0.237 0.337 0.674
5 5.563 5.047 4.813 4.063 0.258 0.375 0.750
6 6.625 6.065 5.761 4.897 0.280 0.432 0.864
8 8.625 7.981 7.625 6.875 0.322 0.500 0.875
10 10.750 10.020 9.562 8.750 0.365 0.594 1.000
12 12.750 12.000 11.374 10.750 0.406 0.688 1.000
* in in.

Figure 6-10. Pipe is commonly manufactured in nominal pipe sizes (NPS). Common sizes range from %" to 12".
 PRINTREADING FOR WELDERS

In some applications, pipe has been designated as Stan- An example of a description for square bar is 11/4 sq. The
dard (STD), Extra-Strong (XS), and Double Extra-Strong piece of square bar is 11/4" wide and 11/4" deep.
(XXS). The inside diameter dimension varies with the
Plate. Plate is 3/16" thick or more structural steel used
wall thickness for each designation. Extra-Strong pipe and
can be
to cover large expanses of a structure. Plate
Double Extra-Strong pipe have a reduced inside diame-
joined with or without reinforcement members. Plate
ter as the wall thickness is increased. Outside diameter
is plain or patterned. The nominal thickness of plate
remains constant in the three designations.
with a raised pattern does not include the height of the
For example, a 3" NPS has an actual outside diameter
raised pattern.
of 3.500". An NPS of 3" with a Standard pipe designation
Plate is defined according to the rolling procedure
has an inside diameter of 3.068". An NPS of 3" with
used in its manufacture. Sheared plate is plate that
Extra-Strong pipe designation has an inside diameter
is rolled between horizontal and vertical rollers and
of 2.900". An NPS with a Double Extra-Strong pipe
trimmed on all edges. Universal plate is plate that is
designation has an inside diameter of 2.300".
rolled between horizontal and vertical rollers and
Schedule numbers (Schedule 40, 80, etc.) are used trimmed only on the ends.
for specifying size when ordering pipe. For example,
Sheet is 1/8" or less structural steel used to cover
a 2" NPS has a standard wall thickness of 0.154" for
large expanses of a structure. Plate and sheet are
Schedule 40 and 0.218" for Schedule 80. Inside diam-
commonly used in shipbuilding, pressure vessel
eters also are reduced as the schedule number increases.
construction, and building construction. Plate and
Bar. Bar is round, square, or rectangular structural steel. sheet are specified by thickness, width, and length.
Bar is used to reinforce sections of a fabricated weld part. For example, PL % x 48 x 144 indicates plate %"
Bar shapes are dimensioned based on their characteristics. thick, 48" wide, and 144" long.

CHAPTER REVIEW
1. What is a threaded fastener?

2. List the three methods in which screw threads are represented on drawings.
3. What is a nonthreaded fastener?
4. List the standard structural steel shapes.

5. What is a beam?

Digital Review and Resources

ATPeResources.com/QuickLinks • Access Code: 779305
REVIEW FASTENERS AND
QUESTIONS STRUCTURAL STEEL

Name: Date:

COMPLETION

1. Threaded fasteners are based upon an inclined wrapped around a cylinder.

2. A screw thread is a group of diameter-pitch combinations.

3. is the distance between corresponding points on adjacent thread forms.

4. Thread is the method of drawing used to show a threaded part.

5. The length of a bolt is the distance from the bearing surface of the head to
the tip, measured parallel to the

6. Rivet is the effective holding length of a rivet.

7. metals are metals that can be formed easily.

8. rivets have a hollow shank that joins two parts with access from one
side only.

9. Back pitch is also known as pitch.

10. is the distance from the edge of the plate to the centerline of the nearest
row of rivets.

11. pitch is a standard screw thread series with a different number of threads
per inch based on the diameter.

12. The thread length of a standard bolt with a %" diameter and a 3" length is

13. The size of the rivet required is determined by the of the parts being
joined.

14. UN threads are based on a(n) 0 thread angle.

15. The pitch of a thread form having 20 threads per inch is

16. A(n) designates an external thread.

17. steel is steel used in the erection of structures.

18. is L-shaped structural steel consisting of two equal or unequal widths.

19. The leg dimension of an unequal leg angle is always given first.

20. on rivets indicate countersinking, flattening, near side, and far side.

143
IDENTIFICATION — RIVETS

1. Shop rivet; countersunk and chipped; far side

2. Field rivet; countersunk; far side

3. Shop rivet; flattened to 3/8" for %" rivets and over;

near side

4. Shop rivet; countersunk; not over W' high; near

side

5. Field rivet; countersunk; both sides

6. Shop rivet; countersunk and chipped; both sides

7. Shop rivet; flattened to 1/4" for W' and 5/8" rivets;

far side

8. Shop rivet; countersunk and chipped; near side

9. Shop rivet; countersunk; not over %" high; far side

10. Field rivet; countersunk; near side

TRUE FALSE
1. Similar or dissimilar materials can be joined with threaded fasteners.

F 2. The Whitworth Thread had a standard thread angle of approximately 650.

F 3. The basic profile of UN and UNR threads is the same as ISO metric threads,
except for the diameter and number of threads per inch.

F 4. Screw thread series are distinguished from one another by the number of
threads per inch for a series of specific diameters.

5. Tolerance is the difference between the design size and the basic size of a
thread.

F 6. The tolerance for a Class 2A thread is less than the tolerance for a Class IA
thread.

7. The diameter of a thread may be stated in fractional or decimal dimensions

in a thread note.

F 8. The letters RH follow the thread note for right-hand threads.

9. The length of a threaded fastener may be specified at the end of the thread
note.

10. The length of the shank of a rivet must be the same dimension as the two
pieces to be joined.

F 11. Riveted joints are permanent.

144
 F 12. A large rivet has a shank of 1/2" or greater in diameter.

13. Shop rivets are shown on prints as clear circles.

14. Standard I beams are designated with the letter S.

F 15. Schedule 40 pipe has a thicker wall than a piece of the same nominally-sized
diameter pipe in Schedule 80.

16. Plate is 1/8" thick structural steel used to cover large expanses.

F 17. Tee is cut from I beams.

18. The size of round tubing is based on the diameter and wall thickness.

19. Channel can be welded back-to-back to form an I beam.

20. Available lengths of structural steel vary with suppliers.

IDENTIFICATION — THREAD REPRESENTATION

1. Simplified; external;
section

2. Schematic; external

3. Schematic; internal;
section

4. Detailed; external

5. Simplified; internal;
section

6. Simplified; internal

7. Detailed; external;
section
11
11
11
8. Detailed; internal; 11
11
11

section 11
11

9. Detailed; internal

10. Simplified; external

145
 z2 x 11 x 3
16
w 18 x 76

3 1
T 22 x 12 x x 11 x

STRUCTURAL STEEL NOTES

Refer to Structural Steel Notes above.

1. No note is given for an I beam.

2. The depth of the channel is

3. The weight per running foot of the beam is lb.

4. The length of the longest leg on the largest angle is

A. 3/16

B. 11/4

c. 11/2

5. The web thickness of the smallest angle is 3/16".

6. The depth of the beam flange is

7. The stem thickness of the tee is

8. Both angles have equal-length legs.

9. The depth of the tee is

10. The weight per running foot of the channel is lb.

11. The beam shape

I is designated with a

12. The flange width of the tee is

13. The largest angle has a web thickness of

14. The beam weighs 2 lb per running foot.

15. The leg length of the smallest angle is

146
TRADE FASTENERS AND
COMPETENCY TEST STRUCTURAL STEEL

Name:

Refer to the Corner Weldment print on page 148.

pieces are required to fabricate one Corner Weldment.

2. The detail part number for the Corner Weldment is

3. The tolerance for all details is unless otherwise specified.

4. The 1.06 DIA hole in Part No. 3 is centered on the piece.

5. Threaded holes specified %-16 NC-2B are shown in Part No. and Part
No.

6. The 1/2-20 NF-2B holes in Part No. 1 are equally spaced along the length of
the piece.

7. Part No. 5 contains sq in.

8. The 1/2-20 NF-2B holes are through holes.

9. Part No. 2 and Part No. 5 are the same size.

10. Disregarding saw cuts, one each of Part Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5 could be cut from
a piece with the least waste.

A. 24
B. 28
c. 30
D. 36

11. The Corner Weldment contains holes, of which are threaded.

A. five; three

B. five; five

C. seven; three

D. seven; five

147
 12. All threaded holes of the Corner Weldment are National Fine Threads.

13. Part No. is the smallest part of the assembly.

14. Part No. requires the closest tolerance.

15. The pictorial drawing of the Corner Weldment is a(n)

3
2 NOTE:

1. SCALE:
1 2. DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
3. TOLERANCE ±.06 UNLESS OTHERWISE
SPECIFIED
4
4. MATER I AL THICK

ør HOLE THRU
1.12

{-20 NF-2B
(3) HOLES THRU
6.44
2.50

1.47
3.75
10.38
1.50 1.00
TOLERANCE .50
.xx *.03 6.00

1 PART NO. TB200599-1 PART NO.

ø1.06 HOLE THRU g —16 NC—2B

1.00 1.25 a -16 NC-2B
1.25

2.50 2.50 2.50

3.75 .75 6.00

7.50 1.50 10.38

PART NO. TB200599-3 4 PART ND. TB200599-4 PART ND. TB200599-5

CORNER WELDMENT

148
 1
6-6 6-6
2 -11

Sym. abt.

4 4
A /-W/4x30x25'-U

/Bor5xå* 8

Cut 64

JOB

12

12

10 /16

8x'x/0
2L .3åx3xåx?52/å

GOI- -/iä;4cc I-Bar xåx4 3

4 3

ONE-SWAY FRAME-ALL

Refer to the One-Sway Frame-A1/ print above.

1. The nominal depth of I Beam A is

2. I Beam A is joined to Bar G with fillet welds having a(n) " size.

F 3. The leg size of Angle Iron F is 3".

4. The thickness of Bar C is

5. Angle Iron B is joined to Bar C with fillet welds having a(n) size.

6. Bar C extends " below Angle Iron D.

F 7. Angle Iron D leg sizes are 3V2" x 31/4"

8. Bar E is 2" wide and _" long.

9. Bar E is joined to Angle Iron D with welds.

10. The leg thickness of Angle Iron F is

149
 3
4

a rAP •ro-32
X DEEP
4 PLACES

7/32" DIA.,
c •eaRE SWE
OIA. X DEEP

RAO

3 2

4 RAO

D
$3,'32" on..
C'BORE 5/8" DIA. X ,'/2" DEEP
2 PLACES
4.6/6
13/32- OJA..
C'BORE FROM OPPOSITE
5/8" on. x DEEP
PLACES

SUPPORT

Refer to the Support print above.

1. Hole A is centered " from the hole on its immediate left.

2. The depth of thread of Hole A is 1/4"

F 3. Hole B is drilled through and counterbored from the opposite side.

4. The counterbore diameter of Hole B is

5. The thread size specified for Hole A is

6. A total of other holes have the same thread specification as Hole A.

7. Hole B is drilled at a(n) " diameter.

8. Hole B is drilled %" off-center of the Support.

9. The depth of the counterbore for Hole C is

10. Hole C is counterbored from the side.

11. Hole C is drilled at a(n) _" diameter.

12. Hole D is drilled and tapped.

13. The counterbore diameter of Hole D is

14. Hole E has the same specifications as Hole D.

15. The center-to-center vertical distance from Hole D to Hole E is

150