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    65 views21 pages

    Chapter 9

    Uploaded by

    Jawad Chowdhury

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 21
    1, Host A sends a timestamp-request message to host B and never receives a reply. Discuss three possible causes and the corresponding course of action. Internet Control Mostage Protocol ICMP): + itis a network layer protocol and IP are companion with ICMP, + CMP does not pass message arectiy tote lower layer ata nklayen, Fst ofa messages re ‘encapavated nice IP eatagrams ‘step 2/6 - {CMP messages are messages which are dided int two categories: 4. Errorroporting messages isa message, I eps problem which encountered bythe router or host luring IP packots wansmesion 2. Query messages amesege wich hes netwerk manage erhostto get nfermation am the ‘top 3/6 zi ‘Query message: + Few network problems diagnose ICMP withthe help of query message for example ere reporting. + Nowadays, there ae to pais of messages used rst is echo request and replay, second is ‘imestamp request anc reply. sepsis 2 enoreques and ep “Tic pair pei design forthe agro purpses, andthe ner cance pitt ident etwork poten + Both ech-seauest and epy determine whichtwo ht or overs ae conmunid “The echorequest mean end bythe oer orhoe ae echo reply message ety the ‘ecnvernho ecnieg he eohoenies “Tmo request and rep “tis paca be used the nosso eaters wo machines, estar equest and ply ae used {o.dstemine he oud pte fT) “sRrTicuse bye datagram sng varsmision and ac syntroie ok ottwo maine stp 576 5 onside terotewing ota: ost sends metimestamp request meszage to hat 8 a host Aneve eer sinouieaeeneny siepere 5 “Teter tee cate posse nd these ate efoto: ‘scaseaite ost sen a mesage which eosin he ane, then host A can ese he este “Casa the hot eee he meszage wich cet the host Aantal hae “chutrepymeceage lot enou ca sera apn mexageto hoa & ‘cace.3 host endsthe message which corned orcad then ost can send eoah 2. Why is there a restriction on the generation of an ICMP message in response to a failed ICMP error message? stop us 5 Internet Conrot Message Protect EMP ‘isa network ayer rool an Pare companion wth ICMP. ‘cup coes not pass message recy te loner yer ankle Ft ofa, messages are reanavtes inte Poors stp 2s 5 me messages are messages which are chicos ho two catgoris 1, Eroreeportng messages 8 message reports poten whieh encoueey the ute het ‘hutng paces tanemeon 2 Query mecragor a esse wich hls never manage rho toget eration am he stp 3/3 - 1 message format (ei iB PN step sis A rorrepotng messages: ‘cap sao respersbe0 reports rors wing ansmision of datagrams whe EMP nee oe ‘+ Oxagram connate internation otros anal ec an dessa Paces 1 Source Bases used by he MP snd ror messages tothe origator ofthe datanram, ‘There are fue typo errs hand an thes a3 follows 1. Destination unreachable 2 Souceauerch 2 Tne erence ‘Sometmpertnt alt ofthe ear message ofOMP + Tete arena ere messages woul be prosuce because spon eIP stagran contin restr messagectICMP + Tete we ro enor meszages wold be roduc fox ps agri tara and Rant bathe ragmert ‘Taree no err messages woul be produced forthe datagram whichishavng micas des. + Three no ror messages woul be generated forthe datagram whi shaving spec access inelzraooaaco. stop sis - ‘Theresa restrton onthe generation of the ICMP message with resect fad erermessnge ot + Becate IMP neh peptone ths ere espe oe tot vey ‘asaink ayer (DLs esporsetoe err an fo conta ‘nenever cP repens re eo aa sent he lower ayer OIL} then DLL core ese ero “patsy hte estieten onthe MO protocol 3 Host A sends a datagram to host B. Host B never receives the datagram and host A. never receives notification of failure. Give two different explanations of what ‘might have happened. Stop 5/6 a Consider the following details: Host A sends the datagram to host 8 and host B never recelves datagram, host A never recelves the failure notiftation. Stop 6/6 a ‘There are two different explanation about the datagram transmission and these are as follows: 1 Ifthe host A sends a message whic is lost inthe channels due to network congestion, exror messages generated by the Intermediate router then datagram does not receive by host 8. 2 Host A sends the message to host B but host B is unreachable due to intermediate router failure. 4. What is the purpose of including the IP header and the first 8 bytes of datagram data in the error reporting ICMP messages? Step 6/7 a ‘Tho dlagram has the IP hoader and datagram which Is oxhibited In the diagram. ICMP message Step 7/7 5 ‘The purpose of including the IP header and 6-byte datagram in error reporting message that has the description which Is as fellows. «The IP header has the source and destination adress in order to tell that what is source address of the packet and what Is the destination adress af the packet in error reporting message. * The IP header also has the sequence number of the packet to identify at the recelver side which packet has been arrived, ‘The 8 bytes of datagram cab used to tell how much data can be transferred over the internet, Hence, the above reasons are the purpose n order to contain the IP header and 8-byte datagram. 5, What is the maximum value of the pointer field in a parameter-problem message? Parameter Problem Message: ‘This canbe developed by the router or destination host + Supcose any arlquty nthe datagram and the catagram trauele via the internet hen can create the problems, + Ifthe router or destnaton host gets ths datagram that has some error vale inthis datagram. + me utero destination hos thvow out this datagram wih the help of ParameteProbem Message, ‘Stop 2/4 = Format of Parameter: Problem Mezzage: Type 2 ‘Code: 0 oF | ‘Cheoksum Pointer Unused (AI 0s) art of ie roccved IP datagram including IP bender lust rst § bytes datagram data sopaie a Woe: -Thslsparametes protien menage and har ed + Cade 0 otha tthe reson for nt + ote out as header + Letsabou te open mish. ‘Thelen condition of Psa he pole les rate the twee, eas (Peart antag: step ara . From the above diagram of Paremnter-Prablom the maximum value of pointer ielde can be: «The maximum value of Ponte Felds can be 89 since the pointer fields pals the byte somewhere In Phaser ‘The maximum vaue I 60 byes In Pheader + Suppose the effete othat means Pointer fe points the fest tes + Ifthe ost ix that means pointer points to 2™byte and the ost is 2 that means pointer points to 3bye «Ifthe ost 99 that means pointer felds points tothe 6a byte. Hence, the maximum value of ponte eld can be 59 tat tll 60" byte 6. Give an example of a situation in which a host would never receive a redirection message, edrection message format Tes aoe oo Tdi oT te ie Weng dt stop a ‘explanation o Reset meceage fost: ‘Types suse epresenthe message type + planation about at codes + Code 0 use to eect the networkonthe spect rout. + Code usetoredtecthe host onthe speseroute + Cade 2s to erect he networkspecfc route whichis bse on a requested sere + Code 3 uso to eaect eos. specie out whieh cbasetonarequests erica stepare 5 Following tthe stustonn which het would never reclvretecton mesage + nen communication between detent hosts ae place then ascune ha thee oly one outer i +Ten 2reatecton message woul never eee by hoe when ely a single avaabe router “Connects the local network the onsen Make a table showing which ICMP messages are sent by routers, which are sent by the nondestination hosts, and which are sent by the destination hosts. stp eii0 5 Roving tbl: ‘ne pclat wnere te packet ong “Inordrta contain he nerntlon hee need total, Tibi caled eting abe, ‘ vnarever rater ess te pacts des rt cent teal possible osnston dees for + Routing le aot tat vey estinaton how Nam he outa se mistsaype otmapterrouee + Roun leh the folowing efeaaton whch a oon: + Daatnaon: The estrone tat ra Pads ttne packet + Nest Hop: Nex hp se that what there Pakescfthe pate whith pack ‘esed via the ono ore stm, Ara ooau ove canbe uses sue ype eae + Maui Maskisuss for acting te subnting Subeting isthe process of done est ‘teres motu ormere aces see7H0 yi Deano oat ‘ric atype ot computer atc te cect asec tne pact sepa 5 Nondentoatonhost ‘hist atype of computeratas notte destin sade pacts stepsn0 a sow th tate that saying ha lOMP motage an ao hows tat wie meszaps ent {the rosters whens san th nondesnaton at a whch set te setaton at ‘sep20/10 ‘Thedatan has wo messages wins aso: or Gey] OE Few] rechable & Can the calculated sending time, receiving time, or round-trip time have a negative value? Why or why not? Give examples. stop 8 Sending Time seo tine he traveling ime othe question fom thecenderttherecever or ser ho step zie a Recoving time use to dines the ime that taken by server to reply he customer questions step 3/4 x Round Tne: 1 Tis total ee that can be taken by algal 0 be sent aston and the length of tne thatletaken Foren acknowledgment of ht signal hat has ben rece. ‘Ths can be cleuate withthe nln ote flowing formula Roand- tip TimeSending ne retin ne step ara 5 ‘As per gven tals can the computed value of Sending tine, Receiving time and Round-Tap ume can bbe nogative as flew: Condition for sending time: + Supooce the Forwarding station: clock gong beyond ofthe geting salon clock by more than ‘he forwarding time between two. «This typeof situation, the caution time of sending time canbe negative just because original timestamp can be more sending tine = eedvetnestamp ial timestamp ‘Condition of Receving time + Suppose ithe geting station’ cocks going beyond ofthe requesting station's cockby extra than be famardra tne Tenth cutton of hone cb este ht ease of ar eccning oe = tine packet rturnc transi timestamp ‘ Renutant can be negative umber ‘Condition for round tip time: 1 The ound tp te does not have negative value just because ofthe caleution that wil never enter inthe negativevaue, ound trip time = sending ime + receiving time + Because tnvcves the olferences 2 leks twice one wllbea poste aference and second ones ‘gave, hen can cancel ie mistakes inte computation, +0, the round trp time atways takes the postive umber In milseconds which can be tate to Complete me ound ip time ‘Honea, both the sending tine and eceving time value can be negative number and round-trip value ‘cannot be negative number. 9. Why isn’t the one-way time for a packet simply the round-trip time divided by two? step aya A Packets: ‘+ crouping data nto citlerant pieces in communication pretoca ‘The pleces ofa ae called a packet “ Poctet nas some information whieh 2 foows + Meader: Header can be used to contolinformation atthe star of packet ‘Payload: Payload ha the actual deta, ‘Tale: Tralee con be used ta contr nformaton atthe end of racket and aso used to supportthe pratocal operaton step 2re A Packet terminology ‘+ Packet has no standard terminology «+ Facket has the aiferent names which area follows: Frame, Datagrams, segment, package, and message. “Dire: layers have the diferent name of packets which sas flows: + Appliaton Layer: essage + Transport Layer TCP (ransision contol protec segment, UDF (user datagram protect) caagem ‘Data Unk Layer ‘Network Layer: Dataoram, stop aye x ‘Round Tp Te: + Roundtrip Tne tel about tha sending time and ecevng tne. + Thiscanbe calculated by the following ways: Round TripTine =Sending Time Receiving Time step 4/4 a ‘As per aiven deals the packets sending for one-way why can tts vide by the deserption sas Teliows + suppose that a packet s sending for one-way ime then the one-way me doesnot define the ‘ouncsre ame while ound tip tme & the combinaton of sending ume and reeling me +50, the one-way tne is atthe round-to ume and tw nat have ded by 2 because the fequested pacts can tavel wth te helo of diferent outes over te Internet comparison ofthe responce packet + Inthe conition of ransmiting ofthe paces, because rensmision times in ne direction that can betters fom the transmission time n oer ection, +o, the ansmison tie fom the sender side may be cferet fom the tansmisson side fom the fecever se Hone from the above conclusions lea that In one-way packet ranamision cannot be died bye 10. What is the minimum size of an ICMP packet? What is the maximum size of an ICMP packet? ‘stop 4/6 “ IemP packet: * ICMP packets contains only the IP header and ICMP message format + itis the combination of HP Header + ICMP Message heads TMP Mesage OBE ‘Stop S/6 a ‘Consider the following diagram of ICMP that Involves the IP header as well as IP data. + This isthe ICMP packets that has the combtnstion of header as we IP data ICMP a message IP data ‘stop 6/6 a ‘Then the minimum size of the ICMP packet willbe 8 bytes excenting the IP header. + 8 bytes for router solicitation forthe packets. RouterSolicitation For-The Packets= 8 Bytes * The maximum size of the ICMP packet i be more than 1500 bytes. + 1500 bytes can be for router adverticement packets while Ethernet can carry only 1500 bytes of the packet Router Advertisement For The Packet ~1500 Bytes Hence the minimum size of the ICMP sackets #8" and the maximum size ofthe ICMP packets 11. What is the minimum size of an IP packet that carries an ICMP packet? What is the maximum size? Step 5/6 5 Consider the following dlagram of IP packot that ean carts the ICMP packets which Is as follows: «This isthe ICMP acket that involves the IP header as wellas IP data, ICMP, message Step 6/6 a ‘Then the minimum size ofthe IP packet can be 28 bytes. +20 bytes for IP header and 6 bytes for router solicitation forthe packets, IPHleader=20B yes Router Soliitation= SBytes +The maxinum sizeof the IP packet can be 2068 bytes. +20 bytes for Ip header and 2048 bytes can be for router advertcement, WHteader~ 20Bytes Router Advertisement =2048 Bytes Hence, the minimum sizeof the IP packot that earries the ICMP packot is and the maximum se ofthe packet that carrias the ICMP packets 2068 Bo*e] 12. What is the minimum size of an Ethernet frame that carries an IP packet which in tun carries an ICMP packet? What is the maximum size? Step 5/6 ~ Ethernet Frame: + An information datagram on an Ethernet is called an ethemet datagram that carries the ethernet frame as its payload ‘An ethernet frame is gone before by a preamble and SFD Start Frame Delimiten that are both piece cof the ethemet frame atthe physical Byer. + Every ethernet frame begin with an ethemet header, which contains the dectination and source MAC (Media Access Control) address as 1 inal two fel. + The center section of the frame is payload information including any header for diferent protocols, (For instance, Internet Protocol) conveyed in the frame, +The frame willbe ended with FCS (Frame Check Sequence) which has the 32-bit CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) used to distinguish in transit corruntion of data step ove a Consider the following Ethernet Frame which i as follows: WAC | Bherype | Payona Fes eaves 13. How can we determine if an IP packet is carrying an ICMP packet? sense 5 ‘cane eusin eon aan EMP aa nae stand by ‘seiidtng sumer ceceton hon onedtyiesscetucoe edt tye CuPc hace carey he 14. Calculate the checksum for the following ICMP packet: ‘Type: Echo Request Identifier: 123 Sequence Number: 25 Message: Hello fam eas conan ony me Pheasant ese Fost 3p Tare The acon fuse athe ontnaton fader ta fered ssdavon othe consent erdert getheoum epee [Asporgven dette ype ho Reqet,entfr2, equoee Muar 2 and Masago abe ones aaaran hatvetne inraton bathe, ener Sanvence ener 8 Hessoge whch foloes “Teeecsum canbe pete he flowng wp: sri rc hen an ita ln nn oy sn iessge ata he vale 8919 3nd mesage Peo canbe cased om he ‘eticmertan adardtageorntmaton * secon to ASC me neszage bloat at ae cea vet means hate cin ‘ie Tlches the ceca ase hs ‘Baur Vala ade 15. A router receives an IP packet with source IP address 130.45.3.3 and destination IP address 201.28.4.6, The router cannot find the destination IP address in its routing table, Fill in the fields (as much as you can) for the ICMP message sent. sep10 Z| corter the gram 3 7 Destination 0 vunceachable 7 IP header of orignal 130.4533 pocket 201.2346, First 8 byes of payload fom ‘orignal packet ‘ ‘inte zboveclagam ho fe ltl about he ype ofmeezgs ah has the decimal lie ‘stop 0/20 a IF the type of message has the value 3 that means it cen be used forthe unreachable destination message that is exhibited in the ICMP message format. ‘The sacond fel has the value 7 taat con be uced forthe code purpose + nd the third field can be used for checkeum ICMP the combination of IP header az well as P data +The fourth fel can be uses Yor the haader. + nd after thatthe fith fitd can be used for original IP header. + iter that the source address and destination adress fies can be used with given address 130.4533 and 201234. respectively * The last eld can be used for payloads that takes the fist 8 bytas of the original packet 16. TCP receives a segment with destination port address 234. TCP checks and cannot find an open port for this destination. Fill in the fields for the ICMP. message sent. ade fomat ofthe TEP Separate Oba) ‘sore Noni 25) Eaico HARARE ‘ita Gaia toy par FoacOES) er le onder the Bagram “Tnesme cue mage format + Thslew neengeharbeen aeniedapovethathathefedhe ye, ode cect te ied stp aro a ‘In the above diagram the ist fle tl about the type of message and has the decimal value 3. ‘inchs, he ype of message has the value 2that means canbe ure fr the uneeachable estnation massage that enitited inthe ICMP meszage format. ‘The sacon fed has the waive 3 that can be used Tor the code purpoce and ths tes that arget port (enotresenable step 9/9 - ‘an the tie fle ean be used fer checkeum ‘The fea cet of headers st to value 0 + ICMP the combination of P header ae wells IP data. ‘The tout tee can be use forthe hear, “And after that the ff fad can be sed for orignal I header ‘in ths, theres no souce and destination adress because glven deta open ports no found for the destination address ‘The las eld canbe use for payloads that takes the fst & bytes ofthe original packet. 17, An ICMP message has arrived withthe header (in hexadecimal): ‘084810 20 0000 0000, ‘What I the type of the message? What is the code? What Is the purpose of the message? sep 6/8 a [As peralen deta the Message st the hexadecimal hat has the value 03 034020 0000 0060. + Tne value 030210 20 0900 0 00 + in JOP message format theft ld all about the tye ofmezeage ‘nthe mezeage that has the value 02 from the left la that mass thi tle about te type of message +03 sin hexadecimal the decimal valu wit be (O*16 #316 Ju=(043)=3 +. detned forthe unseat destination mesage ene, the ype of messages uneschable estton message ‘sep710 . +The given message has he yale 03031020 69 00 00 09, + in }CMP message format the code isthe sacond fed ar the code i @-it ee anc secon eld felesbourtne ete + So,the coin the given messages 03 hat isthe second el fom the side + so,the code hae the valu 02 which ein heeaceeialt deemal vale willbe (orteleste | y=(028)=3 «The code elt has the value 3 that tes he target por suneachable enc, the code isthe step9/8 = «The purpose ofthis aven messages that which tlhe sender that destination pot snot aaable 2x desnaten comouter atts time 18, An ICMP message has arrived with the header (In hexadecimal (05 011 1211 08 08 02 ‘What is the type of the message? What Is the code? What Is the purpose of the ‘message? What isthe value of the last 4 bytes? What do the last bytes signify? sper 5 ‘As perguen derals the Messages nthe hexadecimal hatha the value wih header 0500211231 ‘In cP mesage era the fra ete about te ype menage ‘inti mesage nat a the vale 05 on theese that ans tl tout type mouse + 051m hexadecimal the deal aie wl be: (oe ssete be (ors) ence te type ot mesage le medection message. ‘stop719 ~ + Soe eden me gen message 600 Ma the seca eld Hom hee ie +, ide hae the value oD nie naan) te slave wa (ot so =(900)-0 Hence tecee he ne8 * ‘me gien mesoge nas tevauie 5 0018 0803 02 + metas bytes om te ign sise haste vai 1 080202 | Tre pnartevabie ‘The gven vs 11.08 0 92 which in haar he derail (iste stete oxitsiicist astetezete ents sae) =(46+1 0411043052) That bernard ade nt fom 372.22 siep919 a 19. A computer sends a timestamp request. If its clock shows 5:20:30 A.M. (Universal Time), show the entries for the message. Tepestame Regus ad Reply Massage Frmat Thee ld canbe reo coc th menage type which forsesuet rtp ‘type 15 can be used forth eaves andere se for tere het eld an be watchs the choca nord t check for comp ofthe pact ‘Theta tes he eter tat can neues orice the pits ‘mets sequence umber Mat can bused sgn ne seauence number tote pace sTimesamo-equest canbe cess wnt hae otic hatmean he onal restamo thet canbe fees wth hen of source wah he une me *Torstamo-ely canbe rested wh hehe einson yeh ease cae a ‘spr en deta the coma Sending te slams rques and ee eat 52920 A, (Geol tn) antes of he mec fore gen one + inten Sapam, ee ele can be ues other tat meanthe oe soon veer repipatmenagee ‘inthe p01 te wing et mean tor rue ofthe menage the il enters ora he ptt 1 tc he id Sequence number tat can be usd rte pakt i ret ang hese ruber ‘riteeons by he faloveng aye + convannane tin ite son and srt convening essen nthe miesconstn ‘mutt wna (4340 2006030) = (5005120930) (tends (20-inch (9230.0) ‘Gathas onbtedin he Sage hs becaice ofteeaues 19230,000 20. Repeat Exercise 19 for the time of 3:40:30 P.M. (Universal Time). ‘As porghen datallsroforring oxereice 19 the computar sending the timestamp raquest and elocks ‘detals is 3:40:30 PIM. (Universal Time) entries of the message format Is given below: ‘ inthe below diagram, the fest felds can be used for the type that means the type tells about the request or reply of messages, inthis, the type 13 are using that means its for request ofthe messages. + and the naxt fads that can be sued forthe code that has the value ©. ‘The tre elds that can be forthe checksum. ‘And the fold identtier to dentiy the packets. * And the field Sequence number that can be used for the packet in order to assign the serial number ‘to packet. * In this the field timestamo request that has the time 3:40:20 PM. this willbe converted into the muliseconds by the following wayé: + And 2 will converted to the 15 and minute and saconds willbe same. = Converting the tine into the seconds and after that converting the seconds into the miliseconds with multiply with 1000, (1533600 + 40x 60+30)seconds = 54000 +2400-+30) 56430) scconds 56430 1000 }milisssonds = (56430,600) milisconds + And the remaining two fies as Receive timestamp and Trensmit timestamp will be feed with the 0 ‘that has exhibited inthe diagram just because of the request. 56,430,000, 21. A computer receives a timestamp request from another computer at 2:34:20 P.M. ‘The value of the original timestamp is 52,453,000, If the sender clock is 5 ms slow, what is the one-way time? ‘sees 5 Timestame Reauest ‘Timecame Request uses show etene when ust end te aquest othe server any ep sep29 5 + One-way es se erdeerbasthe neat by he ane ages area he see {Titepge eet nttnmsanerty menagerie ante mai nt ney te se Bi ‘As pr iven deals the tnestamg request rom apathe ompute 22420 Pa Andheri Simona t $2453000 and sender lakes iesands om thn the onan con be ested byte felons aye ‘he aventime224a0\¢hnne PM tana wll be convene no the ‘myer ene te stn an ater nat cnaing tects oe enc wn. ‘hen 23420 canbe convene to te cecndeneh flo (144304020 ne ea nw eatin 52000 nr 5000 pus Sta act (-o4c. 2048300)» (7090) (7005) 085) ‘Hence, the one-way tim in lleconds is 22, A computer sends a timestamp request to another computer. It receives the corre- sponding timestamp reply at 3:46:07 A.M. The values of the original timestamp, receive timestamp, and transmit timestamp are 13,560,000, 13,562,000, and 13,564,300, respectively. What is the sending trip time? What is the receiving trip time? What is the round-trip time? What is the difference between the sender clock and the receiver clock? ound np Hime = Sending me recting tie 1095/9

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