CN5686 LING2

LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND SOCIETY

Lesson 2:
FIRST LANGUAGE VS.
SECOND LANGUAGE

Presented by: Group 1

What is a first language?

Whatever the language used and learned by a person from birth until the
critical period is considered his/her first language. It is the language used in the
house. Therefore, children learn their first language from the people they were with
from birth until the critical period.
Some children are left for care in the hands of the grandparents or caretaker.
By listening to their language, the child effortlessly and naturally learns with 100%
proficiency within 6 years from birth.
There is no alterative to the first language. A person cannot decide his/her L1.
It comes to him/her as an inheritance, legacy, or birthright. L1 begins with
telegraphic speech, for example, "Mommy milk", "Daddy walk", "No ball". L1 does not
require any conscious effort because the acquisition process is subconscious.
What is a second language?

After learning the first language (L1), a person accommodates

another language usually learned afterwards. This is referred to as the
second language (L2). In learning L2, it takes effort and a conscious
will by familiarizing with form, vocabulary, pronunciation, functions, and
rules of the language.
Learning L2 is a personal choice. A person or community can
choose a second language among other languages, and it is learned
consciously from guidance and instruction and requires constant effort.
A second language is a new aspect of a person's life.
 CN5686 LING2
LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND SOCIETY

Lesson 3:
MACRO AND MICRO
LINGUISTICS

Presented by: Group 1

 Linguistics is the study of human language. It is a science that studies the
rules, systems, and principles of human language. It is divided into broad fields,
namely: micro linguistics and macro linguistics.

Micro linguistics Macro linguistics

• looks at linguistics with a broader view

• looks at linguistics with a narrower
• the focus is on the way the languages are acquired, stored
view
in the brain, and used for various functions;
• the focus is more on the structures
interdependence of language and culture; physiological
of the language itself and for itself
and psychological mechanism involved in language behavior

BRANCHES: BRANCHES:
• Phonetics • Syntax • Psycholinguistics • Discourse Analysis
• Phonology • Semantics • Sociolinguistics • Computational Linguistics
• Morphology • Pragmatics • Neurolinguistics • Applied Linguistics
 Branches of
Micro Linguistics
 Phonetics - a branch of linguistics which focuses on
1. the sounds. In particular, it looks into how the sounds
should be articulated, transmitted and received.

Phonology - the study of the functions of

2. speech sounds in a language. Its focus is
on the ways speech sounds are organized.
 Morphology - the study of the construction and
formation of words. It is a branch of linguistics, which
3. breaks words into morphemes and is considered the
grammar of words.

Syntax - the study of relationship between

4. linguistic forms, how they are arranged in
sequences, and which sequences are well-formed.
 Semantics - the study of the relationships
5. between linguistic forms and entities in the
world. It focuses on the meaning of a sentence.

Pragmatics - the study of the relationships

6. between linguistic forms and the users of
those forms.
 Branches of
Macro Linguistics
 Psycholinguistics - the study of language and mind:
the mental structures and processes, which are involved
1. in the acquisition, comprehension, and production of
language.

Sociolinguistics - studies the relations between

2. language and society; how social factors
influence the structure and use of language.
 Neurolinguistics - the study of language processing and

3.
language representation in the brain. It typically studies the
disturbances of language comprehension and production
caused by the damage of certain areas of the brain.

Discourse Analysis - the study of how stretches

4. of the language used in communication assume
meaning, purpose, and unity for their users.
 Computational linguistics - the application of
5. linguistic theories and computational techniques
to problems of natural language processing.

Applied linguistics - the field of study that looks at

6. how linguistics can help understand real-life problems
in areas such as psychology, sociology, and education.
 Thank you
for listening!