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2- Lewis, D. (2010). Nongovernmental Organizations, Definition and History. International
Encyclopedia of Civil Society, 41(6). 1056-1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4_3
3- Casey, J. (2011). Understanding advocacy: A primer on the policy-making role of nonprofit
organizations. New York: Baruch College, City University of New York, Center for Nonprofit
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4- Soskis, B. (2020). A History of Associational Life and the Nonprofit Sector in the United
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80). Stanford University Press.

“Indeed, for-profit and not-for-profit corporate identity diverged only to be engaged in a

complex pas de deux, each lending the other meaning and social significance. Indeed, the
Pennsylvania law heralded the emergence of a social order tied to the ascension of industrial
capitalism. Alongside mounting inequality, burgeoning private fortunes funded the private
charitable institutions that would legitimize and rationalize the social and economic order and
try to alleviate the ills that order perpetuated (Hall 1992, 2006:38; Levy 2016, 2017)” (p. 38)

“The surge of large-scale giving raised questions about the relationship between ethically
dubious means of accumulating wealth and the ways in which that wealth was redistributed” (p.
41)

“Indeed, whereas before the Civil War the largest single gift to an American college was Amos
Lawrence’s $50,000 contribution to Harvard, the postbellum decades brought forth a rush of
million-dollar donations. […]
This new corps of philanthropists frequently intervened to shape educational policies and hiring
decisions” (p. 42)

Internal Revenue Code 1954 – “Through codifications over the next half decade, social welfare
organizations were assigned to section 501(c)(4) and were authorized to conduct legislative
advocacy and unlimited lobbying related to exempt purpose, though not to receive tax-
deductible contributions” (p. 54)