Plant Disease Detection using IoT

Dr. Manjula V
School of Computer Science and Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology
Chennai, India
manjula.v@vit.ac.in

Sanyam Sharma Shyam Sankalp Pattnaik Gourav Jena

School of Computer Science School of Computer Science School of Computer Science
and Engineering and Engineering and Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore Institute Of Vellore Institute of Technology
Chennai, India Technology Chennai, India Chennai, India
sanyam.sharma2020@vitstude shyamsankalt.pattnaik2020@ gourav.jena2020@vitstu
nt.ac. in vitstudent dent.ac.in
.ac.in
plant health indicators like leaf colour, shape, and

Abstract - The topic "Plant Disease detection

using IOT" deals with the use of Internet of
Things (IoT) technology to detect and diagnose
plant diseases in an automated and efficient
manner. This can be done by using sensors and
cameras connected to an IoT platform to collect
data on the plant's growth, health, and
symptoms. The collected data is then analyzed
using machine learning algorithms to identify
any signs of disease or stress. The use of IoT in
plant disease detection allows for real-time
monitoring and early detection of issues, leading
to improved crop yields and reduced loss due to
diseases. Additionally, this technology can also
help in understanding the impact of climate
change on plants, as well as in identifying new
plant disease.
texture is referred to as IoT-based plant disease
detection.
After being transmitted to a central
processing unit, this data is analysed and categorised
into several plant disease categories using deep
learning models. Convolutional neural networks
(CNNs), one type of deep learning model, have
demonstrated significant promise for effectively
identifying and categorising plant diseases. The
accuracy and speed of disease diagnosis are
improved by these models' ability to extract intricate
patterns and features from huge datasets. The
deployment of IoT devices also makes it possible to
monitor plant health in real-time, which enables early
identification and action, lowering the risk of crop
loss and increasing yields.

For farmers who manage huge tracts of

I. INTRODUCTION
As it is essential to ensure food security and
sustainable agriculture, plant disease detection is a
crucial topic of research. The conventional approach
to diagnosing plant diseases relies on trained
individuals doing visual observations, which can be
time-consuming, expensive, and prone to human
error. The fusion of Internet of Things (IoT) and
deep learning models has emerged as a viable
strategy to automate the process of plant disease
identification in order to address these difficulties.
The use of sensors and devices to gather
information on environmental factors including
temperature, humidity, and light intensity as well as
land, the adoption of IoT devices also enables remote
crop monitoring. Large databases of photos of
healthy and diseased plants can be used to train deep
learning models, which can increase the precision of
disease classification. The construction of prediction
models that can foretell the possibility of disease
outbreaks based on environmental data can also be
facilitated by the merging of IoT and deep learning
algorithms. IoT devices can be used to optimize
irrigation and fertilizer use in addition to detecting
plant illnesses, which can increase crop yields and
lessen environmental impact. The expense of IoT
devices and the requirement for dependable and
quick internet connectivity in rural regions remain
obstacles despite the potential advantages of this
technology.
1

In conclusion, the fusion of IoT and deep learning
models offers a viable strategy to transform the
detection of plant diseases. With the right
application, this technology might increase the speed
and accuracy of illness diagnosis, lower labour costs,
and support sustainable agriculture.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND
OBJECTIVES
Problem Statement:
Despite the efforts of farmers and
agriculturists, plant diseases still cause significant
losses in crop yields every year. These losses can
be caused by a variety of factors, including climate
change, lack of proper care, and new or emerging
diseases. Early detection and diagnosis of plant
diseases is crucial for reducing these losses, but
current methods can be timeconsuming and costly.
Objectives:
To develop a system for early detection and
diagnosis of plant diseases using IoT technology.
To collect and analyze data on plant growth, health,
and symptoms to identify any signs of disease or
stress. To create an automated and efficient way to
detect and diagnose plant diseases in order to
improve crop yields and reduce losses due to
diseases. To study the effect of climate change on
plant diseases, and to detect new or emerging
diseases. To provide farmers with real-time
monitoring capabilities of their crop and allow
them to take early action to prevent losses.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
 For plant disease detection, diagnosis, and
treatment using IoT device in a greenhouse,
they used Support Vector Machine, KNN
Classification, Logistic Regression, Nave
Bayes, and Cross validation score in this
research work [1]. Additionally, they used
Confusion matrix (Precision and Accuracy) for
performance analysis. Their method can
recognise and categorise the second and third
phases of the plant disease and is cost-
effective. They have achieved a recall and
precision rate of 60% and an accuracy rate of
58%. Further work on this subject can include
identifying and classifying additional plant
diseases.
 For the purpose of detecting and controlling
cotton leaf disease, a regression method based
on support vector machines was used in this
article [2]. The overall classification accuracy
of this proposed method is 83.26%. Research
may be enhanced in the future to improve
agricultural output and help farmers recognise
and treat diseases, which will increase
productivity.
 In this work [3], they created an automated
approach for diagnosing plant disease using
sensors based on temperature, humidity, and
colour. With a temperature sensor, a humidity
sensor, and a colour sensor, it offers
performance accuracy of 86%, 82%, and 88%,
respectively. One of the topics for further
research in this sector is the idea of using
image processing techniques with the
recommended system to make it more effective
and accurate to determine values and identify
whether the leaves are sick or healthy.
 The goal of illness tracking in leaves and early
disease identification using ML algorithm-
based image processing may be achieved in
this study [4] by using an artificial Convolution
Neural Network (CNN) technique. Sensors are
used to detect temperature, humidity, rainfall,
and colour based only on differences in plant
leaf health using NodeMCU and the Internet of
Things (IoT). The graphs have been put to the
test using ThingSpeak, an IoT analytics tool
that enables users to capture, display, and
analyse live data streams in the cloud. The dew
point determined by the practical analysis was
25.4 degrees Celsius. This IoT and ML-based
approach can be combined with a deep
learning model (using image processing) to
potentially produce results that are more
consistent.
 According to this study [5], the suggested
system uses image processing and the Internet
of Things to process plant pictures and extract
texture data. In order to provide solutions, the
agriculture specialists classify the GLCM
characteristics at the monitoring site using the
Random Forest Classification (RFC) method.
 The planned research is described in this
publication [6] using a number of methods,
including the use of a smartphone camera and
the assistance of an agriculture expert to record
and examine photographs of rice and wheat
plant ailments. Make a smartphone app to let
consultants distinguish between the ailments
affecting rice and wheat more precisely. With a
line, the classifier divides the subjects into
their distinct groups (GREEN and RED in the
2
 research work). The disease that affects plant
leaves can be treated with this approach. Also,
it can lessen the amount of work required from
farmers while increasing agricultural output.
 This article [7] contains This study offered a
clear explanation based on an IoT system that
employs real facts, data collection, and
analytical techniques to carry out the diagnosis
and classification of rice illness. They carry out
a study using images of sick leaves and basic
image processing methods. Results from
preprocessing displayed the features more
precisely. Hence, the segmentation outcomes
are: Based on HSV analysis, four different
types of rice illnesses were classified. Future
designs can consider how to control the drone
so that it can fly over the paddy field and
capture pictures as needed.
 A lightweight artificial intelligence method for
a rice leaf disease detection system was
described in this paper [8]. The concept of
edge computing was applied here. On the edge
device, they achieved an overall classification
accuracy of 97.50%. In the near future, we
might think about employing DL to anticipate
leaf diseases.
 In this article, a study [9] method for
developing disease-resistant, high-yielding
tomato cultivars is developed utilising a
precise method for identifying plant ailments.
ML is run on an SSD MobileNet V2 FPNLite
640x640 with a mean inference time of 3.71
seconds and a mAP value of 77.25%. In the
future, we can expand this research to include
more plants of the same type, like potatoes,
and improve the model's accuracy (mAP
value).
 They developed an electronic leaf moisture
sensor that is flexible substrate-based and IoT-
enabled internally for unified plant disease
control in this work [10]. Future research will
allow us to collect data for a single crop cycle
and apply synthetic LWS to quickly predict
crop diseases.
 This study [11] suggests utilising deep learning
algorithms to help farmers recognise and
classify sugarcane diseases. They have a 95%
accuracy rate, which is very high. Many
strategies may be employed in the future to
evaluate the model's performance on the
learning set for upcoming work.
 Spectroscopy-based methodologies, non-
imaging spectroscopy approaches, imaging
spectroscopy approaches, phage display,
electrochemistry, and biophotonics techniques
are all utilised in this article [12]. Their system
is cost-effective and capable of both main and
secondary disease identification and
classification. Their Biophotonics are not yet
offered for sale commercially. Nonetheless,
they are effective in detecting early infections
using early-generated volatiles as biomarkers
and deliver speedy results. They have a lot of
potential for sustainable pest control because
they can interpret host reactions as well as how
plants respond to treatments and their health.
 The authors of this work [13] suggest a genetic
method for segmenting colour images. In order
to properly accomplish clustering, unlabeled
points in N dimensions are grouped into K
clusters using the search capacity of GAs.
Initially, K-Mean Clustering and the Minimal
Distance Criterion are used to classify the data,
with an accuracy rate of 86.54% proving their
efficacy. The detection accuracy is raised to
93.63% using the suggested technique. The
SVM classifier is utilised to perform
classification in the second stage, with an
accuracy of 95.71 percent. The suggested
method and SVM have improved the detection
accuracy to 95.71%. To improve disease
recognition during classification, artificial
neural networks, Bayes classifiers, fuzzy logic,
and hybrid algorithms can all be used.
 Convolutional layer, Pooling layer, Activation
layer, and Fully linked layer were used in this
study [14]. Authors employ Learning Vector
Quantization. On the basis of five
classifications—healthy, bacterial spot, late
light, Septoria spot, and yellow curved—a
general classification accuracy is obtained.
Different filters or convolutions of various
sizes can also be utilised to increase the
classification process' recognition rate.
 They employed Random Forests Classifier and
Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG):
Feature vector generation approaches for the
training dataset in this research [15]. They
received a Random Forest overall recognition
and detection accuracy of 70.14%. The
accuracy can be improved by training with a
large number of images and using extra local
features in addition to the global features,
including SURF (Speed Up Robust Features),
DENSE, and BOVW (Bag of Visual Word).
IV. PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE
3
 METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN
1. Sensor & Camera Deployment: This
would include setting up the ESP32 camera
module on the leaf of the corresponding
plant in the field to collect data which
basically comprises of the image of the
leaves either healthy or diseased.
2. Data collection and storage: When
activated, the camera may continually
gather data, which would then be sent to the
cloud-based platform for archival and
analysis. The acquired data will be
qualitative in nature i.e photographs of the
leaves of the plant.
3. Data analysis: Machine learning algorithms
would be used to analyze the data and
identify any signs of disease or stress. The
algorithms would be trained using a dataset
of images of diseased and healthy plants to
learn to identify patterns that indicate the
presence of a disease.
4. Disease detection and diagnosis: Once
patterns indicating the presence of a disease
are identified, the system would
automatically detect and diagnose the
disease. The diagnosis would be based on
the patterns identified and the symptoms
observed, and would be verified by
agriculturists.
5. Notification and monitoring: The
proposed system would finally indicate the
state of the plant i.e healthy or unhealthy
depending on the result received from the
ML model. Depending on this data the
farmers can monitor the plant and take
required steps to prevent the spread of the
disease.
Hardware/Software Description:
1. Arduino: A microcontroller board called
Arduino Uno is used. It contains a 16 MHz
quartz crystal, 6 analogue inputs, 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 may be used
as PWM outputs), a USB port, a power
connector, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It comes with everything needed to
support the microcontroller; to get started,
just plug in a USB cable, an AC-to-DC
converter, or a battery.
Figure 1: Arduino used for Decision
2. Python : It monitors the serial
communication out from the Arduino and
obtain the data sent by the Arduino and send
to cloud service as HTTP Request. We
perform this using TCP/IP protocol
communication via HTTP Request.
3. ESP32 Cam Module: ESP32 is a line of
inexpensive, low-power system on a chip
microcontroller that include built-in dual-
mode Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. The board
includes two powerful 32-bit LX6
Processors, WiFi, classic Bluetooth, and
low power BLE. The main frequency
adjustment runs from 80MHz to 240MHz,
and it uses a 7-stage pipeline architecture,
an on-chip sensor, a Hall sensor, a
temperature sensor, and other sensors. The
ESP32-CAM is widely applicable in
numerous IoT applications. It is appropriate
for IoT applications such as wireless
positioning system signals, industrial
wireless control, wireless monitoring, QR
wireless identification, and smart home
gadgets. For IoT applications, it is the
perfect answer.
Figure 2: ESP32 Cam Module
4. Bread Board: An electronic circuit can be
built and tested using a breadboard,
commonly referred to as a prototyping
board or solderless breadboard. It typically
consists of a grid of holes arranged in rows
4
 and columns and is made of plastic. These
holes are used to insert jumper wires to link
electronic components like resistors,
capacitors, and integrated circuits. Below
the holes on the breadboard are metal clips
or sockets that make it simple to insert and
remove components. Moreover, the sockets
or clips offer a way to join parts collectively
without the need of solder. As a result,
engineers, students, and hobbyists who want
to quickly develop or test electronic circuits
frequently choose breadboards.
Typically, the breadboard is divided into
two parts: the top and the bottom.
Components are located in the top section,
while power and ground rails are found in
the bottom section. The components
installed onto the breadboard are powered
by these rails, which run the length of the
breadboard. The positive and negative rails
are commonly denoted by the colors red and
black, respectively, on the rails.
Breadboards are available in a variety of
shapes and sizes, from tiny little
breadboards to sizable breadboards that can
support intricate circuits. To test and debug
electronic circuits, they are frequently used
in conjunction with other equipment like
oscilloscopes and multimeters.
Figure 3: Bread board
5. Jumper cables: Jumper cables are a form
of electrical wire that are used to establish
transient connections between elements or
points on a circuit board or breadboard.
They are sometimes referred to as jumper
wires or wire jumpers. Typically, they are
constructed from flexible stranded wire with
connectors at each end, allowing them to be
quickly inserted into openings on a
breadboard or in other parts. Jumper cables
are available in a range of diameters, colors,
and lengths to suit various purposes. They
can be used to provide connections between
various locations on a circuit board or to
join components like resistors, capacitors,
and integrated circuits. Depending on the
application and the type of component being
connected, the connections on the ends of
the jumper cables may be pins, sockets, or
alligator clips. Jumper cables are frequently
used in electronics prototype and testing
because they make it simple and quick to
connect components without soldering.
They can be used to test specific circuit
components or to bypass malfunctioning
ones, which makes them useful for
troubleshooting and debugging.
Jumper cables should not be used for
permanent wiring as they are designed for
temporary connections only. Use of proper
wiring methods and materials that adhere to
safety regulations and electrical codes is
crucial for permanent wiring.
Figure 4: Jumper wires
Architecture of the proposed system
Figure3: Architecture of the proposed system
V. IMPLEMENTATION
The suggested system is a working prototype for
Internet of Things-based plant disease detection. The
hardware consists of an esp32 cam module and an
Arduino Uno. The esp32 cam module receives power
supply from the Arduino. On the software side, we
combined two well-known models to construct an
ML model utilising ensemble learning that can
determine if a plant has illness or not given a picture
of a leaf as input. We've designed a straightforward
frontend page for users to interact with the system in
addition to hosting this machine learning model on a
5
flask server. The server that houses the ML model is object categories, including several animals,
first started. After this, we connect the arduino to the a keyboard, a mouse, and a pencil.
pc which starts up the esp32 cam module. We link
our system to the local access point that the esp32
establishes. The frontend component is therefore
how we communicate with the system. The so-called
"Capture & Predict" button causes the esp32 cam
module to take a picture, which is then uploaded to
the ML model for prediction by the server. The ML
model then generates a result based on the input
image and sends it back to the server. For the user's
benefit, the server then shows the forecast together
with its accuracy % on the front end.
Figure 5: Xception architecture

The entry flow is the initial step the data

takes before moving on to the middle flow,
which repeats itself eight times, and lastly
the exit flow.

Table 1 below shows that Xception

outperforms every model in ImageNet
dataset.

Figure 4: Circuit diagram on Tinkercad Table 1: Comparison between other models

Deep Learning Models used: Top-1 Top-5

accuracy accuracy
1. Xception: VGG-16 0.715 0.901
Depthwise Separable Convolutions are used
in the deep convolutional neural network
ResNet- 0.770 0.933
architecture known as Xception. Xception,
152
which means for "extreme inception,"
Inception 0.782 0.941
pushes the fundamental ideas of Inception
V3
to the limit. In Inception, the initial input
was compressed using 1x1 convolutions, Xception 0.790 0.945
and from each of those input spaces, we
utilised various types of filters on each
depth space. Quite the opposite occurs with
Xception. Instead, it applies the filters to 2. DenseNet:
each depth map individually before using A deep learning architecture for image
1X1 convolution to compress the input classification, object detection, and
space all at once. This process is nearly segmentation tasks is called DenseNet
equivalent to a depthwise separable (Dense Convolutional Network). Gao
convolution, a technique that was first Huang, Zhuang Liu, and Kilian Q.
applied to the building of neural networks in Weinberger first discussed it in a paper
2014. Between Inception and Xception, titled "Densely Linked Convolutional
there is yet another distinction. Networks" published in 2016. The concept
if a non-linearity exists or not after the of tightly linking layers in a neural network
initial procedure. In the Inception model, a is the foundation of DenseNet. With
ReLU non-linearity follows both processes, DenseNet, every layer is connected to every
whereas Xception doesn't add any non- consecutive layer, in contrast to standard
linearity. convolutional neural networks (CNNs),
A convolutional neural network with 71 where each layer is only connected to its
layers is called Xception. The ImageNet succeeding layer. As a result, a dense
database contains a pretrained version of the connectivity pattern is created, facilitating
network that has been trained on more than easier information flow throughout the
a million photos. The pretrained network network and perhaps improving accuracy
can categorise photos into 1000 different and effectiveness.
6
Each layer's input in a DenseNet is made up
of the outputs of all preceding layers
concatenated together. This implies that
rather than merely receiving the feature
maps of the previous layer as inputs, each
layer now also receives all of the feature
maps of the preceding levels. Dense
connection enables the network to learn
characteristics at various levels of
abstraction and reduces the vanishing
gradient problem.
Moreover, bottleneck layers are used in
DenseNet, which lowers the number of
input channels and, consequently, the
number of network parameters. This helps
to maintain or increase accuracy while
lowering the computational cost and
memory utilisation of the network.
Overall, DenseNet has demonstrated
cutting-edge performance for image Figure 6: Proposed Hardware unit
classification, object identification, and
segmentation tasks on a number of Figure 6 displays the entire hardware setup, which
benchmark datasets. It has also been consists of an ESP32 Cam module and an Arduino
extended for application in other fields, like Uno board coupled by jumper wires.
natural language processing, and has served
as the foundation architecture for many
additional computer vision jobs.

Figure 5: DenseNet Architecture

Figure 7.1: Healthy leaf placed in front of camera

V. TESTING AND PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION

7
 Figure 10: Prediction webpage

The taken image will be transmitted to the deep

Figure 7.2: Diceased leaf placed in front of camera
learning model after this page is activated by
pressing the capture and predict button, and the result
will be presented in the webpage within a short
period of time. Until the image loads, we must
maintain a constant position for the camera.

In the images above (7.1 & 7.2), leaves are

positioned in front of the ESP32 camera to be
classified as healthy or unhealthy by sending the
image to the trained deep learning models.

Figure 11a: Captured image of healthy leaf

Figure 8: Starting of the local server

In figure 8, it shows the server hosting the web page

on address http://127.0.0.1:5000 which is the home
page and the prediction page is hosted on address
http://192.168.1.2:5000.

Figure 9: Capture image webpage

The live image captured by the camera sensor is

shared on this website. The user can utilise the
capture photo button to view the most recent image
that the camera sensor has detected, while the refresh
page button refreshes the most recent picture that
was captured. This page is used to make sure that the
image that was taken was of the suitable quality and
orientation for the leaves.
Figure 11b: Captured image of diseased leaf
The above images (Fig 11a, 11b) highlight the
captured images of a healthy leaf and a leaf diseased
with scab.
8
 Figure 12a: Prediction for the healthy leaf

The trained model returns the predicted result of

healthy with an accuracy of 86%. This accuracy
could be improved using the quality of the image.
Figure 13a: Training and Validation Accuracy

Figure 12b: Prediction for the diseased leaf

The predicted outcome of a scab leaf is returned by

the trained model with an accuracy of 82%. The
image's quality could help to increase this accuracy.

Figure 13b: Training and Validation Loss

VI. CONCLUSION & FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

To sum up, the "Plant disease detection using IoT

and deep learning" research has shown the possibility

9
of utilising cutting-edge technology to enhance crop
management and decrease crop losses caused by
plant diseases. The research has given farmers the
ability to remotely monitor crops and identify
diseases early, resulting in more focused and
efficient treatments by merging IoT sensors and deep
learning models. Using IoT devices to gather real-
time data from the field is a crucial component of the
project. The study has shown how IoT devices may
be used to gather information on a variety of
characteristics, including temperature, humidity, and
soil moisture, which can be used to monitor crop
health and identify disease outbreaks before they
become serious.
In the future, it may be possible to incorporate more
sophisticated sensors, like hyperspectral cameras,
which can give precise details about the health and
status of a plant's diseases. Moreover, improvements
in edge computing and data processing may make it
possible to analyse the data gathered by IoT devices
more quickly and effectively.
The project's deep learning models have
demonstrated encouraging outcomes in the ability to
identify plant diseases from photographs. However,
there is room for development by adding more data
sources, such as information about the soil and the
weather, which can aid with disease forecasts. Also,
the development of increasingly complicated models,
such as graph neural networks, may allow for a more
thorough investigation of the intricate interactions
between the various elements affecting crop health.
Future improvements, such as the adoption of
blockchain technology, may improve data security
and traceability in the agricultural supply chain. This
would make it possible for farmers to follow the
progress of their crops and guarantee the authenticity
and quality of their produce, which is crucial for
high-value commodities. Overall, the "Plant disease
detection using IoT and deep learning" research has
shown the promise of utilising cutting-edge
technologies to enhance agricultural practises and
lessen the negative effects of plant diseases on crop
output. Cutting-edge technologies have the ability to
alter the agriculture sector and make it possible for
more robust and sustainable crop management
techniques.
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