Dissertation Nikhil Mangla

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND
DESIGN
SONIPAT 131001
DISSERTATION REPORT
November, 2020
PASSIVE COOLING IN COMPOSITE CLIMATE
SUBMITTED BY: GUIDED BY:

(Nikhil Mangla) (GCAD/16/319) (VIPIN GUPTA)
Passive Cooling In Composite Climate
GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
DECLARATION
I, Nikhil Mangla Roll Number, and Gcad/16/319 hereby declare that the dissertation titled “Passive
Cooling In Composite Climate” submitted by me, in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the
curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture as per the university norms, to Gateway College of
Architecture and Design, is a record of my original work with credits given for information collected
from any other source.
Nikhil Mangla
(Name of the student)
Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation titled Passive Cooling in Composite Climate, submitted in
partial fulfilment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture is the work of
Nikhil Mangla, Roll Number Gcad/16/319who carried out research work under our supervision in
Gateway College of Architecture and Design, Sonipat, Haryana.
We recommend that the dissertation report be placed before the examiners for their consideration.
______________________________ ______________________________
(Vipin Gupta) (Tanushree Das.)
Signature of the Guide Signature of the Coordinator

3
ABSTRACT:
Building sector assumes an imperative part towards energy proficiency and energy preservation. In
India buildings accounts nearly 35% of the nation’s energy utilization. There is huge increase in use
of non-renewable energy resources by cooling systems to be installed in a building majorly in
developing countries during summer season. Building part has been developing quickly and is relied
upon to expand five folds from 2005 to 2030. This quick advancement shows a test just as an
opportunity to plot the energy capable structures and to spare energy for reasonable development...
With the development these has been an exponential increment in utilization of active cooling
techniques for cooling the building leading to the factor of energy crises. This report consists of
passive design strategies and effective measures that can lead to cooling in building through passive
means. Passive cooling techniques can be defined as the use of non-mechanical methods that are
implemented in a building to maintain comfortable indoor environment as well as minimizing
negative impacts on exterior environment. A no. Of variables that influence the thermal comfort i.e.
temperature, humidity, air velocity and air movement along with the relationship between adaptive
thermal comfort and passive cooling. It also explains various factors of composite climate, as the
report is limited to a particular climate. Hence this document audits and fundamental investigations
about different passive cooling design strategies and techniques and their part in providing thermal
comfort in the building.
Key words: - passive techniques, comfort, energy efficiency, environment, development.

4
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES NO. CAPTION

1. Building Orientation
2. Shading Device
3. Jarokhas
4. Dark & Cool Roof
5. Green roofs
6. Night Ventilation
7. CII(Confederation of Indian Industries) SOHRABJI GODREJ
GREEN BUSINESS CENTRE
8. CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Plans
9. CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Sections
10a, 10b. CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Courtyard
11a, 11b. CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Jali
12. CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Wind Tower
13. CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Natural lighting &

Ventilation
14. CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Vegetation
15. CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Sustainable Materials
16. RETREAT, A north view of the RETREAT building
17. RETREAT, Rear-View
18. RETREAT, Materials
19. RETREAT, Skylights
20. RETREAT, Water Bodies
21. RETREAT, Conceptual Plan
22. RETREAT, Sections
23. RETREAT, South view of the building showing solar water
heating panels Solar Chimney
24. RETREAT, Shading
25. RETREAT, Earth tunnel system
26. ITC GREEN CENTRE
27. ITC GREEN CENTRE, Site Plan

28. ITC GREEN CENTRE, Plan 5

29. ITC GREEN CENTRE, Elevation Drawing
30. ITC GREEN CENTRE, Window WWR
31. Torrent Research Centre
32. Torrent Research Centre, Plan
33. Torrent Research Centre, Site Plan

34. Torrent Research Centre, Projected Energy consumption yearly
35. Torrent Research Centre, Passive Downdraft Evaporative
Cooling
36. Torrent Research Centre
37. CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Natural lighting &

Ventilation
38. Torrent Research Centre, Passive Downdraft Evaporative
Cooling
39. RETREAT(Resource Efficient Teri Retreat for Environmental
Awareness and Training), Shading
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. CAPTION

1. (Confederation of Indian Industries) SOHRABJI GODREJ
2. Comparative Analysis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I express sincere gratitude and indebtedness to my guide, Prof. Vipin Gupta. He has been a
constant source of inspiration throughout my work. The eagerness, moral help and counsel that
he has given me will invigorate me to the best in my undertakings. I earnestly recognize the
assistance delivered by him consistently.
I am thankful to Prof. Anurag Roy, Principal of Gateway College of Architecture & Design,
Sonepat. I am grateful to Prof. Tanushree Das. Faculty Coordinator, for their timely help and support
throughout my research work.
I offer my healthy thanks to my adored guardians, parents in law for their help and for being superb
grandparents. I owe on account of my family for their affection, consolation, and good help without
which this work would have been an outlandish undertaking. My parents have always been
supportive and their encouragement in all my endeavours from the beginning has always been a
source of inspiration for me.
I am grateful to Almighty God, with whose blessings this dissertation has seen the light of the day.
-Nikhil Mangla

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE…………………...…………………....………..…………… (2)
ABSTRACT……………….....………………………………………….…… (3)
LIST OF FIGURES……..........……………………………………………... (4-5)
LIST OF TABLES……...….....………………………………………………. (5)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……...….....………………………………………. (6)
CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION……...….....…………………………….....……. (10-12)
1.1 BACKGROUND/HISTORY
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF TOPIC
1.3 PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED
1.4 HYPOTHESIS
1.5 AIM
1.6 OBJECTIVES
1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.8 SCOPE
1.9 LIMITATION
1.10 METHODOLOGY
2. LITERATURE REVIEW……...….....…………………….....…… (13-16)
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 BUILDING PERFORMANCE
2.3 STATIC SUNSHADE
2.4 ENERGY EFFICIENT WALLS
2.4.1 Wall designs
2.4.2 Wall materials
2.4.3 Thermal mass
2.4.4 Surface finish
2.4.5 Thermal insulation
2.5 ENERGY EFFICIENT ROOFS
2.5.1 Cool roofs
2.5.2 Green roofs
2.6 NIGHT VENTILATION
3. METHODS AND METHODOLOGY…………………………………... (17) 8

3.1 METHOD(S) OPTED FOR DATA SELECTION AND ITS JUSTIFICATION
3.2 METHOD(S) OPTED FOR DATA COLLECTION AND ITS JUSTIFICATION
3.3 METHOD(S) OPTED FOR DATA ANALYSIS AND ITS JUSTIFICATION
3.4 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE METHOD(S) ADOPTED
4. CASE STUDY…………………………………..................................... (18-37)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 CII (CONFEDERATION OF INDIAN INDUSTRIES) SOHRABJI GODREJ
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Green features and sustainable technologies
4.2.2.1 Energy Efficiency
4.2.2.2 Zero water discharge building
4.2.2.3 Material and resources
4.2.2.4 Indoor air quality
4.2.3 Other notable features
4.2.4 Conceptual plans
4.2.5 Passive strategies
4.2.5.1 Courtyard
4.2.5.2 Traditional Jail
4.2.5.3 Wind Tower
4.2.5.4 Natural lighting & Ventilation
4.2.5.5 Vegetation
4.2.6 Sustainable materials
4.3 RETREAT (RESOURCE EFFICIENT TERI RETREAT FOR ENVIROMENTAL
AWARENESS AND TRAINING)
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Basic idea of Building
4.3.3 Design
4.3.4 Geometry of the Block
4.3.5 Energy efficient lighting
4.3.6 Water bodies
4.3.7 Passive cooling systems
4.3.8 Advanced Passive Cooling Strategies

4.3.8.1 Orientation 9
4.3.8.2 Solar Chimney

4.3.8.3 Courtyard
4.3.8.4 Shading
4.3.8.5 Earth Tunnel System
4.4 ITC GREEN CENTRE, GURUGRAM
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 ITC social & ecological commitment
4.4.3 Architect’s requirements from glass
4.4.4 Challenges of sustainable glazing
4.4.5 Green materials
4.4.6 Building design
4.4.7 Use of glass and energy efficiency
4.4.8 Passive strategies
4.4.8.1 Orientation
4.4.8.2 Daylight integration
4.5 TORRENT RESEARCH CENTRE IN AHMEDABAD.
4.5.1 Introduction
4.5.2 Design
4.5.3 Site Plan
4.5.4 Important Passive Features
4.5.5 (PDEC)Passive Downdraft Evaporative Cooling
4.5.6 Consequences
4.6 CONCLUSION
5. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………....... (38-41)
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 STRENGTH AND LIMITATION OF COLLECTION OF DATA
5.3 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
6. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………........ (42-44)
6.1 SUMMARY
6.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
6.3 FUTURE POSSIBILITIES
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………...…………………....………..……...... (45-51)

PLAGIARISM…………………...…………………....………..……............ (52) 10
1. INTRODUCTION
The building sectors comprise more than 40 percent of the energy consumption and Nowadays
the worldwide temperature has increased because we as human beings are not taking care of the
earth as our belonging we humans are responsible for the increased global warming,
deforestation, pollution, ozone layer depletion which has led to the rise in temperature of the
atmosphere due to which we are consistently utilizing our non-renewable assets without
remembering the requirements without bounds age. To cope up with the high temperature 90
percent of the world population install the machinery cooling systems proportionally to which
the energy consumption graph grows exponentially by which the world may face the energy
crises soon.
In this study, I will be studying the “Passive cooling systems” and “Design strategies” that can
be incorporated in a building to make Energy efficient by studying its various aspects. The
composite climate has hot, dry, humid as well as cold climate. It has normal conditions outside
for almost half a year. It covers the central part of India mainly Delhi, Prayagraj, Kanpur.
Central part of India has composite climate. The composite climate is portrayed by
overwhelmed hot and dry conditions for two-third of the Year and some degree cold and moist
season happens in the excess 33% of the year. Being adequately a long way from the equator,
this locale encounters clear occasional changes in sunlight based radiation and wind directions.
The remarkable mean diurnal changes may be observed from 11-12 degrees Celsius in hot dry
and cold dry seasons while this range narrows up to 3-6 degrees Celsius in warm humid season.
The idea of using passive energy to cool our buildings is not new. For centuries man has made
use of the cold windy climatic conditions. In the early days, the sun was used to temper the
indoor climates. Climate of earth is depend on solar energy. Earlier, the man was aware of the
advantages of finding a cave or placing wall openings in the direction against the sun's path to
escape its warmth during hot days. Passive cooling techniques are one of the ancient cooling
techniques used to decrease the temperature of the internal environment consisting of non-
mechanical ways, it is the most energy-efficient as well as a cost-effective method to achieve
the best result. The report consists of passive design strategies and effective measures that can
lead to cooling in building through passive means and removes the unwanted heat from the
room. There are some key points on which one should focus. The initial step to accomplishing
passive cooling in a structure is to lessen pointless thermal loads that may enter it. As a rule,
there are two kinds of thermal load.
 Exterior loads due to the climate.
 Conduction of heat through walls, roofs, etc.
As passive cooling uses the non- mechanical way to meet the requirements due to which it
helps to vanish the energy crisis developed by the active means. A well designed naturally
ventilated building can use just a third of the energy consumed by an air-conditioned building,
while seemingly giving an equivalent level of comfort. These can also prove helpful in
reducing its impact on the environment. These are amazingly feasible as India has distinctive
climatic conditions going from incredibly hot conditions to extreme cold conditions. Energy
from these extremities of the climate in a natural way. Traditional architecture exhibits a
variety of building designs suited to the respective climatic conditions.
Thermal Comfort is seen as the comfort of people in terms of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and
air-conditioning) under given indoor conditions. The source of passive cooling and heating
techniques is only natural like wind, sun, weather, humidity. These are some physical factors
that affect the energy loss by altering the thermal comfort. Our idea of passive cooling is not
only based on the weather conditions but also on the architectural importance of the building
which means the building should be well designed For example, orienting more windows on
the north, high-performance glazing to reduce heat gains, 11

incorporating shading device to prevent direct sunlight.
Architecture doesn’t only mean designing and construction
buildings but also plays a vital role in developing a pleasant
environment surrounding our building. The environment is
the most priceless creation of God for everyone. By the use
of these techniques, it can minimize the use of fuel and fossil
consumption which may ease the ongoing energy scarcity.
We as humans need to save the world as it is set on fire and Fig.1
has to work to save ourselves and to make the world a better place to live for the upcoming
generation and give the gift of humanity to them.
1.1. BACKGROUND/HISTORY
The most recent 20 years have seen a severe energy crisis in developing countries during the
summer season due to the cooling load requirements of buildings. The energy utilization in
structures is quite high and is expected to further increase because of improving standards of
living and increasing world population. Cooling use has progressively infiltrated the market
during the most recent couple of years and incredibly adds to the upsurge of total energy
utilization. As per the World watch Institute, structures burn-through about 40% of the world's
energy creation. Building energy use likewise delivers 33% of all yearly carbon dioxide
discharges, essentially adding to the atmosphere changes achieved by the aggregation of this
warmth catching gas. In India, the structure area speaks to about 33% of absolute power
utilization, with the business area.
1.2. IMPORTANCE OF TOPIC:

Passive cooling techniques can decrease the peak cooling load in the buildings, subsequently
lessening the size of the air conditioning equipment and the period for which it is commonly
required. It basically consists of the natural cooling processes to achieve balanced interior
conditions. Keeping up an agreeable climate in a structure in a hot climate lessening the rate of
warmth gains into the structure and empowering the expulsion of abundance heat from going
into the structure. Ancient architecture styles in India have used various passive techniques to
restrict the flow of heat to and from a building or by inducing the natural airflow within the
building to meet the requirement of thermal comfort.
1.3. PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED:

As an architect, we should think about every aspect related to building so that perfect balance is
maintained between building, user, and surrounding environment. Different techniques and
innovations are evolved to prevent extra energy consumption.
1.4. HYPOTHESIS
The main intent of the selection of the topic “passive cooling in buildings” is to understand the
thermal comfort conditions in a building and to study various passive cooling techniques and
design strategies that can be used by an architect for designing the building in the composite
climate of India. The building utilizes an extensive amount of energy for the vitality of cooling,
heating, ventilation to create desirable thermal conditions within a building. Predominantly
major part of India comprises a composite climate, we need to take care of both heating and
cooling within the building due to extremities of weather conditions throughout the year. To
cater to these extremities, we are using active means to achieve comfortable conditions. This
active means is working on the energy obtained from the conventional energy resources.
1.5. AIM

To understand the thermal comfort conditions in buildings achieved through various cooling 12
techniques as translated in design strategies that can be used in the composite climate of India.
1.6. OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the composite climate and factors it depends upon.
 Analyzing Thermal comfort conditions inside a building and its various parameters for a better
understanding.
 Studying passive techniques and strategies for natural cooling in a building to achieve better
comfortable conditions within the buildings.
1.7. RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

Q1- What are the different conditions and factors to achieve thermal comfort?
Q2- Techniques and architectural interventions and strategies for passive cooling that can be
used to achieve thermal comfort in a building?
1.8. SCOPE:
The determination of a suitable passive cooling technique is a significant task as it relies upon
climatic conditions, building space constraints, and the performance of the passive technique. In
this manner, to receive a suitable passive technique for a given building, exhaustive information
of different passive cooling techniques along with an understanding of their applicability.
1.9. LIMITATION
 Research concentrates on passive cooling in the chosen climatic zone therefore no active
strategies have been studied.
 In this we will only get to know about the passive means of cooling and no other mechanical
features will be studied.
1.10. METHODOLOGY
 Study of passive cooling and its techniques gives an idea of reducing the energy consumption
 Similarly, by examining the architectural features supporting the passive designs gives an
identity to the building.
 Use of passive designs would make the use of mechanical systems almost up to negligible.
 Primary data were collected through informal onsite interviews and interviews were then
compared to available data on the other sources.
 Analysis of the case studies expressing how we can save the energy by using the traditional and
basic techniques.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The study of the literature review of the given thesis deals with an overview of the literature on
whole building performance, static sunshade, energy-efficient walls, roofs, and night ventilation.
Experimental, simulation, numerical/ mathematical studies on the design and thermal performance
evaluation of walls and roofs, their limitations have been discussed. Moreover, the objectives of the
present research work have also been presented. It not only explains the individual effects but also
discusses the combined effect on the building. In this chapter, the thesis has made us understood
that the main design parameters that need to be considered for the design of energy-efficient
buildings are walls, roof, placement and size of openings, the ratio of window/wall area, and
provision of proper shading devices.
2.2 BUILDING PERFORMANCE

Energy utilization of a building can be influenced at same time by many building design factors
related to its main architectural features, building elements, and materials. Several types of research
related to the thermal performance and energy efficiency of buildings which considers thermal
mass, double glazing, insulation to improve indoor thermal comfort in various climate zones and
seasons. Some have developed an international database of low-energy homes and the low energy
techniques applied to them while others have proposed that the development of passive house
design guidelines could be based on the actual energy utilisation of data. The design data included
the ratio of building surface to building volume, total window area to total wall area, total window
area to indoor space volume, total window area to total floor area, north window area to north wall
area, north wall area to indoor space volume, north wall area to total wall area, roof area to indoor
space volume, roof space volume to indoor space volume.
2.3 STATIC SUNSHADE

Windows are the most considerable aspect of heat
gain in a building so the design and orientation of
shading devices must be appropriate about the
fenestration to maximize shading during the summer
months to eliminate heat gain while still letting direct
sun into the inside of the building during the winter
season to more heat gain. The investigation has been
done on the impact of radiant heat transfer from the
window sunshades on the glazing it shades. This was
examined using sunshades made of three distinct
materials. The shading devices were discovered to be Fig.2
effective in decreasing the direct solar heat gain, but at the
same time, the re-radiation and reflection of incident solar
radiation from their surfaces considerably affected the
glass surface temperatures.
2.4 ENERGY EFFICIENT WALLS

To achieve the ideal energy efficient walls there are some key points should followed:
Wall designs, Wall material, insulation.
2.4.1 Wall design:

The thermo-physical properties of external walls have a necessarily effect on the energy use of 14
buildings. Commonly utilized in cold climates, the walls that trap and transmit solar energy
proficiently into the structure are called passive solar walls. The classical Trombe wall is a massive
wall covered by outside glazing with an air-channel in middle. Massive wall absorbs sun radiation
through the glazing. Energy is moved through the wall into the room by conduction.
The flow of air can be controlled into the room or to the ambient by providing proper vents in the
interior wall. In summer daytime, the wall provides effective air insulation and during the night, the
cool ambient air comes interacts with the warm block divider and gets warmed, establishing a
natural flow of air. This air movement helps in the quick removal of the heat flux. During winter,
the vents may be opened during the day for providing warm air into the room and all vents may be
kept shut during the evening time, thus providing air insulation which reduce heat losses to the
ambient. This wall can be operated in three modes:
 No progression of air in the gap thus accordingly successfully diminishing the system to an
air gap within the wall.
 The continuous flow of air into the room or to the atmosphere is maintained by natural or
forced convection.
 No airflow during the day or night and creating an airflow by opening the vents during night
or day time depending on the weather condition.
2.4.2 Wall material:

Recycled or renewable materials may be an alternative to conventional construction materials
such as concrete or steel to reduce carbon emission and to save energy for manufacturing.
Straw bale is one such material that showed good thermal resistance and delayed heat-transfer
from inside to outside.
2.4.3 Thermal mass:

It is the high heat capacity materials that can retain heat, store it, and delivery it later. It helps
in the regulation of indoor temperature by engrossing and dynamically delivering the heat
gained through both external and internal means. This leads to delaying/reducing the peak of
indoor loads and decreasing the mean radiant temperature.
2.4.4 Surface Finish:

Highly textured walls have bits of their surfaces in the shade. In
Jaisalmer, the walls are made up of thick stone walls which provides
them the great thermal capacity, and outside conditions are attenuated
to provide comfort conditions inside. Building facades have a large
number of projections like Jharokas and Chajjas which are proven very
useful for shading around the facades. The front facades which stay
uncovered are controlled by creating deeply carved patterns. As the
thickness of the walls is increased three folds which increases the
Fig.3
surface area automatically, it basically helps in reducing the heat gain
as well as increases the speed of heat loss which will lead to faster
cooling.
2.4.5 Thermal insulation:

Thermal insulation is an important means of achieving energy conservation in buildings. The
concept of economic thermal insulation thickness considers the initial cost of the insulation

system plus the ongoing value of energy savings over the expected service life of the 15
insulation. An appropriate amount of thermal insulation in the building envelope helps to
reduce the cooling and heating energy demands of a building and its associated carbon
dioxide (CO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions into the atmosphere.
2.5 ENERGY EFFICIENT ROOFS

The roof plays a very important role in heat gain and heat loss by the building it directly contributes
towards increasing internal surface temperature. The thermal performance of roofs depends on the
design, surface reflectance, and roof treatment.
2.5.1 Cool roofs
It is defined as those with a surface that is both
highly reflective and emissive qualities. Cool roof
systems require light membranes and coatings to
achieve the ideal characteristics. For cool rooftops,
the joined impact of the three boundaries that
characterize heat gain and loss from a roof, namely
solar albedo, thermal remittance, and sub-roof
resistance value, must be considered.
2.5.2 Green roofs Fig.4

It is also called as vegetative roof systems.
Vegetative roofs are divided into either
intensive or extensive, based on planting
medium depth. Intensive vegetative roofs are
the more significant roof-garden variety and
oblige the development of trees and shrubs.
Green roofs have not only solved the problems
of the urban environment like runoff water
management but have also helped in
increasing the durability of the material. Green Fig.5
roofs have an insulation aspect as well as a
positive effect on energy performance.
2.6 NIGHT VENTILATION

Suitable planning of energy-efficient buildings requires a balance
between the thermal performance of the building and the appropriate
selection of techniques for heating and cooling. The utilization of
natural ventilation for maintaining interior comfort greatly depends on
the fresh air. It is possible to reduce the increasing energy
requirements in buildings by the passive cooling of buildings by
night-time ventilation.
Night ventilation works by utilizing common or mechanical

ventilation to cool the surfaces of the structure around evening time.
Night ventilation is generally fit to places of business on the grounds
that these are normally not involved during the night.Night ventilation can affect internal
Fig.6
conditions during the day are mention below:
 Lessen peak air-temperatures. 16

 Reducing air temperatures throughout the day, in particular during the morning hours.
 Reducing slab temperatures.
 Creating a time lag between the occurrence of external and internal maximum temperature.
Based on a number of research the review has made us understand the different aspects of passive
cooling techniques and its implementations like:
 Design passive building elements like a static sunshade, wall, roof responsive to Climate for
energy efficiency in buildings
 Analyzing the thermal performance of rooms with a different combination of building
materials and elements during different seasons of the year.
 Proper implementation of the thermal comfort techniques and their actual effects on survival
inside the building
 Combined effects of the elements in the building throughout the year in different seasonal
periods
 Comparison of the passive design building with the more conventional one.

17
3. METHODS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 METHODS OPTED OF DATA AND CASE SELECTION AND ITS

JUSTIFICATION
The methods down below give an easy understanding of applying and studying thermal
comfort during different seasons throughout the year in composite climatic zones.
 Design passive building elements like static sunshade, wall, and roof responsive to climate
for energy efficiency in buildings.
 Analyze the thermal performance of rooms with a different combination of building
elements in various months and on representative days.
 Implement the designed elements in actual buildings to assess their impact on the thermal
performance of a building
 Study the individual and combined effect of the designed building elements in all the
seasons throughout the year
 Compare the thermal performance of the whole building having the designed passive
building elements with a conventional building.
3.2 METHODS OPTED FOR DATA COLLECTION AND ITS JUSTIFICATION

The methods used for the data collection have been selected as they help in better
understanding the requirements and designs needed for understanding and achieving the
thermal comfort in the zone of composite climate. It also analyzes the problems easily and also
leaves scope for improvement. The methods involved:
 Online references for different case studies of big institutional infrastructures.
 Questionnaires were found to be useful to study the design features of the building in the
composite climatic zone.
 Activity and usage status of the area.
 Analyzing different research papers and their comparison.
3.3 METHODS OPTED FOR DATA ANALYSIS AND ITS JUSTIFICATION

A comparison of the different case studies is been done based on construction material, area of
the building, room size, courtyard, ventilation area, daylight, orientation, landscapes, etc. This
analysis is done to understand the implementation of the design features used in the composite
climatic zone and to make this study easier.
3.4 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE METHOD(S) ADOPTED

 The advantages of this study is that we get acquainted with different perspectives of one study
by analyzing different case studies. This research pattern makes the study diverse and more
informative.
 The data depends on the perspective of only one individual so it makes it less universal and
more compact .As our study is based on the composite climate so we are bounded to study and
research in composite climatic zones only like Delhi, Kanpur etc. As we have done secondary
case study instead of primary case study and have not studied the building area for a long time
span so we cannot conclude the research as universal on the basis of short span of study. The
concept of our study is composite climate so it can be studied in composite climatic zones and
there are different techniques applied in the different regions of the given zone.

18
4. CASE STUDIES
4.1 Introduction:
Several case studies like CII (confederation of Indian industries) Sohrabji Godrej Green
Business Centre, Retreat (Resource Efficient TERI Retreat for Environmental Awareness
and Training), ITC Green and Torrent Research Centre have cleared several aspects of
studying passive cooling techniques E.g. Analysed the thermal performance of rooms with a
different combination of building elements in various months and on representative days.
Implement the designed elements in actual buildings to assess their impact on the thermal
performance of a building. Studied the individual and combined effect of the designed building
elements in all the seasons throughout the year.
These case studies helped in learning the energy-efficient methods easily and have given an easy
comparison to the active methods. Some of the case studies are a good collaboration of the
traditional, modern as well as renewable sources.
These case studies have shown us the importance of energy-efficient buildings in this fast,
modern world. In the case studies, there are different aspects mentioned like Vegetation,
Daylight, Courtyards, Landscapes, PDEC (passive downdraft evaporative cooling),
Orientation, Earth Tunnel System, Solar Chimney, Wind Tower and Shading, Traditional
Jali etc.
Every method used has a different aspect and importance in each building which makes the
building energy efficient in every aspect.
Applying passive cooling means reducing differences between outdoor and indoor temperatures,
improving indoor air quality, and making the building both a better and more comfortable
environment to live or work in.
To enhance the energy productivity of a building, a variety of active and passive design
techniques can be consolidated. Behind all these underlying case studies there are basic
principles applied for the usage of passive strategies:
 Continuous insulation breaks warm extensions among inside and out
 Airtight construction stops heat and moisture
 Enhanced windows keep heat in and out
 Balanced ventilation ensures fresh air and controls moisture
 Minimal mechanical is all a too close structure requires
The methods used for the data collection have been selected as they help in better understanding
the requirements and designs needed for understanding and achieving the thermal comfort in the
zone of composite climate. It also analyzes the problems easily and also leaves scope for
improvement. The methods involved:
 Online references for different case studies of big institutional infrastructures.
 Questionnaires found to be useful to study the design features of the building in the
composite climatic zone.
 Activity and usage status of the area.
 Analyzing different research papers and their comparison.

4.2 CII (Confederation of Indian Industries) SOHRABJI 19

GODREJ GREEN BUSINESS CENTRE
4.2.1 Introduction:
One of the best sample of passive architectural design in
the Asia. President Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam inaugurated in
Hyderabad in July 2004
It is the first LEED Platinum evaluated green building in India

The building incorporates several world-class energy and environment-friendly features, Fig.7
like
 including solar PV (Photovoltaic)systems,
 indoor air quality observing, a high-proficiency HVAC system,
 Passive cooling system using wind towers, Superior glass, stylish roof gardens, rainwater
harvesting , and so on
TABLE: 1
Listing out the unique features of the building which won the
highest rating in the world, Godrej said that 80 percent of the
material used in the construction of the building was recycled.
It included fly debris, a waste material emerging from
concrete, and other industries. The building releases zero
water as the entirety of its pre-owned water is reused.
There are two air conditioning towers in which the

approaching air is cooled 7 to 8 degrees by the splashing of
water. The pre-cooled water is fed into the air conditioning
system further lowering the energy costs.
The site of the building was not in the least upset for the
development of the structure, according to the LEED
standards,” The building is also highly energy-efficient
and uses 55 percent less energy than a conventional building.
It has been developed so that the admission of characteristic
lighting is high and there is no requirement for outer lighting.
The 60% of the top of the building is covered by the roof

garden as a good insulating property and to chop down the
load on the air-condition system.
The balance portion of the roof is covered by solar

photovoltaic with 24 KW capacity. The 100 to 120 units of
power generated per day is fed into the grid meeting 20
percent of the total energy cost of the building.

4.2.2 Green features and Sustainable Technologies: 20

4.2.2.1 Energy Efficiency
Best in class Building Management Systems (BMS) were introduced for ongoing seeing
of energy usage. The utilization of aerated concrete blocks for exteriors decreases the load on
air-conditioning by 15-20%. Double-glazed units with argon gas filling between the glass
sheets upgrade the warm properties.
4.2.2.2 Zero Water Discharge Building

The entirety of the wastewater, including grey and black water, produced in the building
is treated biologically through a process called the Root Zone Treatment System. The
source treated water meets the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) norms. The treated
water is utilized for landscaping.
4.2.2.3 Materials and Resources

80% of the materials utilized in the building are sourced within 500 miles from the task site.
The greater part of the construction material also utilizes post-consumer and industrial waste as
a raw material during the assembling cycle. Fly-ash based bricks, glass, aluminum, and ceramic
tiles, which contain a consumer and industrial waste, are used in constructing the building to
encourage the usage of recycled content. More than 50 percent of the construction waste is
recycled inside the building or shipped off to different sites and redirected from landfills.
4.2.2.4 Indoor Air Quality

Indoor air quality is continuously monitored and a minimum of fresh air is pumped into the
conditioned spaces at all times. Fresh air is additionally brought into the structure through
wind towers. The use of the low volatile organic compound (VOC) paints and coatings,
adhesives, sealants, and carpets also help to improve indoor air quality.
4.2.3 Other Notable Features:

 Rain water harvesting
 Energy-efficient lighting systems through minimal bright light bulbs
 Water-less urinals in men’s restroom
 Operable windows and lighting controls for better day lighting and perspectives
 Water-efficient fixtures: ultra-low and low-flow flush fixtures
 Large vegetative open spaces Maximum day lighting
 Shaded car park

4.2.4 Conceptual plans 21
Fig.8 GROUND FLOOR PLAN
Fig.9 SECTIONS

22
4.2.5 Passive Strategies:
4.2.5.1 Courtyard
The courtyards act as "light wells," enlightening adjoining work areas. When this light isn't
adequate, sensors trigger the arrangement of efficient electric lights. Dimmers consequently
control the brightening levels, turning the lights off when they're unnecessary.
Fig.10a Fig.10b
4.2.5.2 Traditional Jali

It is utilized to prevent glare and heat gain while guaranteeing
satisfactory daylighting and perspectives. The jali, utilized in
numerous noteworthy structures, for example, the Taj Mahal.
Jali for bringing in Natural Light and also in Ventilation
Fig.11a
Fig.11b

4.2.5.3 Wind Tower: 23
Wind tower with evaporative cooling a

blend of reasonable cooling in the ground
and evaporative cooling with the
progression of air induced by the wind
tower can be achieved by a configuration
as shown. The heat loss from air results in
a decreased air temperature, but no change
in the water vapor content of the air.
Fig.12
4.2.5.4 Natural lighting & Ventilation:
• Natural light avoidance system can

coordinate light profound into the room and
guarantee better common lighting
arrangements.
• Building design guarantees that 90% of

spaces have sunlight access and perspectives to
the outside.
• North exteriors side are coated for

productive diffused light. Fig.13
4.2.5.5 Vegetation:
 Fenestration maximized on the north
orientation
 The Roof garden covering 60% of the
building area and the rest of the roof is
covered with solar panels.
 large vegetative open spaces
 Lowering of temperature is also made
possible by the heavy vegetation.
 The selectively cross-ventilating air is
drawn from the grassy and vegetated areas.
Fig.14

24
4.2.6 Sustainable Materials:
 Fly Ash Brick:

o Manufacturing method saves energy, reduces mercury pollution,
o It costs 20% less than traditional clay brick manufacturing.
o Low embodied energy, high recycled content, low CO2 emission
o Lighter than clay bricks.
o High strength, practically no breakage during transport
o Uniform size of bricks reduces mortar required for joints and plaster by 50%
 An impressive 77% of the building materials utilize reused content as broken glass, broken
tiles, recycled paper, recycled aluminum, a cinder from industrial furnaces, bagasse (waste
from sugar cane) cellulose fibers, mineral fibers and cellulose fibers.
 A waste management plan ensured that 96% of construction waste was reused.
Fig.15
 Stone grid pavers used on roads  Use of bamboo as landscape
for easy drainage of water elements
 Reuse of construction waste stone  Clay tile paving in the
in paving the gardens gardens

4.3 RETREAT (Resource Efficient Teri Retreat for Environmental Awareness and Training) 25
4.3.1 Introduction:
 It is located in TERI (The Energy
and Resources Institute) Golf
Course (GUAL PAHARI,
GURUGRAM).
 It is an institutional building. Fig.16
A north view of the RETREAT
 The building is designed by MR. SANJAY PRAKASH AND building
TERI.
 The construction of the building started in year 1997 and ended
up in year 2000.
 The covered area by the building is 3000 Sqm.
 There is a 30 room hostel, having conference facility for 100 people.
 Covering an area of 36.5 hectares of beautifully landscaped surroundings.
 When TERI bought the land there was no vegetation and the area was totally rocky and now TERI
has successfully developed a lush green habitat which integrates various forms of renewable
energy sources and is an ideal example for architects for the promotion of renewable energy.
It is a blend innovation of technology and

architecture in a way that the viewer's understanding
of the climate energy, and building develops. An
integrated design element, solar passive
architecture, renewable sources of energy,
conventional and non-conventional cooling, and
energy-saving features. These features stand out in
an astonishing blend of technology an architecture.
Fig.17
4.3.2 Basic idea of the Building:

In the creation of this building three important things were considered:
1. The functionality of the building and trying to see how energy is used in it
2. The design of the complex minimizes the demands of energy in the building by
architectural intervention through passive concepts like solar orientation, latticework for
shading, insulation, and landscaping.
3. The space conditioning and lightning demands are met through energy-efficient system
whereas the energy demands are fulfilled by renewable energy sources.

4.3.3 Design Features: 26

 The roof is protected with
vermiculate cement finished off with
china mosaic for ideal heat
reflection.
 The entire complex is south facing
and deciduous trees all around it
provide shade during summer while letting in the sun Fig.18
 East and West walls are facing walls that are devoid of openings and are shaded.
 Shading devices and fenestrations are designed to block the sun in summer and let it in the
winter sun.
 Without glare daylight has been given in the conference, library, and recreation hall.
 Landscaping has been adequately designed so those wind directions are favorably altered.
4.3.4 Geometry of the Block:

 The north block is made slightly concave towards the front.
 The point of the south block broadly falls on the surface of large imaginary cones that B
generated the slightly free U geometry.
4.3.5 Energy Efficient Lighting:

 Uses energy-efficient CFL in the private quarters, corridors, lobby &
toilets.
 The meeting rooms appreciate without glare daylight through
skylights.
 Time-based controls switch off lights at present time.
4.3.6 Water Bodies: Fig.19

 RETREAT is a re-circulating system in which a large
body of water flows over extensive surfaces to
maximize evaporation.
 Water evaporation has a cooling effect on the
surrounding areas. The tall strong solid sections of
expansive measurements over which the water streams
down the tallness of the courtyard, and the thin sheet
that floods the sides of the pool at ground level make
a huge warmth sink and an assemblage of air near wet
bulb temperature. Fig.20

4.3.7 Passive Cooling System: 27

The south square of RETREAT are kept up at agreeable temperatures (approx. 20-30 degree
Celsius) around the year by the earth air tunnel system. In any case, cooler air underground
should be flowed in the living space. Each room in the south square has a 'Solar Chimney;
warm air rises and escapes through the Chimney, which makes an air current for the cooler
air from the underground passages to supplant the warm air. Two blowers introduced in the
passages accelerate the cycle. A similar component supplies warm air from the passage
during winter.
4.3.8 Conceptual Plan and Section:
Fig.21
CONCEPTUAL
PLAN
Fig.22
SECTIONS

4.3.9 Advanced Passive Cooling Strategies: 28
4.3.9.1 Orientation:
 The TERI RETREAT Building shows how direction assumes a significant part in 'sun
based design'. The building was arranged along the E-W axis to have greatest
presentation along north and south which is the most suggested orientation in Solar-
passive architecture
 South orientation gets the greatest sunlight based radiation during winters which is ideal
as the composite climate gets serious winters. The orientation guaranteed winter sun and
satisfactory sunlight in the structure.
4.3.9.2 Solar Chimney:
 Louvers in the doors ensure air circulation
even if the doors are closed.
 It assists escape with warming to ventilate of

the structure and encourages a section of cool
air into the structure from openings close to
the ground.
Fig.23
 This air flowed is enlarged by a Solar South view of the building showing solar water heating
chimney which pulls air from the panels and solar chimney
receiving area.
4.3.9.3 Courtyards:
 RETERAT is one of the best examples of providing spaces with different thermal
characteristics through verandas and courtyards. As one moves in from the lobby area,
the structure opens up to two courtyards with vegetation and water
 The sunken courtyards provide an element of surprise to visitors and bring adequate daylight
and ventilation into all areas of the building. The designer has endeavored to reestablish to
the courtyard its unique capacity of being an inner climate modifier.
 The breezy veranda is ideally suited for the monsoon period.
 The diagonal placement of two courtyards, with the second one being open-ended, has
immensely increased the air circulation within the building.
4.3.9.4 Shading:
It portrays the best case for solar passive design. The
building has been planned with sufficient shading devices
and fenestration has been intended to cut off summer sun
and let in the colder time of year sun. The external walls are
additionally concealed enough with red stone Jali and
deciduous trees. Creepers and trees along the dividers add to
the protection and help evaporative cooling.
Fig.24

29
4.3.9.5 Earth Tunnel System:

 Daily and annual temperature
fluctuations decrease with the
increase in depth below the
ground surface.
 At a depth of about 4 m below
ground, the temperature inside
the earth remains nearly
constant round the year and is
nearly equal to the annual
average temperature of the
place.
 A tunnel in the form of a pipe
or otherwise embedded at a
depth of about 4 m below the
ground will acquire the same
temperature as the
surrounding earth at its surface. Fig.25
 Therefore, the ambient air ventilated through this tunnel will get cooled in summer and
warmed in winter and this air can be used for cooling in summer and heating in
winter.
 This technique has been used in the composite climate of Gurgaon in the RETREAT
building.
 However, cooler air underground needs to be circulated in the living space. Each space in
the south block has a 'solar chimney; warm air goes up and pull out through chimney.
 Two blowers installed in the tunnels speed up the process.
 The same mechanism supplies warm air from the tunnel during winter.

4.4 ITC GREEN CENTRE, GURGAON 30
4.4.1 Introduction
 Location: Gurgaon, India

 Floor Area: 1, 70,000 Sq.Ft
 Architect: Rajender Kumar and
Associates, New Delhi, India.
 Points Scored: 52/69.
 One of the most grounded parts of ITC Green Fig.26
Center is its plan.
 All things are incorporated as they were with the goal that they can work
as normally as could reasonably be expected.
Notable highlights of Platinum appraised ITC Green Center:
 Sustainable Site
 Water Efficiency
 Materials and Resource
 Innovation and Design Process
4.4.2 ITC social & ecological commitment:

 'Carbon Positive' Corporation - utilization of climate agreeable powers, sustainable
power, and enormous scope afforestation have empowered the Company
 'Water Positive' Zero Water Discharge and Solid Wastes enterprise
4.4.3 Architect’s requirements from glass:
 According to the architects of this project, when they started working on the facades they
needed a company that gave them enough options to test out the designs and do the energy
modeling analysis.
 Saint-Gobain with its expertise to address such situations could work closely with the
architect and the client and provided the various options of modern sustainable glazing.
4.4.4 Challenges of sustainable glazing:

 It is often a remarkable challenge to figure out a property glazing style for
tropical climate. Whereas doing fashionable workplace buildings one needs to make sure
that the sunshine penetrates deep into the inside areas and at constant time keeps the
warmth out.
 ITC could achieve the twin proposition of lending in abundant natural light yet cutting down the
heat gain in the interiors with advanced high-performance glazing solutions.

4.4.5 Green materials: 31
 Glass– It is the principle

material utilized in the
structure as it helped the
architect accomplish a few
purposes. The glass utilized
here has 19% reused content.
 Fly ash based concrete- The
structure has utilized many
reused and recyclable materials
like fly ash brick concrete
based and so on indeed, over
10% of the building's absolute
material is reused, repaired, or
rescued from different locales.
 Local material– It was a conscious effort to obtain however much Fig.27
building material as could be expected from the close by sources to
decrease the effect of material transportation on the climate. Over 40% of
the material was obtained from inside 500 miles of the site.
 Low emitting materials– Low adhesives and sealants are used for carpets,
composite woods and paints.
4.4.6 Building design:

By giving the 'L' shape design the width
of the floor Plate is decreased for a
similar measure of floor plate thereby
permitting regular light to enter profound
into the 'inside spaces.
Design Intent:
• High energy productivity of the

facade with ideal light transmission.
• On the Northern side, the glass
arrangement was needed to give a
higher light transmission due to the
orientation of the building.
Fig.28

 The Green Building standards underscore regular lighting and unlimited vision as the two 32
of them are connected to human wellbeing and profitability. Glass is the main material that
can assist with accomplishing these requirements.
Fig.29
Storm water harvesting and zero-discharge water facility:
 Rainwater energize pits are provided water effectiveness.

 Water is treated and recycled to be utilized for irrigation purposes to guarantee zero
discharge into municipal drainage.
 40% less water utilization through low discharge fixtures.
 Water treatment to guarantee 40% of required potable water.
4.4.7 Use of glass and energy efficiency:

 The architects attempted to utilize energy-effective glass for the structure since the principal
necessity of a decent workplace is to offer characteristic light and clear visibility, and no one
but glass can accomplish that.
 The deep penetration of sunlight lessens the necessity of artificial lighting, thus enhancing
energy productivity.
 The special double –glazing used in the ITC Green Centre allows maximum sunlight in while
blocking most of its heat content, thus the burden on air-conditioners is lessen. This is the best
answer for tropical climatic conditions.
 The ITC Green Centre accomplishes a 53% saving on energy utilization, a genuine
accomplishment at the time it was built.
 High reflective roof coating with 0.94 emissivity helps insides to be cooler, saving load on
cooling equipment.
 The building utilizes effective light fixtures.
 Solar photovoltaic cells on the roof are utilizes for water heating and crisis.

4.4.8 Passive strategies: 33
4.4.8.1 Orientation
 ‘L’ shape design with the main entrance towards the north
 Longer axes alongside NE and NW directions
 By ‘L’ shape design, the width of the floor Plate is diminished for the same amount of floor
plate area thereby permitting natural light to profound into the interior spaces.
 It ensures that part of the façade is always shaded.
 Windows are shaded while the roof is not shaded
4.4.8.2 Daylight integration:

It embraces compelling daylight integration. At ITC green center, in the day time, unlike other
office buildings, artificial light (fake light) isn't burned-through in any way. The design of the
building ensures sunlight penetration deep into the interior spaces. The glazing for the building has
been designed to maximize the effect of natural light, largely eliminating the need for artificial ones
yet chopping down the heat gain in the interiors
Windows:
 Double glazing window
 Glass on north orientation has a
lighter light transmission
 Use of glass in this building is
largely eliminating the requirement
for artificial light during day time.
 The high-performance window glass,
while permitting light inside, does
not permit heat and also keeps the
workplace cool from inside during
the day decreasing the load on HVAC systems Fig. 30
 Higher light Transmission Glass on North orientation for better daylight
integration
 Optimum WWR which not exactly ECBC standard (40%) helps in diminishing outside solar
heat gain.

4.5 TORRENT RESEARCH CENTER 34

4.5.1 Introduction:
 Location: GIDC Bhat, Ahmedabad, Gujarat,
India.
 Architect and interior consultants: Nimish
Patel and Parul Zaveri, Abhikram,
Ahmedabad.
 Total built-up area -19700sqm
 Project period: 1994-1999
Fig.31
 It is a complex of research laboratories with supporting facilities and infrastructures.
Passive downdraft evaporative cooling is used in the complex and demonstrates that it is
possible to gain human comforts in dry hot regions without utilizing regular HVAC system
and without compromising the expense of development.
 A procedure, based on passive

ventilation and evaporative
cooling, was created and tested
with a pilot laboratory before
being applied to the ensemble.
The outcome is the dramatic
ventilation towers which are the
project's distinctive feature.
 Passive Downdraft
Evaporative Cooling (PDEC)
was endeavored through an
arrangement of assigned inlets
and outlets and source shafts
which as a result of their areas,
sizes and heights, and through
their complex yet mimicked and
top to bottom explored
arrangement, create the
necessary development of air in Fig.32
various spaces without utilizing any mechanical or
electrical energy.
 For as long as 14 years India's biggest latent passive working with its energy utilization at
1/fourth of energy benchmark suggested by TERI & GRIHA and 1/9th of India’s very good
quality utilization.
 Basically the building is a complex of pharmaceutical research laboratories.

4.5.2 Design: 35
 The plan of the building encourages creating an air draft expecting still air conditions.
 Peripheral shafts are used to heat up the air from where it rises and escapes through the
openings at the top.
 The air in the volume gets replaced from the usable spaces, which thus gets it’s its own
substitution through the particular region, on top of which the air inlets are located. The
entering air is sprinkled with a fine shower of water fog at the inlets, during hot temperature
outside.
 At each levels, sets of hopper windows planned to catch the descending flow can be utilized to
divert some of the cooled air into adjacent space having passed through space, the air then exits
via high-level glass louvers opening connecting directly to the perimeter exhaust shaft towers
that suck the air and design create a circulation across the complex ensuring the displacement of
fresh air along the day.
4.5.3 Site plan: Fig.33

• During the warm humid monsoon when the utilization of
the sprayed water would be improper, the roof are brought
into activity to give extra air development in the workplace
and research centers.
 In the cooler season the operating strategies designed to

control the ventilation ,particularly at night ,to minimize heat
loss this is done simply by the users adjusting the Hooper
windows and opening in their individual spaces to suit their
requirements
.  Overall control of the solar heat is achieved by design of the

glazing.

4.5.4 Important Passive Features: 36

The fixed windows are the main chosen quantum and concealed
remotely, in the flat plane by overhangs, yet likewise in the vertical
one by the air exhaust tower which project from facade.
 The building are thermally massive-the R.C.C framed structure

has cavity brick infill walls, plastered on both the sides, and the
hollow concrete
 The roof coffers are filled with blocks, also plastered inside with
vermiculite utilized as a protecting material on both roof and walls
outer surface is white the wall roof is painted utilizing a china
mosaic completion.
Fig.34
4.5.5 (PDEC)Passive Downdraft Evaporative Cooling
At the top of the tower, it consists of a
downdraft tower with wetted cellulose pads .On
the top of the pads water is distributed, collected
at the bottom into a sump, and recirculated by a
pump. In designs eliminate the recirculation
pump and it use the pressure in the supply water
line to rush water over the pads, eliminating the
requirement for any electrical energy input. In
some designs, water is sprayed using micronized
in place of pads. Thus, the towers are equipped
with evaporative cooling devices at the top so
that it could give cool air through gravity flow.
These towers are regularly depicted as reverse
chimneys. While the column of warm air
ascends in a chimney, in this case, the column of
cool air falls. The air flow rate depend upon the
efficiency of the evaporative cooling device,
tower height, and cross-section, as well as the
resistance to airflow in the cooling device,
tower, and structure (if any) into which it
discharges. The inside temperatures of 29 – 30
°C were recorded when the outer temperatures
were 43 – 44 °C. It is convincing in hot and dry
atmospheres.
Fig.35

CONSEQUENCES: 37
 In summers, inside temperature have commonly not exceeded 31℃ to 32℃, when the
external temperature has ascended up to 44℃.
 The temperature fluctuation inside the building have rarely exceeded beyond 3℃ to 4℃
over any 24-hour time span, when the temperature fluctuations outside were as much as
14℃ to 17℃.
 200M.tonnes of sum energy is saved from Air- conditioning plant.
 The annual saving in the electrical consumption including the saving on account of less use
of artificial lighting is approximately 60lakhs.
 •The payback time of the extra limit cost, from the saving of the electrical utilization alone,
works out to somewhat less than 1 year.
 The repay period for the expense of the development of the entire building, from the savings
if the electrical consumptions well as plant replacement costs, work out at around15 years.
4.6 Conclusion:
In these case studies, we concluded that every building has its own different qualities and yet
have the same purpose of making the building energy-efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective,
and worthy. To make the concluding process easier to understand there is a basic underlying of
each building is mentioned for example:
•RETREAT: The important features adopted in this building are then quoted as guidelines for
future development. A portion of the significant issues can be summarized like daylight,
orientation, solar energy usage, building materials with low embodied energy, underground
development for temperature control, wastewater management on site, etc.
•CII SOHRABJI GODREJ: The building is also highly energy-efficient and uses 55 percent less
energy than a conventional building. It has been built so that the admission of regular lighting is
high and there is no requirement for outer lighting.
•The Torrent Research Centre (Gujarat, India): it is possible to have any kind of effect in the
human comfort conditions without having upon extreme utilization of mechanical energy and
with fundamental and rudimentary architectural systems. The cycle from one viewpoint limited
the effect of the outside heat inside the structure through satisfactory proportions of protecting
the building exterior texture, and then again, making a compelling arrangement of fixed
evaporative cooling
•ITC Green Centre: It stresses sunlight and unlimited vision as the two of them are connected to
human wellbeing and profitability. Glass is the main material that can assist with accomplishing
these requirements. Each building has its own purpose to be met with the use of passive as well
as sustainable methods and has helped us clearly learning the implementation of the methods
and made us understood that each method has its own purpose to be met.

5. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 38
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose behind discussion and analysis is after considering different case studies and literature
and draw inferences from gathered information to have a better understanding of the topic.
The analysis of the various data concludes that climate and environmental conditions are two very
important parameters while designing the building. The building is designed to achieve and create a
suitable atmosphere for human comfort and how different strategies are used to get comfort in a
building and by using these techniques we can reduce energy use also.
Buildings, as they are planned and utilized today, add to genuine ecological issues due to excessive
utilization of energy and other regular assets. The nearby association between energy use in
buildings and natural harm emerges on the grounds that energy-escalated arrangements looked to
develop a structure and satisfy its needs for Heating, Ventilation, Cooling, and Lighting cause
serious severe depletion of invaluable environmental resources. In any case, structures can be
intended to address the inhabitant's issue for thermal and visual comfort at diminished degrees of
energy and asset utilization. Energy asset productivity in new developments can be affected by
adopting an incorporated way to deal with building design. The primary steps in this approach are
recorded: Incorporate solar passive techniques in a building design to reduce the load on
conventional systems (heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting). Design energy-proficient lighting
and HVAC (Heating, ventilation, and cooling) system. Utilize environmentally friendly power
system (sun oriented photovoltaic systems/sunlight based water heating systems) to meet a piece of
the structure load. Utilize low energy materials and strategies for development and decrease
transportation energy.
As such, in a word, an energy-efficient structure changes all pieces of energy use in a structure –
lighting, space-conditioning, and ventilation – by giving an enhanced blend of passive solar design
strategies, energy-compelling equipment, and renewable sources of energy. The utilization of
materials with low embodied energy likewise forms a significant segment in energy-effective
structure designs. The analysis of the case studies here is done to explain the comparison of the case
studies based on their design features, their differences, their similarities, energy efficiency, passive
strategies, etc. Analyzing the material collected is important for understanding the topic of passive
strategies on a broader aspect. Hence down below there are points mentioned in each case study to
make the comparison easier.
The tangible features for comparative study can be recorded in the accompanying classes
1. Solar PV panels
2. Building Material
3. Passive strategies
4. Built-up area
4.1 Courtyard planning
4.2 Daylight in interiors
4.3 Shading devices/methods etc.
5.2 STRENGTH AND LIMITATION OF COLLECTION OF DATA

The data of the research has been collected keeping in mind the factors that can make a building
climate-responsive and how climate study and its features along with impacts and effects can be
incorporated and kept in mind while designing a building and make a building energy efficient.
Since we all know the need right now is the preservation of nature from deteriorating and sustain

Energy for future needs. Thereby the basic need is to avoid artificial tools and techniques to make a 39
building comfort efficient, through the use of passive techniques and the essential innumerable
opportunities provided to us by the climate and nature itself.
 The methods used in the above case studies are cost effective.
 Promotes traditional architecture with the touch of modernity.
 Based on the comparative analysis this can be said that the infrastructures are
environmentally sustainable enough.
 By using the passive strategies as the basic idea the buildings are Energy efficient and saved
a whole lot of energy consumption.
 As the basic idea is to use the passive strategy so it has been found to be less innovative.
The limitation of the data collected is that the data is limited to only one climatic zone that is chosen
by the author out of four that exist, and the research can help only those designers and architect
designing in a composite climate.
TABLE: 2
5.3 COMAPARATIVE ANALYSIS

CII RETREAT ITC GREEN TORRENT
RESEARCH
SOHRABJI CENTRE
CENTRE
GODREJ(GBC)
ARCHITECT Karan Grover and Sanjay Rajender Nimish Patel
associates Prakash and Kumar & and Parul
TERI Associates Zaveri,
Abhikram
SITE AREA 4.5acre 3000 Sqm. 15793.5sqm. 19700sqm.
(18210.9sqm).
PURPOSE It aimed to foster This Design of In central open
and promote atmosphere this building concourse on
ecologically responsive Centre seeks three levels
sustainable structure is to work allows
business growth expected to efficiently, it evaporative
models and fill in as a does its cooled air to be
facilitate India model utmost to introduced to
emerge as one of sustainable make the laboratories and
the global leaders environment, most of the offices at each
in green in view of natural level and
businesses. new and resources exhausted via
clean they receive. perimeter stacks
innovations.
TYPE OF -Office building -Institutional -Office -Complex of
BUILDING Complex research
laboratories
with ancillaries.
PASSIVE -Courtyard -Orientation -Orientation -(PDEC)
STRATEGY -Solar -Daylight Passive
-Traditional jail
chimney Integration. Downdraft
-Wind tower -Courtyard Evaporative
Cooling.
-Shading

-Natural lighting & -Earth tunnel 40

ventilation system.
-Vegetation.
MATERIAL -Fly Ash Brick -Roof is -Fly Ash -Reinforced

-Recycled content insulated Brick concrete
in the form of with -Glass construction
broken glass, vermiculate -Low -Hollow
broken tiles, concrete adhesives and concrete bricks
recycled paper, topped with sealants are filling the roof
recycled aluminum, china mosaic used for coffers, also
cinder from for optimal carpets, plastered inside.
industrial furnaces, heat composite -vermiculate
bagasse (an reflection woods and used for
agricultural waste -Polystyrene paints. insulating.
from sugar cane), insulation. - AAC
and mineral fibers. Blocks.
DECREASE Due to 2 wind In summer Roof coating In summers,

INSIDE towers (air temperature reduces the temperature not
TEMPERATURE handling unit) in outside is amount of exceeded 31℃
summer inside 45°C, the air heat absorbed
to 32℃, when
temperature is 7° to tunnel system This reduces
8⁰C from the keeps the roof surface the outside
outside inside temperature temperature
temperature. temperature by 30 degrees have risen up to
up to 28°C. and A.C air 44℃.
in the top
floor by 10-
15%.
WATER -All wastewater is -solar water -Water use - Integrating
MANAGEMENT treated biologically heating for irrigation rain water
through a process system for purposes to harvesting
called the Root the water ensure zero systems.
Zone Treatment management discharge
System. The as well as the municipal
source treated waste water drainage.
water meets the recycling is -40% less
(CPCB) standards. also applied. consumption
It is used for through low
landscaping. discharge
fixtures.

ORIENTATION -It plays a vital role - The entire -Longer axes - The plan of 41
in ‘solar building is along NE and the structure
architecture’. It south facing. NW encourages
was oriented along - East and directions. producing an air
the E-W axis so as West walls -‘L’ shape draft, expecting
to have more are facing design with still cools.
exposure along walls are main
north and south devoid of entrance
which is the most openings and towards north
recommended are shaded.
orientation in solar - Shading
passive devices are
architecture. designed to
block the sun
in summer.
ENERGY - uses 55 per cent Interestingly, -53% saving - Yearly saving
EFFICIENT less energy than a energy on energy in the electrical
conventional planning in consumption, utilization
building. the building a real feat at including the
has led to a the time it saving on
reduced load was built. record of less
of 96 kW. utilization of
artificial
lighting is
approximately
60lakhs.
RECYCLED - 80% of the - - More than -
BUILDING material utilized in 10% of
MATERIAL the development of building’s
the structure was material is
reused. recycled,
refurbished
or salvaged
from other
sites.
DAYLIGHTING -It ensures that - The sunken - The glazing - PDEC towers
90% of spaces have courtyards for the were also used
daylight access and give building has for night
views to the sufficient been ventilation and
outside. light and designed to to bring
- North facades are ventilation maximize the Daylight into a
glazed for efficient into all effect of deep plan
diffused light regions of the natural light. space.
structure.

6. CONCLUSIONS: 42
6.1 SUMMARY
The discoveries of the investigation demonstrate that with the energy-proficiency plan systems
by passive solar segments having the extra expense of about 9% of the all-out building cost, it is
possible to spare the complete yearly energy utilized in this particular private structure by 18%.
There are three kinds of energy requirement for the space molding and visual solace (I. e.
heating, cooling and lighting), the maximum energy saving is achieved in heating energy use by
61% decrease, lighting energy use is also decreased by 40%. However, in cooling energy need,
there is an increase of 34%. This amount is darken by passive solar gains in other energy savings
(e., heating and lighting) and when the cooling strategies of three. Natural ventilation and stack
effect ventilation) are considered, the building might be said to perform well in terms of
thermally in annual operation.
TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) has successfully built this habitat, which
integrates various forms of passive techniques and is an ideal example for architects,
builders, and others for the promotion of renewable energy technologies in the country. All
this has been incorporated while building this resort and this has chopped down the electricity
requirements of the facility by about 60%. The innovation utilized at the facility consolidates the
accompanying highlights.
It is warm in winter and cool in summer.
Well-lit all the year round.
Set amidst a lush green landscape.
Marginally dependent on grid-fed electricity.
In infrastructures like TERI there are few more case studies observed which has some common
passive strategies which combines and makes the building more efficient to work? The common
strategies are the following:
 Natural Ventilation
Ventilation and air movement play a very vital role in removal

of heat from the building and controls the heat flow and
transfer from the inside habitable spaces to outside. Typical
metabolic movements of body produces various gases and
odors, which need to be evacuated from the habitable spaces,
hence, can be carried out only with the help of wind
movement. During the summer season when the outdoor
temperature is higher and the indoor temperature is low, air
must be cooled down before entering into the habitable space.
Fig.36

 Courtyard 43
A courtyard is open to sky structure designed within a

building, completely or partially covered from all the sides.
During the day time with the effect of incident radiation in the
courtyard, the air get warms, hence rises up and flows out of
the building whereas to replace the dissipated air, the cooler air
from lower openings sinks into the courtyards from the
surrounding built mass, hence an airflow is developed and
cooling occurs within the building. Whereas during the
nighttime cooling of rooftop occurs through the process of Fig.37
radiation and
Convection by dissipating heat to the sky. During this process,
a phase is achieved when the surface
The temperature of the roof becomes equal to the dry-bulb
temperature of ambient air. Additional cooling by the process
of radiation happens to the surface of the roof. The rate of the
cooling procedure is slower than the normal cooling as
condensation occurs because of the moisture present within the
air.
 Passive Downdraught Cooling System

Evaporative cooling has been used for many centuries. The
above-mentioned system is a very significant technique of using
evaporative cooling in a building to condition the habitable spaces
inside a building. In this system, wind catchers manage outside air
over water filled pots, including evaporation and causing a critical
drop in the temperature of air before it goes into the inside space Fig.38
of a structure.
 Shading
All the building components should be shaded from sunlight in

summer season. The solar heat gain is maximum through the
glazed surfaces, so shading is necessary in that case.
Overhangs, vertical louvers, can cater these, horizontal louvers,
egg crates and can also incorporate shading from the landscape
elements also like trees.
6.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS: Fig.39
Q1- What are the different conditions and factors to achieve thermal comfort?
Thermal comfort is basically a state of mind that defines the fulfilment of thermal requirements
inside a building so that inhabitants can achieve a comfort ability level according to the required
suitable conditions for a human body. The major characteristics of thermal comfort and its
acceptable variations are.
 Temperature
– As mentioned in retreat 23 – 25 °C (in case of active cooling)
– Adaptive thermal comfort temperature varies from 17-31°C
 Relative Humidity
– Ideal value for relative humidity is 45% but it can vary from 30 – 55%
 Wind/Air Velocity – it varies from 0.25m/s to 0.5m/s.
44
Q2- Techniques and architectural interventions and strategies for passive cooling that can be
utilized to achieve thermal comfort in a structure?
Strategies and architectural interventions for passive cooling that can be used to achieve
thermal comfort in buildings are mentioned as follows-
Site Factors
 Building Orientation
 Landform
 Water Bodies
 Landscape
Design Interventions
 Solar shading
 Controlling External Finishes
 Surface Shading
 Roof Shading
6.3 FUTURE POSSIBILITIES:

Throughout this study, the thermal performance of an existing residential building has been
analyzed and improved. The main aim here has been to investigate the possibilities of thermal
improvement of the building in a cost-effective manner. During this study, the most important
restriction is to renovate the building by its original state. So, the components in Passive Solar
Design have been performed with their restricted limits. In the analysis, it has been observed that
the cooling needs of the building have increased but considering that the building is going to be
occupied during most of the education term having fall, winter, and spring conditions, the summer
comfort might be said to be achieved with natural ventilation opportunities.
The applications of such low-energy designs should be realized because the most accurate results of
these improvements can be observed in the operation of the buildings. And it is emphasized in the
literature that one of the key factors to spread out the design considerations for energy-efficiency is
to realize such projects to be demonstrated to the public with their energy performances based on
low-energy use and high thermal comfort. The building has some wrong detail applications of
passive systems is said not to perform well thermally. So, the true applications are very vital for the
favor of the subject.
And as the last statement in the light of these considerations, future researches might include
experimental studies with real-life measurements, different building types (such as commercial,
high-rise, etc.), and applications of different strategies and components to the buildings.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 45
Research Papers and Articles:

1. J E Aronium. ‘Climate and Architecture.’ Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York.
2. B M Givoni. Climate and Architecture. Applied Science Publishers, London, UK, 1976.
3. S Jarmul. The Architecture Guide to Energy Conservation. McGraw Hill Book Company,
New York, 1980.
4. Koenigsberger, et al. Manual of Tropical Housing and Building (Part I): Climatic Design. Part
I, Longman Press, India, 1975.
5. C P Kukreja. Tropical Architecture. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi,
1978.
6. E Martin. Housing Climate and Comfort. Architectural Press Ltd, UK, 1980.
7. V Olgay. Design with Climate. Princeton University Press, USA, 1973.
8. W F Wagner. Energy Efficient Buildings. Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company, New York,
1980.
9. D Watson. Climatic Design. McGraw Hill Company, New York, 1983.
10. G Bhatia. The Architecture of Laurie Baker. Inside Outside, October/ November, 1989.
11. Confederation of Indian Industry (2005), Energy Efficiency in Building Design and
Construction
12. Firoz.s, Rao.sk,"Modelling Concept of Sustainable Steel Building by Tekla Software”,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development. Volume 1, PP.18-24, June
2012.
13. Jauhari.v, ed., Managing Sustainability in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry: Paradigms
and Directions for the Future, illustrated ed., oak ville, Canada: crc press, 2014.
14. Ali.A.,"Passive Cooling and Vernacularism in Mughal Buildings in North India: A Source of
Inspiration for Sustainable Development “International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies., Volume 4 No.1, oct 2012.
15. Kleiven.T,Natural Ventilation in Buildings: Architectural concepts, consequences and
possibilities,Doktor Ingeniør thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art Department of Architectural Design, History and
Technology, March 2003.
From Online:
 TABLE –1: (Confederation of Indian Industries) SOHRABJI GODREJ GREEN
BUSINESS CENTRE
 Source: Internet
http://www.asiabusinesscouncil.org/docs/BEE/GBCS/GBCS_CII.pdf
 Table–2: comparative Analysis

 Figure – 1: Building Orientation

 Source: Internet-
https://www.google.com/search?q=building+orientation&sxsrf=ALeKk03A-

Tq8fpRyDtuRyvBELILmtDQDDg:1605639502639&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ah 46
UKEwjnuMShoYrtAhWUwTgGHQg9CWgQ_AUoAXoECA8QAw&biw=1517&bih=694
 Figure –2: Shading Device
https://www.google.com/search?q=shading+devices&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj_gqDNoYrtA
hVLXysKHSHeBF8Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=shading+devices&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECCMQJzICCAAyAggAMgII
ADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADoHCCMQ6gIQJzoECAAQQzoFCAAQsQ
NQ0g1Ypk5guU9oAXAAeACAAfsBiAHDFJIBBjAuMTEuM5gBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXot
aW1nsAEKwAEB&sclient=img&ei=qh20X_-FE8u-
rQGhvJP4BQ&bih=694&biw=1517#imgrc=291-L6Imvde7AM
 Figure –3: Jarokhas
https://www.google.com/search?q=jarokhas&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwic4dvSoYrtAhVbESs
KHatoCLQQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=jarokhas&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyBggAEAoQGDoHCCMQ6gIQ
JzoECCMQJzoFCAAQsQM6BAgAEEM6BwgAELEDEENQwqsEWPe_BGDawQRoAXAAe
ACAAfgBiAHDDJIBBTAuNC40mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWewAQrAAQE&sclient
=img&ei=tR20X9yyL9uirAGr0aGgCw&bih=694&biw=1517#imgrc=0bp2_Bh0nT4jDM
 Figure –4: Dark & Cool Roof
https://www.google.com/search?q=dark+and+cool+roof&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjNi7iboort
AhUMSisKHcDkAT4Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=dark+and+cool+roof&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoHCCMQ6gIQJzoECCMQJ
zoECAAQQzoFCAAQsQM6AggAOgcIABCxAxBDOgYIABAIEB46BAgAEBg6BAgAEB5
Qi_EBWPOZAmDNmwJoAXAAeACAAf4BiAHQGZIBBjAuMTYuMpgBAKABAaoBC2d3
cy13aXotaW1nsAEKwAEB&sclient=img&ei=Th60X82sEYyUrQHAyYfwAw&bih=694&bi
w=1517&hl=en#imgrc=sRRJA8dL7dDTjM
 Figure –5: Green roofs
https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-business-centre-ciigbc/
 Figure –6: Night Ventilation


https://www.aivc.org/sites/default/files/members_area/medias/pdf/VIP/VIP04.Night%20ventila 47
tion.pdf
 Figure –7: (Confederation of Indian Industries) SOHRABJI GODREJ GREEN BUSINESS

CENTRE
https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-business-centre-ciigbc/
 Figure –8: CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Plans

https://www2.slideshare.net/baburajiv2007/leed-india-case-study-cii-sohrabji-godrej-itc-green-
center?qid=08997539-e26e-4e09-b9d6-e4a435399359&v=&b=&from_search=4
 Figure –9: CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Sections

https://www2.slideshare.net/vk78512/cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-business-center-case-study-
ppt?qid=08997539-e26e-4e09-b9d6-e4a435399359&v=&b=&from_search=2
 Figure –10a,10b: CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Courtyard

 Figure –11a,11b: CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Jali

 Figure –12: CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Wind Tower

 Figure –13: CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Natural lighting & Ventilation
https://www.slideshare.net/gauravjhunjhunwala89/sohrabji-godrej-green-business-centre
 Figure –14: CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Vegetation


https://earthbound.report/2019/10/04/building-of-the-week-cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-business- 48
centre/
 Figure –15: CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Sustainable Materials

http://www.asiabusinesscouncil.org/docs/BEE/GBCS/GBCS_CII.pdf
 Figure –16: RETREAT (Resource Efficient Teri Retreat for Environmental Awareness and
Training), A north view of the RETREAT building
http://high-performancebuildings.org/case_study_ecm1.php
 Figure –17: RETREAT(Resource Efficient Teri Retreat for Environmental Awareness and
Training) , Rear-View
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Ffairconditioning.org%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F10%2Fcase-study-composite-Teri-retreate-
gurgaon.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Ffairconditioning.org%2Fshowcase%2Fteri-retreat-
building%2F&tbnid=db_8U_0A9_yCEM&vet=12ahUKEwjMjsXZqIrtAhVyhEsFHUjSBRgQ
MygCegUIARCUAQ..i&docid=Lc-
6BKZhSIN4KM&w=600&h=328&q=retreat%20gurgaon&ved=2ahUKEwjMjsXZqIrtAhVyhE
sFHUjSBRgQMygCegUIARCUAQ
Training) , Materials
http://data.conferenceworld.in/SUSTECH/P366-376.pdf
Training) , Skylights
Training), Water Bodies

https://www.google.com/maps/uv?pb=!1s0x390d202ceaf855ff:0x5f8d30f84fc8d210!3m1!7e11 49
5!4shttps://lh5.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipO8qvwW5zofk3Qo9ysX4ibYYYa01A4veo0
DxqiU%3Dw191-h144-k-no!5sretreat+gurgaon+materials+used+-
+Google+Search!15zQ2dJZ0FRPT0&imagekey=!1e10!2sAF1QipO8qvwW5zofk3Qo9ysX4ib
YYYa01A4veo0DxqiU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-
34WxqYrtAhX2wTgGHckKDhIQoiowCnoECBMQAw#
Training), Conceptual Plan
https://architizer.com/projects/teri-retreat-center/
Training), Sections
https://architizer.com/projects/teri-retreat-center/
Training), South view of the building showing solar water heating panels Solar Chimney
http://high-performancebuildings.org/pdf/ECM1/ECM1_Case_Studies_Composite.pdf
Training), Shading
Training), Earth tunnel system
https://www.google.com/search?q=earth+air+tunnel+system+in+RETREAT+gurgaon&tbm=is
ch&ved=2ahUKEwimw_OgsIrtAhXBAisKHRjsCloQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=earth+air+tunnel+system+in+RETREAT+gurgaon&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA
zoECAAQHjoECCMQJzoCCAA6BggAEAgQHjoECAAQGFCu5gFYldoCYOPcAmgBcAB4
AIABnwKIAakykgEGMC4zMC41mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img
&ei=By20X-ajM8GFrAGY2KvQBQ&bih=694&biw=1499&hl=en#imgrc=v31sr43kqvb1wM
 Figure –26: ITC GREEN CENTRE

 Source: Internet 50
 Figure –27: ITC GREEN CENTRE, Site Plan

https://www.google.com/search?q=ITC+green+centre+site+plan&sxsrf=ALeKk00CQsFlhlp6Q
V188M25rHyzYtU3aw:1605643882171&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg0
O3JsYrtAhVc6XMBHbzaBVkQ_AUoAXoECAYQAw&biw=1517&bih=694#imgrc=kOAoeq
_CJzIxaM&imgdii=4P7NhAGl6OzFMM
 Figure –28: ITC GREEN CENTRE, Plan

https://www.google.com/search?q=ITC+green+centre+site+plan&sxsrf=ALeKk00CQsFlhlp6Q
V188M25rHyzYtU3aw:1605643882171&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg0
O3JsYrtAhVc6XMBHbzaBVkQ_AUoAXoECAYQAw&biw=1517&bih=694#imgrc=ogteNjU
i_ys3NM&imgdii=naUc6IaY9Q7z2M
 Figure –29: ITC GREEN CENTRE, Elevation Drawing
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=x-raw-
image%3A%2F%2F%2Fa3f8ca0a99b19404a1d60b3c385f36119e9c2b2f68afe27235d71e956bd
0f664&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glazette.com%2Fupload%2Fresources%2Ftb_90520
091157467157.PDF&tbnid=BJSxmQrK-KNGZM&vet=12ahUKEwj-
1tmps4rtAhW3nEsFHdSYCkAQMygEegUIARCOAQ..i&docid=oyYNuMtkz-
urEM&w=993&h=405&q=ITC%20green%20centre%20elevations&ved=2ahUKEwj-
1tmps4rtAhW3nEsFHdSYCkAQMygEegUIARCOAQ
 Figure –30: ITC GREEN CENTRE, Window WWR

http://high-performancebuildings.org/case_study_ECBC_comp_gurgaon.php
 Figure –31:Torrent Research Centre

https://worldarchitecture.org/article-
links/epfnm/a_tribute_to_nimish_patel__a_noted_indian_architect_conservationist.html
 Figure –32:Torrent Research Centre, Plan

https://archnet.org/sites/4454/media_contents/17674
 Figure –33:Torrent Research Centre, Site Plan

 Source: Internet 51
https://archnet.org/sites/4454/media_contents/17674
 Figure –34:Torrent Research Centre, Projected Energy consumption yearly

https://www.archidev.org/spip.php?article1115&lang=fr
 Figure –35:Torrent Research Centre, Passive Downdraft Evaporative Cooling
https://www.nbmcw.com/tech-articles/tall-construction/17831-sustainable-development-
through-green-design-in-india.html
 Figure –36:Torrent Research Centre,
 Figure –36: CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Natural lighting & Ventilation
https://www.slideshare.net/gauravjhunjhunwala89/sohrabji-godrej-green-business-centre
 Figure –37: CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Courtyard

 Figure –38:Torrent Research Centre, Passive Downdraft Evaporative Cooling

Training), Shading

52

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GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND

PASSIVE COOLING IN COMPOSITE CLIMATE

SUBMITTED BY: GUIDED BY:

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

Key words: - passive techniques, comfort, energy efficiency, environment, development.

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

FIGURES NO. CAPTION

13. CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Natural lighting &

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

28. ITC GREEN CENTRE, Plan 5

33. Torrent Research Centre, Site Plan

37. CII (Confederation of Indian Industries), Natural lighting &

TABLE NO. CAPTION

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

LIST OF FIGURES……..........……………………………………………... (4-5)

LIST OF TABLES……...….....………………………………………………. (5)

3. METHODS AND METHODOLOGY…………………………………... (17) 8

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

4.3.8.2 Solar Chimney

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

the north, high-performance glazing to reduce heat gains, 11

1.2. IMPORTANCE OF TOPIC:

1.3. PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED:

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

1.7. RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

2.2 BUILDING PERFORMANCE

2.3 STATIC SUNSHADE

2.4 ENERGY EFFICIENT WALLS

2.4.1 Wall design:

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

2.4.2 Wall material:

2.4.3 Thermal mass:

2.4.4 Surface Finish:

2.4.5 Thermal insulation:

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

2.5 ENERGY EFFICIENT ROOFS

2.5.2 Green roofs Fig.4

2.6 NIGHT VENTILATION

Night ventilation works by utilizing common or mechanical

 Lessen peak air-temperatures. 16

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

3. METHODS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 METHODS OPTED OF DATA AND CASE SELECTION AND ITS

3.2 METHODS OPTED FOR DATA COLLECTION AND ITS JUSTIFICATION

3.3 METHODS OPTED FOR DATA ANALYSIS AND ITS JUSTIFICATION

3.4 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE METHOD(S) ADOPTED

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

4.2 CII (Confederation of Indian Industries) SOHRABJI 19

It is the first LEED Platinum evaluated green building in India

There are two air conditioning towers in which the

The 60% of the top of the building is covered by the roof

The balance portion of the roof is covered by solar

Gateway College of Architecture & Design, Sonipat

4.2.2 Green features and Sustainable Technologies: 20

4.2.2.2 Zero Water Discharge Building

4.2.2.3 Materials and Resources

4.2.2.4 Indoor Air Quality