SAQs

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK
Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 1
Self-assessment questions
10000
1 average speed = 1625.17
= 6.15 m s−1 10 S
loping sections: bus moving; horizontal
2 a
mm s −1 sections: bus stationary (e.g., at bus stops)
11 O
A: constant speed; AB: stationary; BC:
b km h-1 reduced constant speed; CD: running back
c km s−1 to gate
s
d m s−1
C
3 distance = 12 cm = 120 mm
so, average speed = 120 = 2.0 mm s−1` A B
60
0.05 m
4 average speed = 0.40 s = 0.0125 m s−1 ≈
0.013 m s−1
5 a Constant speed
D
0
b Increasing speed (accelerating) 0 t
6 F
or example, attach a card to a weight and 12 a
85 m s −1
drop it through a light gate. Alternatively,

attach ticker-tape to the falling mass. b Graph
is a straight line through the
origin, with gradient = 85 m s−1
7 a
Displacement
13 a Graph is a straight line for the first 3 h;
b Speed then less steep for the last hour
c Velocity b car’s speed in first three hours = 23 km h−1
d Distance 84
c car’s average speed in first four hours = 4
8 distance s = v × t = 1500 × 0.2 = 300 m
= 21 km h−1
(Remember: the 0.4 s total time is that taken
for the sound waves to travel out and be 14 a total distance travelled = 3.0 + 4.0 =
reflected back from the surface of the water.) 7.0 km
9 t ime taken for orbit is one year = 1 × 365.25 × b, c The two parts of the journey are at 90° to
24 × 60 × 60 = 31 557 600 s. each other, so the resultant displacement
distance travelled = circumference of orbit = is given by Pythagoras’ theorem.
2 × π × 1.5 × 1011 = 9.425 × 1011 m
displacement2 = 3.02 + 4.02 = 25.0, so
so, the Earth’s speed = 29.9 km s−1 ≈ 30 km s−1 displacement = 5.0 km
As the Earth orbits the Sun, its direction of
motion keeps changing. Hence, its velocity
angle = tan−1 ( 34..00 ) = 53° E of N or 37° N
of E
keeps changing. In the course of one year, its
displacement is zero, so its average velocity is
zero.
Cambridge International AS & A Level Physics – Sang, Jones, Chadha & Woodside
1 © Cambridge University Press 2020
15 a, b 8.5 km; 48° W of S or a bearing of 228° 17 a

44°
A
resultant
vertical 25 ms–1
48° 45° 18 ms–1
8.5 km 8.0 km
horizontal
17 ms–1
W SE
12.0 km
b 17.3 m s−1 ≈ 17 m s−1
16 S
wimmer aims directly across river; river flows
at right angles to where she aims. So, resultant c 43.9° ≈ 44° to the vertical
velocity is given by geometry: 18 a
10 m s−1 North
magnitude2 = 2.02 + 0.82 = 4.64 so magnitude = b 0 m s−1
4.64 = 2.154 ≈ 2.2 m s−1
c 7.1 m s−1 045° or N45°E
( )
direction = tan−1 02.8 ≈ 22° to the direct route
(68° to the river bank) d 7.1 m s−1 315° or N45°W
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 2
Self-assessment questions d During last 15 s, acceleration a = ∆∆vt
= ((30 – 15)) =
0 – 30 −30 = −2.0 m s−2
1 change in velocity ∆v = (18 − 0) = 18 m s−1 15
time taken ∆t = 6.0 s e From area under graph: 525 m
so, acceleration a = ∆∆vt = 18 = 3.0 m s−2 6

6.0
2 change in velocity ∆v = (11 − 23) = −12 m s−1 Dots evenly spaced, then getting steadily
closer together
time taken ∆t = 20 s
7 If l1 = length of first section of interrupt card,
so, acceleration a = ∆∆vt = −12 = −0.60 m s−2
20 t1 = time when first section enters light gate,
The magnitude of the deceleration is 0.60 m s−2 t2 = time when first section exits light gate,
l2 = length of second section of interrupt card,
Rearranging the equation a = v –t u gives
3 a
t3 = time when second section enters light gate,
v = u + at
t4 = time when second section exits light gate,
so, after 1 s, v = 0.0 + (9.81 × 1) = 9.81 ≈ then:
9.8 m s−1 l1
initial velocity u = = 0.05 = 0.25 m s−1
t2 − t1 0.20 − 0.0
b After 3 s, v = 0.0 + (9.81 × 3) = 29.4 m s ≈ −1
l2
29 m s−1 final velocity v = = 0.05
t4 − t3 0.35 − 0.30
= 1.0 m s−1
4 v Δt = t3 − t1 = 0.30 − 0.0 = 0.30 s
so, acceleration a = ∆∆vt = 1.00−.300.25 = 2.5 m s−2
or first ticker-tape section, length l1 = 10 cm,
8 F
time taken t1 = 5 × 0.02 = 0.10 s
l1 0.10
t
so, initial velocity u = =
t1 0.10
= 1.0 m s−1
or second ticker-tape section, length
F
5 a v /ms–1
30 l2 = 16 cm, time taken t2 = 5 × 0.02 = 0.10 s
l2 0.16
so, final velocity v = =
t2 0.10
= 1.6 m s−1
20
ections of tape are adjacent, so time between
S
start of first section and start of final section,
10 Δt = time taken by first section = 5 × 0.02 =
0.10 s
0 so, acceleration a = ∆∆vt = 1.60.−101.0 = 6.0 m s−2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 t / s
9 a We know u, a and t and we want to know
b, c During first 10 s, acceleration a = ∆∆vt = 30 v, so we use the equation
10
= 3.0 m s−2 velocity v = u + at = 0.0 + (2.0 × 10)
= 20 m s−1
b We know u, a and t and we want to know b initial velocity v1 = 20 m s−1; final velocity
s, so we use the equation v2 = 8 m s−1
distance s = ut + 12 at2 = 0.0 + c acceleration a = ∆∆vt = 8 − 20
30 − 0
= −0.40 m s−2
1
2
× 2.0 × 10 × 10 = 100 m isplacement of car = area under graph
d d
c We know u, v and a and we want to know = (area of rectangle with side 8 m s−1 and
t, so we rearrange the equation v = u + at length 30 s) + (area of triangle with side
so that 12 m s−1 and base 30 s)
time t = v − u = 24 − 0 = 12 s = (8 × 30) + ( 12 × 12 × 30) = 420 m

a 2.0
e displacement of car, s = ut + 12 at2
10 a We know u, v and t and we want to know
a, so we use the equation = (20 × 30) + ( 12 × (−0.40) × 30 × 30)
acceleration, a = v − u = 20 − 4.0 = 0.16 m s−2
t 100
= 600 − 180 = 420 m
b average velocity, vavg = v + u = 20 + 4.0 16 a

Calculate distance fallen for each time
2 2
= 12 m s−1 using s = ut + 12 at2, with u = 0
1
c We could use s = ut + 2
at2 but given that
Time / s 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
we have worked out the average speed,
it is simpler to use distance, s = vavg × t Displacement / m 0 4.9 19.6 44.1 78.5
= 12 × 100 = 1200 m
b Graph is a parabola through the origin.
11 We know u, a and s and we want to know v, so
we use the equation 80
v = u + 2as
2 2
70
so, final velocity, v = u 2 + 2as
60
(8.0 )
2
= − 2 × 1.0 × 18 = 100 = 10 m s−1
Displacement / m
12 We know u, v and a and we want to know s, so 50

we rearrange the equation v2 = u2 + 2as, so that
40
v 2 − u 2 = ( 0 )2 − (30 )2 = 900
distance, s = 2 × ( −7 )
2a 14 30
= 64.3 m ≈ 64 m
13 We know v, a and s and we want to know u, 20
so we rearrange the equation v2 = u2 + 2as
10
into u2 = v2 − 2as, so initial speed, u =
v 2 − 2as = ( 0.0 )2 − 2 × ( −6.5 ) × 50 = 650 0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
= 25.5 m s−1
Time/ s
his is just over the speed limit.
T c I n 2.5 s, stone falls 30.6 m ≈ 31 m. Check
14 a t = 7.5 s; v = 220 m s−1 using
b D
raw a tangent to the curve at point s = ut + 12 at2 = 0 + ( 12 × 9.81 × 2.5 × 2.5)
P. Read off two sets of values from the ≈ 31 m
tangent to find the gradient. For example: d time taken = 2.86 s ≈ 2.9 s
at time t1 = 0 s, v1 ≈ 60 m s −1
Check by rearranging, remembering that
at time t2 = 12 s, v2 ≈ 300 m s−1 u = 0, so that time t = 2.86 s ≈ 2.9 s
so, approximately, acceleration We know s and a, and that u = 0, and we
17 a
need to find t.
a = ∆∆vt = 300 − 60
12 − 0
= 20 m s−2
Rearrange s = ut + 12 at2, remembering that
15 a
The car is slowing down with constant u = 0,
(uniform) deceleration. so that time t = 2sa = 29×.81
0.8
≈ 0.40 s
b We know s and a, and that u = 0, and we c ax = −5.2 m s−2; ay = −3.0 m s−2

need to find v.
d Fx = 77.3 N ≈ 77 N; Fy = 20.7 N ≈ 21 N
Use v2 = u2 + 2as so that impact velocity, v
22 The stone’s displacement now is s = −25 m
= u 2 + 2as = ( 0 )2 + 2 × 9.81× 0.8 = 15.7
Substituting in s = ut + 12 at2 gives
≈ 4.0 m s−1
18 a
Using the method in the worked example, −25 = 20t + 12 × (−9.81) × t2
calculate the average speed of the steel so, 4.9t2 − 20t − 25 = 0 or approximately 5t2 −
20t − 25 = 0, which can be simplified to
ball = s = 2.10
t 0.67
= 3.134 m s−1 t2 − 4t − 5 = (t − 5)(t + 1) = 0
Then find the values of v and u so, time taken to reach the foot of the cliff = 5 s
final speed, v = 2 × 3.134 m s−1 = 6.268 m s−1 (i.e. 1 s more). Accurate answer is 5.08 ≈ 5.1 s.
initial speed, u = 0.0 m s−1 In solving the quadratic equation, you
will have found a second solution, t = −1 s.
Substitute these values into the equation
Obviously, the stone could not take a negative
for acceleration
time to reach the foot of the cliff. However,
a = v − u = 6.268 = 9.36 m s−2 ≈ 9.4 m s−2 this solution does have a meaning: it tells us
t 0.67
that, if the stone had been thrown upwards
b Air resistance; delay in release of ball from the foot of the cliff at the correct speed, it
c ercentage uncertainty in time = 0.02/0.67
p would have been travelling upwards at 20 m s−1
× 100 = 3% as it passed the top of the cliff at t = 0 s.
percentage uncertainty in g = 2 × 3 = 6% 23 a Use v = u + at to calculate v, remembering
or largest value of g = 9.94 m s−2 giving an that a = −9.81 m s−2
absolute uncertainty of 0.58 m s−2 and a Velocity
percentage uncertainty of 90..36
58
× 100 = 6% 30 20.19 10.38 0.57 −9.24 −19.05

/ m s−1
19 a Time
h/m 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
/s
2.0
b
1.5
30
1.0 25
20
0.5
15
Velocity / m s–1
0 10
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 t2 / s2
5
0
b Because s = 12 at2 the gradient is 12 g, the 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Time / s
–5
acceleration of free fall, g ≈ 1.6 m s−2
–10
c his object is not falling on the Earth,
T –15
perhaps on the Moon –20
20 Drop an object towards the sensor, but
take care not to break it. A better method c 3.1 s
is to use a sloping ramp with a trolley;
24 a
Horizontal speed remains constant after
gradually increase the angle of slope.
being thrown (ignoring air resistance), so:
Deduce the value of the acceleration when
the ramp is vertical. horizontal velocity = st = 124..00 = 3.0 m s−1
Fx = 17.3 N ≈ 17 N; Fy ≈ 10 N
21 a or vertical distance, use s = ut + 12 at2,
b F
remembering that u = 0
b vx = 1.7 m s−1; vy = −4.7 m s−1
s = ut + 1
2
at2 = 0 + 1
2
× (−9.81) × 4.0 × 4.0
= −78.5 m, so height of cliff is 78.5 m
vertical component of velocity =

25 a 26 F
irst, calculate the time taken for the projectile
8 × sin 40° = 5.14 ≈ 5.1 m s−1 to return to the ground.
b vertical component of velocity = 0 m s−1 initial vertical velocity, uver = 40 × sin 45°
= 28.3 m s−1
c Rearrange v = u + at, so that time t = v−u
a We know the vertical distance travelled
0 − 5.14 when the projectile hits the ground = 0 m so,
= = 0.524 ≈ 0.52 s rearrange s = ut + 12 at2 to find t
−9.81
d h
orizontal component of velocity 0 = 28.3t + 12 × 9.81t2 = 28.3t + 4.905t2
= 8 × cos 40° = 6.13 ≈ 6.1 m s−1 so, t = 0 (when the projectile is launched) or
t = 5.77 s (when it returns to the ground)
e A
ssume horizontal component of velocity
is constant and use Assume horizontal velocity is constant,
uhor = 40 × cos 45° = 28.3 m s−1
distance s = ut + 12 at2 = 6.1 × 0.52 + 0 so, horizontal distance s = ut = 28.3 × 5.77
= 3.21 ≈ 3.2 m = 163 m ≈ 160 m
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 3
Self-assessment questions 9 a
The lighter one: lower terminal velocity.
1 force, F = ma = 800 × 2.0 = 1600 N b T

urn head-first and pull in his arms and
200000
legs to produce a streamlined shape and
F
2 acceleration, a = m = 5000 = 40 m s−2 reduce air resistance.
3 acceleration, a = F
m
= (60200
+ 40 )
= 2.0 m s−2 10 a
Upthrust
ike has zero initial velocity, so final velocity v
B b Friction
= at = 2.0 × 5.0 = 10 m s−1
c Weight (= force of gravity)
4 Estimated masses are shown in brackets. Note
that g has been rounded appropriately to 10 m d Contact force (normal reaction)
s−2 in these estimates.
e Tension
(1.0 kg), so weight = mg = 1.0 × 10 = 10 N
a
f Drag
b (60 kg), so weight = 600 N
11 contact force
c (0.025 kg), so weight = 0.25 N drag or air
resistance
d (40 000 kg), so weight = 400 000 N
5 T
he greater the mass of the car, the greater
weight driving force between
the force needed to slow it down with a tyres and road
given deceleration. For large cars, it is less
12 air resistance
demanding on the driver if the engine supplies
some of the force needed to brake the car.
6 D
ue to inertia, the driver continues to move
forward, although the car stops. A seat belt weight
provides the force needed to overcome this
air resistance weight
inertia.
7 T
he large one; its weight is greater, so it a
Going up
reaches a greater speed before air resistance is
sufficient to equal its weight. b Going down
8 a
Lubricate the skis to reduce friction. 13 a
Force up on your foot and down on the
foot that you tread on. Both forces are
b W
ear tight-fitting, smooth clothing to contact forces (normal reactions).
reduce air resistance.
b F
orce backwards on the car and forwards
c evelop powerful muscles to provide a
D on the wall. Both forces are contact forces
large forward force. (normal reactions).
d T
he steeper the slope, the better to c ackwards force on car and forwards force
B
maximise the effect of gravity. on ground. Both forces are frictional forces.
d U
pwards force on ball and downwards
force on your hand. Both forces are
contact forces (normal reactions).
14 A
pples vary in mass; the acceleration due to 17 a
Sides are 27.5 cm and 21.8 cm (note: your
gravity varies from place to place. coursebook may have a slightly different
trimmed page size)
pressure =
15 a F ,F=
A
ma, so pressure has area = 27.5 × 21.8 = 599.5 ≈ 600 cm2 to 3
base units kg m s −2
= kg m−1 s−2 sig. figs = 0.0600 m2 to 3 sig. figs
m2
b energy = force × distance, so energy has b 27.6 × 21.9 = 604.4. The difference is 4.9
base units kg m2 s−2 cm2 which to 1 sig. fig. (the usual number
for an uncertainty) is 5 cm2.
c density = mass
volume
, so density has base units Using a combination of uncertainties, the
kg m−3 final percentage uncertainty in the area
base units of pressure = kg m−1 s−2
16 a is 100 × ((0.1/27.5) + (0.1/21.8)) = 0.82%
base units of ρgh = (kg m−3) × (m s−2) × so the absolute uncertainty in the area =
(m) = kg m−1 s−2 0.082 × 599.5 = 4.9 or 5 cm2
Since the base units are the same, the 6 × 10−11 A
18 a
equation is homogeneous. b 5 × 108 W
b base unit of speed × time = (m s−1) × (s) = m c 20 = 2 × 101 m
base unit of at2 = (m s−2) × (s2) = m
Since both sides of the equation have
base unit m, the base unit of distance, the
equation is homogeneous.
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 4
Self-assessment questions 5 a contact force
1 a force of parachute
= 2000 N
direction
of 60°
travel
weight of parachutist 30°
= 1000 N 500 N
b force upwards = 2000 − 1000 = 1000 N b c omponent of weight down slope = 500
upwards sin 30° = 250 N
c he will accelerate upwards (i.e.,
S c he contact force of the slope is a normal
T
decelerate). reaction, so it is at 90° to the slope.
2 a
Yes, the ship is in equilibrium, because d Friction; up the slope
it travels at a constant velocity (not 6 a
component of acceleration parallel to
accelerating, so no resultant force acting slope = 9.81 × sin 25° = 4.1 m s−2
on it).
et force down slope = 40 × 9.81 ×
b n
b U
pthrust is equal and opposite to weight sin 25° − 80 = 85.8
of boat, as it is floating, so = 1000 kN acceleration = 8540.8 = 2.1 m s−2
c ecause the velocity is constant, we know
B 7 a sum of clockwise moments = sum of
that the drag is equal and opposite to the anticlockwise moments
force of the engines, so = 50 kN 400 × 0.20 = F × 1.20
vertical component of force = weight −
3 a so, force required is F = 4001.×200.20 = 67 N
upthrust = 2.5 − 0.5 = 2.0 N downwards b s um of clockwise moments = sum of
horizontal component of force = 1.5 N anticlockwise moments
so, resultant force is obtained from R2 = 400 × 0.20 = F × 0.50
(2.0)2 + (1.5)2 = 6.25 so, force on legs of wheelbarrow is
so, R = 2.5 N
angle = tan−1 12..50 = 37° to vertical F = 4000×.500.20 = 160 N
b No, there is a net force acting upon it. Remember that weight = mg, and that
8 a
the acceleration g is the same for all the
4 W
ith rope horizontal, the force pulling the
masses; in our moments equation, g
box is F. With the rope at an angle θ to the
cancels out from both sides.
horizontal, the horizontal component
(= F cos θ) is less, since cos θ is less than 1. sum of clockwise moments = sum of
anticlockwise moments
(100 × 30) + (10 × 45) = M × 20
so, mass M = 300020+ 450 = 172.5 ≈ 173 g
b B
y this method, weighing could be carried c s um of clockwise moments = 2.5 + 2.5 =
out with a limited selection of relatively 5 N m = sum of anticlockwise moments
small masses. so, yes, the moments are balanced
c pwards force at pivot = sum of the
U 10 torque = force × radius, so
weights of M, the 100 g and the 10 g mass
= (0.1725 + 0.110) × 9.81 force = torque
radius
= 0137
.18
= 761 N ≈ 760 N
= 2.77 N
9 a, b F1 = 0 N m
F2 = 10 × 0.25 = 2.5 N m clockwise
F3 = 10 sin 30° × 0.50 = 2.5 N m clockwise
F4 = 5 × 1.0 = 5 N m anticlockwise
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 5
1 1
Self-assessment questions inetic energy of car, Ek =
9 k 2
mv2 = 2
× 500 ×
(15)2 = 56 kJ
1 a
Yes, work done against friction
inetic energy of motorcycle, Ek = 12 mv2 = 12 ×
k
b Y
es, gravity does work in making you go 250 × (30)2 = 113 kJ
faster. The motorcycle has more k.e.
c o, because the stone remains at a constant
N 10 change in kinetic energy = k.e. before − k.e.
distance from the centre of the circle. after
1
d No, because you do not move. = 1
2
× 0.200 × (15.8)2 − 2
× 0.200 × (12.2)2
2 work done, W = F × s = mg × s = 70 × 9.81 × = 25 − 15 = 10 J

2.5 = 1720 ≈ 1700 J 11 Calculate the loss in g.p.e. as the sphere falls
work done, W = F × s = 10 × 250 = 2500 J
3 a from its highest position.
Ep = mgh = 10.0 × 9.81 × 0.15 = 14.7 J
b 2 500 J (ignoring work done against air
The gain in the sphere’s k.e. is 14.7 J. Using
resistance)
this to calculate the sphere’s speed,
4 T
he crane does work to overcome the
Ek = 1 mv2 = 1 × 10.0 × v2 = 14.7 J
downward force of gravity, so all that matters 2 2
is the vertical height through which the crane so, v2 = 14 .7
5.0
= 2.94 m2 s−2 and v = 1.7 m s−1, the
lifts the load. same as for the sphere of mass 5.0 kg.
ork done, W = F × s = 500 × 40 = 20 000 J = 20 kJ
w The result is unchanged for any value of mass.
5 work done by force up slope, W = F × s = 100 12 reduction in gravitational potential energy,
× 0.50 = 50 J ΔEp = mgΔh = 80 000 × 9.81 × (10 000 − 1000)
ork done by contact force = 0 J
w = 7.1 × 109 J
work done by force down slope, W = F × s = This energy becomes increased kinetic energy
−(30 × 0.50) = −15 J (note the movement is in of air molecules: the air temperature rises.
the opposite direction to the force) 13 We can say that the change in g.p.e. from
work done by gravity, W = F × s = −(100 sin the top of the jump to the point just before
45° × 0.50) = −35 J she enters the water is equal to the change in
6 change in gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy, so that mgh = 12 mv2
Ep = mgh = 52 × 9.81 × 2.5 = 1275 J ≈ 1300 J his means that her speed just before the
T
7 c hange in gravitational potential energy, point where she enters the water is
Ep = mgh = 100 × 9.81 × 5500 = 5400 kJ or v = 2gh = 2 × 9.81× 10 = 196 = 14 m s−1
5.4 MJ 14 a
kinetic energy as stone reaches foot of
8 a
Elastic potential energy cliff, Ek = 12 mv2 = 12 × m × (38)2 = m × 722 J
b W
ork is done on the magnets in pulling gravitational potential energy change, Ep =
them apart. The potential energy mgh = m × 9.81 × 80 = m × 785 J
transferred to the magnets has come from so, proportion of g.p.e. converted to k.e.
chemical energy in the student. k.e. 722
= = 0.92 = 92%
g.p.e 785
b T he rest of the stone’s initial energy is work done in one second, W = Fs = 700 ×
17 a
converted to heat (because work is done 401 = 28 000 J (28 kJ)
against air resistance).
work done b 28 kW
15 Rearranging power = gives
time taken ork done against gravity, W = Fs = weight ×
18 w
work done = power × time taken = 50 000 W × height moved
60 s = 3.0 × 106 J (or 3.0 MJ) = mgh = 55 × 9.81 × 28 × 0.20 = 3020 J
W 4 200 000 W 3020
16 power = = = 70 000 W = 70 kW so, her useful power = = = 560 W
t 60 t 5.4
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 6
1
Self-assessment questions d kinetic energy before collision = 2
mAu2A
1 a
Ball B has greater mass. + 1
2
mBu2B
b Trolley B has greater mass. = ( 12 × 4.0 × (2.5)2) + ( 12 × 4.0 × (1.5)2)

2 a momentum, p = mv = 0.50 × 20 = = 12.5 + 4.5 = 17 J
10 kg m s−1
kinetic energy after collision = 1
2
mAv2A +
b momentum, p = mv = 25 000 × 20 = 5.0 ×
1 mBv2B
105 kg m s−1 2
c momentum, p = mv = 9.1 × 10−31 × 2.0 ×
= ( 12 × 4.0 × (1.5)2) + ( 12 × 4.0 × (2.5)2)
107 = 1.82 × 10−23 ≈ 1.8 × 10−23 kg m s−1
3 momentum before = mAuA + mBuB = (0.50 × = 4.5 + 12.5 = 17 J
2.0) + (0.50 × (−3.0)) = 1.0 − 1.5 = −0.5 kg m s−1 so, k.e. before = k.e. after
(i.e., to the left) e r elative speed before = 2.5 − (−1.5) = 4.0 m
momentum after = mAvA + mBvB = (0.50 × s−1
(−2.0)) + (0.50 × 1.0) = −1.0 + 0.5 = −0.5 kg m relative speed after = 2.5 − (−1.5) = 4.0 m
s−1 (i.e., to the left) s−1
4 6 a before after
Type of collision perfectly elastic inelastic
2.0 m s–1 u= 0 v= ? 1.2 m s–1
Momentum conserved conserved
Kinetic energy conserved not conserved A B A B
Total energy conserved conserved 1.0 kg 2.0 kg 1.0 kg 2.0 kg
5 a
Before collision:
b Call 1.0 kg trolley A.
momentum of ball A, pA = mAuA = 4.0 ×
Call 2.0 kg trolley B.
2.5 = +10 kg m s−1
Conservation of momentum means
momentum of ball B, pB = mBuB = 4.0 ×
(−1.5) = −6 kg m s−1 momentum before collision = momentum
after collision
b After collision:
so, mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB
momentum of ball A, pA = mAuA = 4.0 ×
Rearrange to find speed of first trolley
(−1.5) = −6 kg m s−1
after collision, vA
momentum of ball B, pB = mBuB = 4.0 ×
mAuA + mBuB − mBvB = mAvA
2.5 = +10 kg m s−1
vA = mA uA + mB uB – mBvB
c t otal momentum before collision = pA + pB mA
= +4 kg m s−1 (1.0 × 2.0 ) + ( 2.0 × 0.0 ) − ( 2.0 ×1.2 )
=
total momentum after collision = pA + pB = 1.0
+4 kg m s−1 = −0.40 m s−1
so, momentum is conserved
The minus sign indicates that the first Before After

trolley reverses direction. v1
7 a
If you consider the star to be stationary
u
before exploding, the star has zero
momentum. After the explosion, matter
flies off in all directions: equal amounts of
momentum are created in all directions, so
their (vector) sum is zero. Momentum is
conserved.
v2
b Y
ou give downward momentum to the
Earth; as you slow down, so does the
10 5.0 kg ms–1
Earth. As you start to fall back down,
the Earth starts to ‘fall’ back up towards 36.9° 53.1°
you. At all times, your momentum is
equal and opposite to that of the Earth,
so combined momentum is zero, i.e.,
conserved.
3.0 kg ms–1
4.0 kg ms–1
8 If u = initial velocity and v = final velocity,
change in momentum of ball
Δ
p = mv − mu = m(v − u) = 0.40 × (1.5 − (−1.2))
= 1.08 kg m s−1 11 C
onsider momentum changes in the
change in k.e. ΔEk = 12 mv2 − 12 mu2 = 12 m(v2 y-direction.
− u2) Before collision:
1
= 2
× 0.40 × ((1.2) − (1.5) ) = −0.162 J
2 2
momentum = 0
he wall has gained momentum. The ball
T After collision:
has lost kinetic energy, which has become component of momentum of particle 1 = 2.40
thermal energy (heat) of the ball and air. sin 60° = 2.08 kg m s−1 upwards
The momentum given to the wall and Earth component of momentum of particle 2 = 2.40
is equal and opposite to this value but the sin 60° = 2.08 kg m s−1 downwards
kinetic energy given to the Earth = the lost These components are equal and opposite and
kinetic energy from the ball. So, 0.162 = 12 mv2, hence their sum is zero.
where m is the mass of the Earth and v is the Consider momentum changes in the
velocity, with which it recoils. v is very low x-direction.
since the mass is very large indeed.
Before collision:
9 Consider the movement of the moving ball
before the collision. If we take its direction of momentum = 2.40 kg m s−1 to the right
movement as the x-axis, and the perpendicular After collision:
to its direction of movement as the y-axis, component of momentum of particle 1 = 2.40
then compare before and after the collision. cos 60° = 1.20 kg m s−1 to the right
efore collision: component of momentum
B c omponent of momentum of particle 2 = 2.40
along x-axis only; no component along y-axis. cos 60° = 1.20 kg m s−1 to the right
After collision: the second ball has a total momentum = 1.20 + 1.20 = 2.40 kg m s−1
component of momentum along the y-axis to the right
(as it moves away at an angle to the x-axis). Hence, momentum is conserved in both the
Therefore, to conserve momentum along the x- and y-directions, so total momentum is
y-axis, after the collision, the first ball must conserved.
also have an equal and opposite component of
12 a component of velocity of first ball in
momentum along the y-axis. So, the first ball
x-direction = 1.00 m s−1
must change direction.
component of velocity of first ball in
y-direction = 0
b A
ssume that each ball has mass m and change in momentum, Dp = mv − mu =
13 a
that the second ball has velocity V m(v − u)
at an angle θ to the x-direction (with = 1000 × (24 − 10) = 1.4 × 104 kg m s−1
components Vx in the x-direction and Vy
∆p 1.4 × 10 4
in the y-direction). b force, F = = = 933 N ≈ 930 N
∆t 15
Consider momentum conservation in the
14 a Rearrange F = ∆∆pt to give change in
x-direction:
momentum
m × 1.00 = m × 0.80 cos 20° + m × Vx
p = F Dt = 240 × 0.25 = 60 kg m s−1 (or 60
D
Cancel m from all terms, so Vx = 1.00 − N s)
0.80 cos 20° = 0.25 m s−1
b In the direction of the kicking force
Consider momentum conservation in the
y-direction (taking ‘upwards’ as positive): 15 Force applied to water
∆p m( v − u )
0 = −m × 0.80 sin 20° + m × Vy = =
∆t ∆t
so, Vy = 0.80 sin 20° = 0.27 m s−1
m
c agnitude of velocity of second ball, V,
M = (v − u )
∆t
is given by Pythagoras’ theorem: = 10 × (0 − 5.0) = −50 N
V2 = (Vx)2 + (Vy)2 (Negative because force applied to water is
against the direction of water flow)
so, V = ( 0.25 )2 + ( 0.27 )2  = 0.37 m s−1
  so, force of water on wall = 50 N
direction of velocity of second ball, angle
θ to the x-direction If the water bounces, a greater force is applied
 Vy   0.27  because of a greater change in momentum.
= tan−1   = tan−1   = 47° 16 force exerted by golf club,
V
 x  0.25 
∆p m( v − u ) 0.046 × (50 − 0 )
F= = =
∆t ∆t 0.0013
1.77 × 103 N ≈ 1.8 kN
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 7
Self-assessment questions b I nitially, with the water inside the ballast
tanks, the upthrust was equal to the weight
1 volume of cube = 3.0 × 3.0 × 3.0 = 27 cm3 of the submarine plus the water inside the
tanks. When the water is pushed out of the
mass 240 tanks the upthrust is still the same but the
density = = = 8.89 g cm−3 = 8890
volume 27 submarine without the water weighs less.
kg m−3 The upthrust is now larger than the weight.
4 4
2 volume of sphere, V = pr3 = × π × (0.15)3 ass of extra water displaced = 15 × 1200
8 m
= 0.0141 m3 3 3
= 18 000 kg
mass
rearrange: density = extra volume displaced = 18 000/1000 = 18 m3
volume
so, mass = density × volume = 7850 × 0.0141 = extra depth = 18/750 = 0.024 m
111 kg
F 80 9 M
easure the sides of the cube with the
3 pressure, p = = = 20 kPa
A 4 × 0.0010 micrometer. Multiply the three sides together
4 Estimate weight = 600 N, area of feet = 500 to obtain the volume of the cube. Use mass
cm2 = 0.05 m2 = density of water × volume of cube to find
F 600 the mass of water displaced. The weight =
so, pressure p = = = 12 kPa
A 0.05 mass × g. Use the newton-meter to measure
5 Pressure at depth 0.8 m is p = ρgh1 = 1000 × the weight of the cube in air and when fully
9.81 × 0.8 = 7.85 × 103 Pa submerged in water. The difference is the
Pressure at depth 2.4 m is p = ρgh2 = 1000 × upthrust. This should equal the weight of the
9.81 × 2.4 = 2.35 × 104 Pa water displaced.
maximum total pressure, p = patm + pwater ass of hydrogen and fabric = 3000 × 0.09
10 m
= 1.01 × 105 + 2.35 × 104 = 1.25 × 105 Pa +100 = 370 kg
p upthrust in air = 3000 × 1.2 × 9.81 = 35300 N
6 Rearrange p = ρgh to give height h =
1.01× 105 ρ g
g reatest mass it can lift = 35300 ÷ 9.81 − 370 =
= = 7980 m ≈ 8000 m
1.29 × 9.81 3200 kg
This figure is too small because it assumes the B
11 a
density of the air is constant. In fact, density
decreases with height. You may have sensibly b C
assumed a smaller value for the density of air, 12 a
Spring D has the greatest value of force
say half the value quoted. constant (the graph has the steepest
7 a The ball displaces a lot of water and the gradient).
upthrust is larger than its weight. b S
pring A is the least stiff (it extends the
most for each unit of force applied).
c pring C does not obey Hooke’s law:
S
there is no section of the graph that forms
a straight line.
13 Metals from stiffest to least stiff: force 4F

18 stress = =
Metal oung modulus /
Y cross-sectional area πd 2
GPa 4 × 1.00
= = 8.0 × 106 Pa
Most stiff steel 210 π × ( 0.0004 )2
extension 0.001
iron (wrought) 200 strain = =
original length 0.800
copper 130
= 1.25 × 10−3 (at most)
brass 90−110 stress 8.0 × 106
Young modulus = =
aluminium 70 strain 1.25 × 10 −3
= 6.4 × 109 Pa (but could be more, because
tin 50
extension may be less than 1 mm)
Least stiff lead 18 stress 150 × 106
19 a Young modulus = = =
strain 0.003
tiffest non-metal is glass (Young modulus =
14 S 50 GPa
70−80 GPa) stress 100 × 106
b Young modulus = = =
15 For material A: strain 0.001
σ 15 × 106 100 GPa
stress
Young modulus, EA = = = = Note that the Young modulus is only
strain ε 0.001
1.5 × 10 Pa = 15 GPa
10 found for the straight portion of the
stress−strain graph.
For material B:
stress 100 × 106
6
stress = σ = 12 × 10 = 5.0
c Young modulus = = = 25
Young modulus, EB = strain ε 0.0024
strain 0.004
GPa
× 109 Pa = 5.0 GPa
force 20 e lastic potential energy, E = Fx = 1 × 12 ×
16 stress = 0.18 = 1.08 J ≈ 1.1 J
1
2
2
cross-sectional area
50 he rubber band is assumed to obey Hooke’s
T
= = 1.0 × 108 Pa law; hence, the answer is an estimate.
0.5 × 10 −6
(Remember that 0.5 mm2 = 0.5 × 10−6 m2) 21 elastic potential energy, E = 1 Fx = 1
kx2
2 2
extension 0.1
strain = = = 1
2
× 4800 × (0.0020)2 = 9.6 × 10−3 J
original length 200.0
strain = 5.0 × 10−4 (0.05%) 22 a
A has greater stiffness (less extension per
stress 1.0 × 108 unit force).
Young modulus = =
strain 5.0 × 10 −4 b A
requires greater force to break (line
= 2.0 × 1011 Pa continues to higher force value).
stress
17 Young modulus =
strain c requires greater amount of work done
B
stress to break (larger area under graph).
Rearrange so strain =
Young modulus
x
Then insert formulae for stress and strain
L
F πd 2
= and cross-sectional area, A =
A× E 4
4 FL
This gives extension = 2
πd × E
4 × 10 × 1.00
=
π × ( 0.001) × 130 × 109
2
= 9.796 × 10−5 m
≈ 9.8 × 10−5 m
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 8
V 230
Self-assessment questions =
15 R = = 575 Ω
a I 0.40
1 towards the right V 6.0
c = =
16 R = 2.5 Ω
2 a b c, see diagram I 2.4
3 ΔQ = I Δt = 0.40 × 15 = 6.0 C P 60
17 =
I = = 0.26 A
∆Q 150 V 230
4 I = = = 5.0 A
18 P = V I = 25 × 103 × 40 × 103 = 1.9 × 109 W
∆t 30
∆Q 50 (or 1000 MW or 1.0 GW)
5 I = = = 2.5 A
∆t 20 b V2 3.02
6 a Current increases by a 19 P
= = = 0.45 mW
R 20 × 103
factor of 4, therefore time
20 a Rearrange P = V I to give
decreases by a factor of 4,
therefore time = 1 hour/ 4 = P 15
= I = = 0.065 A
1
hour = 15 minutes V 230
4
V 230
b ΔQ = I Δt = 200 × 15 × 60 = 180 000 b R = = = 3500 Ω
I 0.065
7 n umber of protons = total charge/charge on 21 Rearrange P = I 2 R to give
each proton = 1 / 1.6 × 10−19 = 6.3 × 1018
P 100
8 8.0 × 10−19 C; it is the only one that is an exact R= 2 = = 540 Ω
I 0.432
multiple of the elementary charge
22 Energy transferred W = IVΔt = 10 × 12 ×
9 I = n A q v = 5.9 × 1028 × 2.0 × 10−6 × 1.6 × 10−19 (5.0 × 60 × 60) = 2200 000 J, or 2.2 MJ
× 0.10 × 10−3 = 1.9 A
23 a Charge through lamp ΔQ = IΔt = 10 × 20
5.0
10 I = = 200 C
8.5 × 1028 × π × ( 0.50 ×10 −3 )2 × 1.6 × 10 −19
b Per coulomb of charge energy = ΔW / ΔQ
= 4.7 × 10 −4 ms −1 = 400/200 = 2.0 J
11 The speed will decrease because if all the other
c Rearrange energy transferred, W = IVΔt, to
variables are unchanged then the mean drift
give potential difference: V = ΔW / IΔt = 400
velocity will be inversely proportion to the
(10*20) = 2.0 V or use potential difference =
number density.
energy/ charge = 400/200 = 2.0 V
V 12
12 =
I = = 0.33 Ω
R 36
13 The 60 W lamp will have the higher resistance,
it will have a lower current using V = I R the
smaller R the higher I must be for the same p.d.
14 a V = I R = 1.0 × 50 = 50 V
b potential difference ∝ current, therefore
double the current therefore the p.d. must
have been doubled, 50 V × 2 = 100 V
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 9
Self-assessment questions total e.m.f. = 6 + 6 = 12 V. If the batteries are
connected back to front, the charge gains
1 4.5 A energy in one cell but loses it in the other, so
2 1.5 towards P total e.m.f. = 0 V.
3 current towards junction = 1.0 + 2.5 + 3.0 = 6.5 In parallel, half the charge flows through one
battery and half through the other, so the
c urrent away from the junction = 4.0 + 2.0 + total energy gained is 6 J, meaning the total
0.5 = 6.5 e.m.f. = 6 V.
Kirchhoff’s first law is satisfied. 9 Consider the circuit loop at the top,
4 current towards the junction = 3.0 + 2.0 containing the 10 V cell and a 20 Ω resistor.
c urrent away from the junction = 7.0 + I se Kirchhoff’s second law and V = IR to give
U
7.0 + I = 3.0 + 2.0, I = 5.0 − 7.0 = −2 A 10 V = I1 × 20 Ω, so current through A1 is I1 =
Therefore, I is 2.0 A towards the junction, the 10/20 = 0.50 A
opposite direction to that shown in the diagram. Consider the circuit loop at the bottom,
5 Sum of e.m.f.s around any loop in a circuit containing the 5 V cell and a 20 Ω resistor. Use
is equal to the sum of the p.d.s around the Kirchhoff’s second law and V = IR to give 5 V
loop. So, e.m.f. of power supply = Sp.d.s = I1 × 20 Ω, so current through A3 is I3 = 5/20
across resistors, meaning p.d. across resistor = 0.25 A
R = e.m.f. of power supply − p.d. across 20 Ω Now use Kirchhoff’s first law at the circuit
resistor = 10 − (0.1 × 20) = 8.0 V; V = IR so junction to the right of ammeter A2 to give I1
resistance R = VI = 8.0/0.1 = 80 Ω = I2 + I3 so current through A2 is I2 = I1 − I3 =
0.50 − 0.25 = 0.25 A
6 a
Choose the loop containing the 5 V cell
at the top, the 10 Ω resistor with current 10 total resistance = 5 + 5 + 10 = 20 Ω
I, and the central 5 V cell, as the only se Kirchhoff’s second law to give e.m.f. =
11 U
current involved is I. V1 + V2
b s um of e.m.f.s of cells in loop = 5.0 + 5.0 = so, V2 = e.m.f. − V1 = 2.0 − 1.2 = 0.8 V
10 V = p.d. across resistor 12 a All five in series and pointing the same way,
V = IR so I = V/R = 10/10 = 1.0 A so e.m.f. = 1.5 + 1.5 + 1.5 + 1.5 + 1.5 = 7.5 V
7 I n the loop, the sum of e.m.f.s = 30 − 10 = 20 b F
ive in series, with two facing in the
V, which by Kirchhoff’s second law must equal opposite direction, so e.m.f. = 1.5 + 1.5 +
the sum of the p.d.s across the resistors, given 1.5 − 1.5 − 1.5 = 1.5 V or all five in parallel
by V = IR c
ive in series, with one facing in the
F
sum of p.d.s across resistors = (0.5 × R) + (0.5 opposite direction, so e.m.f. = 1.5 + 1.5 +
× 10) + (0.2 × 10) + (0.2 × 20) 1.5 + 1.5 − 1.5 = 4.5 V or two in parallel
so, 20 = (0.5 × R) + 11, giving R = (20 − 11)/ to give e.m.f. of 1.5 V, connected in series
0.5 = 18 Ω to two more in parallel (also giving e.m.f.
8 In series, the 1 C charge passes through both of 1.5 V), then connected in series to the
batteries and gains or loses 6 J in each. If single remaining cell with e.m.f. of 1.5 V
the batteries are connected so that both of sum of e.m.f.s = 1.5 + 1.5 + 1.5 = 4.5 V
them move the charge in the same direction,
13 1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4 = 4/10 • 100

Ω and 200 Ω in series, connected in parallel
so, RTotal = 10/4 = 2.5 Ω with 100 Ω so 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/300 + 1/100
= 4/300 so R = 75 Ω
R = R1 + R2 = 100 + 200 = 300 Ω
14 a
in parallel, so 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3=
• All
b 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/100 + 1/200 = 3/200,
1/100 + 1/100 + 1/200 = 5/200 so R = 40 Ω
so R = 200/3 = 67 Ω
c esistance of the series combination is
R 17 10 Ω (remember for resistors connected in
given in part a, 300 Ω parallel, their combined resistance is smaller
than any of the individual resistances)
so, for full combination, 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2
= 1/300 + 1/200 = 5/600 18 T
he p.d. across each resistor is the same as the
e.m.f. of the battery.
so, R = 600/5 = 120 Ω
Rearrange V = IR to give I = V/R = 12/500
15 a Rearrange V = IR to give current, I = V/R =
= 0.024 A 10/20 = 0.50 A
19 Combined resistance of all resistors, R, is
b total resistance R = R1 + R2 = 500 + 1000 = given by:
1500 Ω
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 = 1/20 + 1/40 + 1/50 =
Rearrange V = IR to give I = V/R =
19/200 so R = 200/19 = 10.5 Ω
12/1500 = 0.008 A
Rearrange V = IR to give current I = V/R =
c Total resistance R is given by 1/R = 10/10.5 = 0.95 A
1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/500 + 1/1000 = 3/1000
But an easier way to approach this is to
so, R = 1000/3 = 333 Ω calculate the current through each resistor
Rearrange V = IR to give I = V/R = (12 × using I = V/R, given that the p.d. across each
3)/1000 = 0.036 A resistor is the same and equals the e.m.f. of
16 Total resistances possible are: 40 Ω, 50 Ω, 67 Ω, the battery. sum of currents = 10/20 + 10/40 +
75 Ω, 100 Ω (two ways), 167 Ω, 10/50 = 190/200 = 0.95 A
200 Ω (two ways), 250 Ω, 300 Ω and 400 Ω 20 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 so 1/10 = 1/20 + 1/R2 so 1/R2
In detail: = 1/10 − 1/20, hence, R = 100 Ω
• One 100 Ω on its own 21 T wo in parallel, connected in series with a
further two. For the parallel combination,
• One 200 Ω on its own 1/RP = 1/100 + 1/100 = 1/50 so RP = 50 Ω
• Both 100 Ω in series, R = 200 Ω Thus, the total resistance of the series
combination is RS = 100 + 100 + 50 = 250 Ω
• 100 Ω + 200 Ω in series, R = 300 Ω 22 Resistance of parallel combination is given by
• All in series, R = 200 + 100 + 100 = 400 Ω 1/300 + 1/60 = 6/300 = 1/50 so Rp = 50 Ω
s o, total resistance of circuit R = 50 + 50 = 100 Ω
• Both
100 Ω in parallel, 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 =
1/100 + 1/100 = 2/100 so R = 50 Ω Rearrange V = IR to give current, I = V/R
current at A, I = 600/100 = 6.0 A
• 100
Ω and 200 Ω in parallel, 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 =
current at B is the same as at A = 6.0 A
1/100 + 1/200 = 3/200 so R = 67 Ω
p.d. across parallel combination = e.m.f. − p.d.
• 100
Ω and 200 Ω in parallel, plus 100 Ω in across 50 Ω resistor = 600 − (6.0 × 50) = 300 V
series, R = 67 + 100 = 167 Ω current at C is V/R = 300/300 = 1.0 A
• 100
Ω and 100 Ω in parallel, plus 200 Ω in current at D is 300/60 = 5.0 A
series, R = 50 + 200 = 250 Ω current at E = current at A = 6.0 A
• 100
Ω and 100 Ω in series, connected in parallel 23 a current = V/R = 10/100 = 0.10 A
with 200 Ω so 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/200 + 1/200 b current = V/R = 10/(100+5.0) = 0.095 A
= 2/200 so R = 100 Ω
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 10
Self-assessment questions b A
metal wire will work over a much wider
range than a thermistor. or The metal’s
1 a I/A resistance increases almost linearly,
0.25
making the thermometer more linear.
0.20
8 a Rearrange resistance, R = ρL/A to give
0.15
length, L = RA/ρ
0.10
where A = ¼pd2 = ¼ × π × (0.5 × 10−3)2 =
0.05 1.96 × 10−7 m2
0.00 so, length for 1.0 Ω resistance = RA/ρ =
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 V/V 1.0 × 0.2 × 10−6/44.0 × 10−8 = 0.45 m
b A
ll except point at 7.9; this point is b length for 5.0 Ω resistance = 5.0 × 0.45 = 2.3 m
anomalous and can be ignored
c length for 10 Ω resistance = RA/ρ = 10 ×
c 48 Ω 0.45 = 4.5 m
d Yes 9 v olume of copper, v = 1.0 cm3 = length L ×
t 2.0 V, R = V/I = 2.0/0.010 = 200 Ω; at 8.0 V,
2 A cross-sectional area A
R = 8.0/0.060 = 133 Ω so, length L = v/A
No, it does not obey Ohm’s law. thus, resistance R = ρv/A2 = 1.69 × 10−8 × 1.0 ×
At θ1, R = V/I = 30/2.4 = 12.5 Ω; at θ2,
3 a 10−6/(4.0 × 10−7)2 = 0.11 Ω
R = 15/3 = 5.0 Ω resistance, R = ρL/A
10 a
b θ1 is the higher temperature We know the first length, L1 = 1.0 m, as
well as the resistivity of copper and the
4 a
Filament lamp is A; steel wire is B
resistance R1. So, the cross-sectional area
b 8.0 V of the wire is A = ρL1/R1
c resistance, R = V/I = 8.0/3.4 = 2.4 Ω The resistance of the 5.0 m length of wire
is R2 = ρL2/A = L2R1/L1 = 5.0 × 0.50/1.0 =
i 3.1 kΩ
5 a 2.5 Ω
ii 1.5 kΩ b Area = 14 ,pd2, so halving the diameter
b i 5 °C reduces the area by a factor of 4.
Resistance is inversely proportional to
ii 36 °C
area. Therefore, halving the diameter
6 T
he lamp will become brighter because the increases the resistance by a factor of 4.
resistance of the thermistor decreases. This So, resistance R = 0.50 × 4 = 2.0 Ω
reduces the total resistance in the circuit and
11 4 0 Ω; the resistance increases by a factor of 4
therefore the current increases.
(because cross-sectional area has halved and
7 a
A thermistor’s resistance changes more length has doubled)
per degree of temperature change than a
metal wire. This makes the thermometer
more sensitive.
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 11
Self-assessment questions Rearrange e.m.f. E = IR + Ir to give internal
resistance of battery
1 E = 5.0 V r = (E − IR)/I = (3.0 − 2.8)/0.28
= 0.71Ω
r = 2.0 Ω
5 1.5
current = 0.50 A
1.0
R = 8.0 Ω V
Rearrange e.m.f. E = I(R + r) to give 0.5

current
I = E/(R + r) = 5.0/(8.0 + 2.0) = 0.50 A
0
i Rearrange e.m.f. E = I(R + r) to give
2 a 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
I/A
current
I = E/(R + r) = 3.0/(10 + 10 + 4.0) = E = 1.5 V, r = 0.5 Ω
0.125 ≈ 0.13 A terminal p.d. = E − Ir = 12 − (100 × 0.04)
6 a
ii External resistance R is given by =8V
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/10 + 1/10, b power, P = VI, and p.d. V = IR means
so R = 5.0 Ω current, I = V/R, so P = V2/R
so, current I = E/(R + r) = 3.0/(5.0 + Rearrange to give resistance R = V2/P =
4.0) = 0.33 A (12)2/36 = 4.0 Ω
b i lost volts = Ir = 0.125 × 4.0 = 0.5 V c power, P = V2/R = 82/4 = 16 W
terminal p.d. = e.m.f. − lost volts = 3.0 hen resistor is set to 0 Ω, Vout = 0 V
7 W
− 0.5 = 2.5 V When resistor is set to 40 Ω, Vout = R2/(R1 + R2)
ii lost volts = Ir = 0.33 × 4.0 = 1.33 V × Vin = 40/(10 + 40) × 10 = 8 V
terminal p.d. = e.m.f. − lost volts = 3.0 8 F
rom the graph in Figure 12.7, the resistance
− 1.33 = 1.67 V of the LDR is 100 kΩ.
3 Rearrange e.m.f. E = I(R + r) voltage V across the 3 kΩ = R1/(R1 + R2) × Vin,
where R1 is the resistance of the
to give current I = E/(R + r) = (1.5 × 4)/(2.0 +
(0.1 × 4)) = 2.5 A 3 kΩ resistor and R2 is the resistance of the
LDR
4 E = 3.0 V
p.d. across 10 Ω resistor = 2.8 V so current in V = 3/(3 +100) × 10 = 0.29 V
circuit with resistor connected 9 Connect the output across the 3 kΩ resistor.
= V/R = 2.8/10 = 0.28 A
10 T he thermistor is connected in series with resistance of the thermistor decreases and so

a fixed resistor and a battery. A changing the p.d. across the thermistor decreases and
temperature will cause a changing voltage the p.d. across the 400 Ω resistor increases.
across the thermistor. You can instead put the output voltage across
11 Both are made from a semiconductor the thermistor, then, when temperature rises,
material. Both have a decreasing resistance: the output voltage falls.
for an LDR when the light intensity increases 13 a
For a 1 cm length of wire, potential
and for a thermistor when the temperature difference = 4.0/100 = 0.04 V
increases. Both have a non-linear change in
length needed for 1.0 V = 1.0/0.04 = 25 cm
resistance with light intensity or temperature.
12 The resistance of the thermistor at 50° C is b A
length of 37.0 cm has a p.d. across it of
400 Ω so the resistor must have the same value. 37.0 × 0.04 = 1.48 V
The driver cell will have internal resistance
and it is supplying current to the
potentiometer wire. Therefore, the p.d.
10 V
across its terminals and the wire will be
slightly less than the e.m.f. (4.0 V) of the
400 Ω Vout cell.
c I f a balance length of 31.2 cm is required
by a cell of e.m.f. 1.230 V, then p.d.
he output voltage is shown across the 400
T
supplied by unknown e.m.f. cell = (1.230 ×
Ω resistor. When the temperature rises, the
37.0)/31.2 = 1.459 V ≈ 1.46 V
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 12
Self-assessment questions 6 Rearrange speed of wave, v = fλ, to give
v 5060
1 a
Wavelength 15 cm, amplitude 4.0 cm frequency f = = = 20 240 Hz ≈ 20 kHz
λ 0.25
b Wavelength 20 cm, amplitude 2.0 cm 7 speed v = fλ = 64 × 1.40 = 89.6 m s−1 ≈ 90 m s−1
2 O
ne complete wave occupies 2.5 scale frequency f = 30 Hz
8 a
divisions. One scale division represents 0.005 s,
so the period of the wave T = 2.5 × 0.005 b speed v = fλ = 30 × 0.050 = 1.5 m s−1
= 0.0125 s 9
1 1
so, the frequency f = = = 80 Hz Station Wavelength / m Frequency /
T 0.0125 MHz
3
B Radio A 97.6
v 3.00 × 108
=
Displacement
A (FM) = 3.07
f 97.6 × 10 6
Distance Radio B v 3.00 × 108 94.6

(FM) = = 3.17
f 94.6 × 106
power P Radio B 1515 v 3.00 × 108

intensity =
4 a = =
area A (LW)
λ 1515
surface area of a sphere = 4pr2
= 0.198
so, the intensity at 1.0 m from the lamp (note: MHz)
P 100 Radio C 693
= = v 3.00 × 108
4 πr 2 4 × π × (1.0 )2 (MW) =
λ 693
= 7.96 W m−2 ≈ 8.0 W m−2
= 0.433
b intensity at 2.0 m from the lamp = (note: MHz)
P 100
= 10 a
Observed wavelength
4 πr 2
4 × π × ( 2.0 )2
= 1.99 W m−2 ≈ 2.0 W m−2 λobs =
(v + vs ) (330 + 80 ) = 3.4 m
=
f 120
5 a
Intensity is proportional to (amplitude)2,
so doubling amplitude multiplies intensity v 330
fobs = = = 97 Hz
by 4, to 1600 W m−2 λobs 3.4
b I ntensity is reduced by a factor of 4, so fS × v 120 × 330
b fobs = = = 97 Hz
the amplitude decreases by a factor of 2, (v + vs ) (330 + 80 )
to 2.5 cm
alculate frequencies using f =

11 C v , 14 Use table of answers to Question 11:
λ
with v = 3.0 × 108 m s−1 a
Radio waves
Radiation Wavelength Frequency / Hz b Radio waves
range / m
c Visible light
radio waves >106 to 10−1 300 to 3 × 109
d X-rays or γ-rays
microwaves 10−1 to 10−3 3 × 109 to 3 × 1011
15 T
he Polaroid would allow only plane polarised
infrared 10−3 to 7 × 10−7 3 × 1011 to 4.3 × 1014
light to get through, with the electric field
visible 7 × 10−7 (red) to 4
.3 × 1014 to 7.5 × vibrations along the transmission axis of the
4 × 10−7 (violet) 1014 Polaroid. All other oscillating electric fields
ultraviolet 4 × 10−7 to 10−8 7.5 × 1014 to 3 × 1016 from the incoming unpolarised light will be
blocked by the long chains of molecules of the
X-rays 10−8 to 10−13 3 × 1016 to 3 × 1021
Polaroid. Some of the incident light energy
γ-rays 10−10 to 10−16 3 × 1018 to 3 × 1024 is transferred to thermal energy within the
Polaroid.
12 a
Visible
Use Malus’s law: I = I0 cos2 θ
16 a
b Ultraviolet
I = 12 × cos2 45° = 12 × 0.50 = 6.0 W m−2
c 1−100 mm
b Use Malus’s law: I = I0 cos2 θ
d 400−700 nm I = 12 × cos2 60° = 12 × 0.25 = 3.0 W m−2
e 4.3 × 10 Hz to 7.5 × 10 Hz
14 14
17 Use Malus’s law: I = I0 cos2 θ
I
13 a
Radio waves I is 30% of I0; this means = 0.30
I0
b Microwaves I
therefore, cos2 θ = = 0.30 and
c Infrared cos θ = 0.30 I0
d Visible light so, θ = 57°
e Ultraviolet
f X-rays or γ-rays
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 13
Self-assessment questions 6 D
: dark fringe, because rays from slits 1 and 2
have a path difference of 1½λ
1
E: bright fringe, because the path difference is 2l
resultant 7 T he wavelength λ and the separation of slits a
remain the same
Displacement
therefore, x ∝ D; doubling D means x must

Distance
0 also double
so, new separation of fringes will be 3.0 mm.
x = laD , therefore, x ∝
8 a 1
a
, so decreasing a
2 T
he grid spacing is much smaller than the gives increased x
wavelength of the microwaves, so the waves do lue light has shorter wavelength; x ∝ λ
b B
not pass through. However, the wavelength of so x is less
light is much smaller, so it can pass through
unaffected. c x is directly proportional to D
3 T
wo loudspeakers with slightly different For larger D, x is greater, so there is a
frequencies might start off in step, but they smaller percentage uncertainty in x
would soon go out of step. The superposition 9 Rearrange λ = ax to give
of the waves at a particular point might D
−9
be constructive at first, but would become x = λaD = 589 ×010.0002× 1.20 = 3.5 × 10−3 m
destructive. A stable pattern interference
pattern is not possible. 10 D and a are fixed, so x ∝ l
−7
4 The intensity would increase. ew fringe separation = 4.5 × 10−7 × 2.4
n
6.0 × 10
= 1.8 mm
5
(or wavelength is 34 of previous value, so
a resultant
Displacement
spacing of fringes is 34 of previous value)

0 11 For the second-order maximum, rays from
Time adjacent slits have a path difference of 2λ, so
they are in phase.
b (Note: The angle at which the second-order
resultant
Displacement
maximum is observed must be greater than

the first-order maximum because the path
0
Time difference between neighbouring rays is larger:
2λ instead of λ.)
c Rearrange d sin θ = nλ so sin θ =
12 a
resultant
nλ 2 × 580 × 10 –9
Displacement
= = 0.348, so θ = 20.4°
d 3.33 × 10 –6
0
Time
b For n = 3, sin θ = 0.522, so θ = 31.5° c or the double-slit experiment, a

F
For n = 4, sin θ = 0.697, so θ = 44.2° measured width of 9 mm for ten fringes
will give a wavelength of 562 nm. For
For n = 5, sin θ = 0.871, so θ = 60.6° the diffraction grating experiment, the
You cannot have sin θ > 1, so there are 11 measured second-order angle of 19° will
maxima: the zeroth-order maximum and give 543 nm. Hence, the diffraction grating
five on either side of this method is more accurate. In practice, it
θ increases, so the maxima are more
13 a is also much more precise because the
spread out and there may be fewer of fringes are bright and sharp
them (note: sin θ ∝ λ) (well-defined).
b d decreases, so again θ increases, the For red light, rearrange d sin θ = nλ so

15 a
maxima are more spread out and there –9
sin θ = ndλ = 1 × 700 × 10–6 = 0.350
may be fewer of them (note: sin θ ∝ 1/d) 2.00 × 10
so, θred = 20.5°
By calculation, use λ = ax
14 a D
so fringe
–9 For violet light, rearrange d sin θ = nλ so
separation x = λaD = 546 × 10 ×–03.80 = 0.87 –9
0.50 × 10 sin θ = ndλ = 1 × 400 × 10–6 = 0.200
mm so ten fringes have a total width of 2.00 × 10
8.7 mm, but using a ruler, the student will so, θviolet = 11.5°
measure 9 mm therefore, angular separation
= 20.5° − 11.5° = 9.0°
b Separation of lines in grating
1 b T
he third-order maximum for violet
= cm
3000 light is deflected through a smaller angle
= 3.33 × 10−6 m. than the second-order maximum for red
By calculation, rearrange d sin θ = nλ so light.
–9
sin θ = ndλ = 2 × 546 × 10–6 = 0.328
3.33 × 10
so θ = 19.1°, but the student will

measure 19°
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 14
Self-assessment questions istance between antinodes = 14 mm =
b d
λ/2, so wavelength λ = 28 mm.
wavelength of stationary wave = 2 ×
1 a 8
distance between nodes = 50 cm frequency f = λv = 3.00.×028
10
= 1.07 × 1010 Hz ≈ 11 GHz

b d
istance from node to adjacent antinode
= 0.5 × distance between nodes = 12.5 cm 4 I n both cases, waves are reflected (by the
metal sheet or by the water). The outgoing
2 a
One complete wavelength is shown in the
and reflected waves combine to produce a
image, so wavelength = 60 cm
stationary wave pattern.
separation of two antinodes = λ/2 = 30 cm
5 a
It is much easier to detect where sound
b falls to zero than where sound is a
maximum.
b I ncreased accuracy: if the wavelength is
short, it is difficult to measure just one
c length of string = 60 cm, so to produce wavelength
three antinodes, 3λ/2 = 60 cm, meaning λ 6 a
Three antinodes between them means the
= 40 cm distance between the two measured nodes
3 a nodes = 3λ/2 = 20 cm, so wavelength λ = 13.3 cm
≈ 13 cm
b speed v = fλ = 2500 × 0.13 = 325 m s−1 ≈
transmitter reflector 330 m s−1
antinodes
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 15
Self-assessment questions +e
5 a
1 I f there were air molecules in the container, b No charge

the α-particles would scatter off them as well c +Ze, where Z is the proton number
and distort the results. The α-particles may
also be absorbed by 6 cm of air. d No charge
2 a
More back-scattered, because of greater e +2e
chance of close approach to gold nucleus umber of neutrons = nucleon number −
6 n
b F
ewer back-scattered, because their proton (or atomic) number, so isotopes of
inertia would tend to carry them forwards uranium with nucleon numbers 235 and 238
contain 143 and 146 neutrons, respectively
c ewer back-scattered, because the repulsive
F
7 a
Proton number 80 for all; neutron
force would be smaller (note: gold and
numbers 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124
silver atoms occupy roughly equal volumes)
b a verage relative atomic mass = average
mass nucleon number
3 density =
volume
[(196 × 0.2) + (198 × 10) + (199 × 16.8) +
so, the volume of 193 g of gold volume (200 × 23.1) + (201 × 13.2) + (202 × 29.8) +
193 × 10 −3 3 (204 × 6.9)]/100 = 200.6 8
= m = 9.8 × 10 −6 m3
19700 8 T
hey are grouped into isotopes as follows: A
therefore, the volume occupied by one
and E; C; D, F and G; B and H
atom = volume of 193 g/number of atoms
in 193 g 44
9.8 × 10 −6 A Ca isotope of calcium
= = 1.6 × 10 −29 20
6.02 × 1023 50
B V isotope of vanadium
3V 23
radius of one atom = 3 46
4π C Sc isotope of calcium
21
3 × 1.6 × 10 −29
= 3
46
4π D Ti isotope of titanium
22
= 1.6 × 10 −10 m
46
This assumes there is little empty space E Ca isotope of calcium
20
between atoms.
48
4 number of neutrons = nucleon number − F Ti isotope of titanium
proton number 22
50
a 7 G Ti isotope of titanium
22
b 44
51
c
60 H V isotope of vanadium
23
d 118 9 a Gravitational force acts between all
protons and neutrons in a nucleus, as both
e 122
types of particle have mass.
b E
lectrostatic force acts only between he up quark has a charge + 23 e, the antidown
15 T
protons in a nucleus, as neutrons are 1
quark has a charge +3 e, so the ρ-meson = e
uncharged.
16 The π− − meson is made up of an up and
c trong nuclear force acts between all
S antidown quark. It is, therefore, likely that the
protons and neutrons in a nucleus. π−-meson is made up from an antiup and a
A β-particle has less charge, is smaller
10 a down quark.
1
and travels faster, so is less likely to cause he strange quark has a charge of −3 e, the
17 T
1
ionisation of an atom and thus travels antistrange quark has a charge +3 e, hence the
further before losing all its energy. π-meson is neutral.
b A
ir is much less dense and so less 18 a
neutron proton b1
ionisation is caused per unit distance
travelled.
227 223 4
11 Th → Ra + α d u u u
90 88 2
64 64 0 0 d d
12 Cu → Zn + β + ν
29 30 −1 0
64 64 0 0
Cu → Ni + β + ν
29 28 1 0 n
13 The nucleon number decreases by 32, → d +β + v
b u +
therefore, there must be 8 α decays. 19 The charge must be conserved in the

This would reduce the proton number to 76, interaction. The proton has a charge of +1,
therefore, there must be (82−76) = 6 β decays this becomes a neutron of charge 0 and a β+
14 a A proton is made up from 2 particle, charge +1. They balance.
up quarks and a down quark, charge The nucleon number, which is an approximate
1
= + 23 e + 23 e − 3 e = e measure of mass, must also balance. The
b A neutron is made up from 2 down proton and the neutron have approximately
quarks and an up quark, charge = + 23 e − the same mass, the β+ particle has a small, but
1 1 measureable mass and the neutrino must also
3e − 3e = 0
have a very small mass.
20 This is an open ended question, the table below gives some ideas and others to explore.
proton positron photon

mass ∼ 1u ∼ ½000 u zero rest mass
charge +1e +1e zero
speed range of speeds up to c range of speeds up to c c in vacuo
location free or in the nucleus of free, could be found in the
an atom outer atom of antihydrogen
nature matter antimatter electromagnetic
type not fundamental fundamental what does that mean
in this instance?
life stable Annihilates on meeting an Are there photons still
electron. arriving at Earth from
the original Big Bang?
21 Leptons are (we think) fundamental, hadrons
are not.
Leptons do not feel the strong force,
hadrons do.
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 16
Self-assessment questions 7 speed = v =ω r = 0.105 × 1.8 = 0.19 cm s-1
π
full circular face of clock = 360°; clock
1 a ∆θ 2
face divided into twelve sections, so 8 a angular speed = = = 0.105 rad s −1
∆t 15
angular displacement of hour hand per
hour = 360°/12 = 30° b speed v = ωr = 0.105 × 50 = 5.2 m s−1
b i angular displacement of minute hand = v 7800
half the clock face = 180° 9 ω= = = 1.1× 10 −3 rad s −1
r 7000 ×103
ii angular displacement of hour hand =
10 a
The gravitational pull of the Earth on the
3.5 × 30° = 105°
Moon
2 a Angle of 30° = 30 × π /180 = 0.52 rad
Angle of 90° = 90 × π /180 = 1.57 rad b T
he frictional force of the road on the
wheels
Angle of 105° = 105 × π /180 = 1.83 rad
c ension in the string supporting the
T
b Angle of 0.5 rad = 0.5 × 180 /π = 28.6° pendulum
Angle of 0.75 rad = 0.75 × 180 /π = 43.0°
11 T
here will be no frictional force between
Angle of π rad = π × 180 /π = 180° the road and the wheels. If the driver turns
Angle of 12 π rad = 12 π × 180/ π = 90° the steering wheel, the car will continue in a
straight line.
c angle of 30° = 30 × π/180 = π/6 rad
12 S
peed and kinetic energy are scalar quantities,
angle of 120° = 120 × π/180 = 2π/3 rad the others are vectors. Speed is constant;
angle of 270° = 270 × π/180 = 3π/2 rad velocity has a constant magnitude but
continuously changing direction (the direction
angle of 720° = 720 × π/180 = 4π rad
is tangential to the circle); kinetic energy
3 T
he magnitude of the velocity remains the is constant; momentum has a constant
same (the speed is constant). magnitude but continuously changing
4 a
Speed is a scalar quantity and is constant, direction (the direction is tangential to the
so change in speed = 0 m s−1 circle); the centripetal force has a constant
magnitude but continuously changing
b V
elocity changes to be in the opposite direction (the direction is always towards
direction, so change in velocity = 0.2 − the centre of the circle); the centripetal
(−0.2) = 0.2 + 0.2 = 0.4 m s−1 acceleration behaves in the same way as the
5 S
econd hand turns through 360° in 1 minute, centripetal force.
or 2π rad in 1 minute, which is 2π/60 rad in
v2
1 second; angular velocity ω = 2π/60 = 0.105 13 acceleration a = ,
rad s−1 r
ω 2r2
number of revolutions per second =
6 a v = ωr, therefore, v2 = ω2r2 , so a = = ω2r
r
1200/60 = 20 rev s−1
b angular velocity = 20 × 2π = 40π rad s−1 =
130 rad s−1
istance travelled for one complete orbit s =

14 d v 2 0.942
b acceleration a = = =1.76 ≈ 1.8 ms −1
2pr = 2 × π × 6400 000 = 4.02 × 107 m r 0.5
earrange speed v = s/t to give
R tension in string, F = ma = 0.40 × 1.76 =
c
×107 = 5.08 ×103 s = 1.4 h
0.71 N
t = vs = 4.02
7920
18 a
speed,
aximum tension in the string = centripetal
15 m s 2 π × 2.3 ×1011
v= = = 2.4 × 10 4 ms −1
force + the weight of the stone, so the t 687 × 24 × 3600
maximum centripetal force = 8.0 − (0.2 × 9.8) b centripetal acceleration,
= 6.04 N v 2 ( 2.4 × 10 4 )2
2 a= = = 2.6 × 10 −3 ms −2
Rearrange centripetal force F = mvr to r 2.3 × 1011
Fr 6.04 × 0.30 c gravitational force = ma = 6.4 × 1023 × 2.6
v= = = 3.0 ms −1 × 10−3 = 1.6 × 1021 N
m 0.20
19 T
he tension in the string must have a vertical
16 a centripetal force, F = ma = 350 × 103 × 8.8 component to balance the weight of the bung.
= 3.1 × 106 N
mv 2 20 I n level flight, lift balances the weight. During
b Rearrange centripetal force F = to banking, the vertical component of the lift is
give r
less than the weight, so the aeroplane loses
Fr 3.1× 106 × 6740 × 103 height unless the speed can be increased to
v= = = 7.7 × 103 m −1 provide more lift.
m 350 × 103
s 21 T
he normal contact force of the wall of the
c Rearrange speed v = to give slide has a horizontal component, which
t
s 2 π × 6.74 × 106 provides the centripetal force. If you are
t= = = 5.5 × 103 s = 1.5 h going fast, you need a bigger force, so the
v 7.7 × 103
length of day 24 horizontal component must be greater. This
=
d number of orbits = = 16 happens as you move up the curved wall of
orbital time 1.5
the slide.
17 a time taken for one revolution t = 10/3 =
3.33 s
s 2 π × 0.50
v= = = 0.94 m s −1
t 3.33
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 17
Self-assessment questions ii
m1 m2 10 −1
× 10 −1 gravitational field strength at Sun’s surface
1 a F = −G 2 = −6.67 × 10 −11 ×
r (1× 10 −2 )2 GM 6.67 × 10 −11 × 2.0 × 1030
= 2 =
= − 6.67 × 10 −9 N r (7.0 × 108 )2
mm 5 × 10 × 5 × 10
10 10
= 270 N kg −1
b F = −G 1 2 2 = −6.67 × 10 −11 ×
r 6( 4 × 10 ) 9 2
b Gravitational field strength is very weak
= −1.04 × 10 N
−8
on the Moon, so gas molecules will
m1 m2 1.4 × 10 4
× 6.0 × 10 24 have enough energy to escape from the
c F = −G 2 = −6.67 × 10 −11 × Moon, whereas the Sun has a very high
r (6.8 × 106 )2
field strength and, therefore, pulls gas
= 1.2 × 10 5
molecules very close together.
2 Estimate that each person has mass 70 kg and
that they are seated 0.5 m apart. 5 a Earth’s field strength near the Moon
m1 m2 70 × 70 GM 6.67 × 10 −11 × 6.0 × 1024
F = −G = −6.67 × 10 −11 × = =
r2 0.52 r2 (3.8 × 108 )2
= 1.3 × 10 −6 N = 2.8 × 10 −3 N kg −1
b force = mg = 7.4 × 1022 × (2.8 × 10−3) = 2.1
≈ 10−6 N
× 1020 N
human with mass 70 kg weighs about 700
A F 2.1× 1020
acceleration = = = 2.8 × 10 −3 m s −2
N on Earth. Their weight is greater than their m 7.4 × 1022
mutual attraction by a factor of approximately
320
109. 6 gJupiter = 9.81× = 25 N kg −1
11.22
3 At sea level:
7 gravitational field of the Sun at the Earth
6.67 × 10 −11 × 6.0 × 1024 × 100
W= = 9.77 N 6.67 × 10 −11 × 2.0 × 1030
(6.4 × 106 )2 gs = = 5.9 × 10 −3 N kg −1
At top of Mount Everest: (1.5 × 1011 )2
gravitational field of the Moon at the Earth
6.67 × 10 −11 × 6.0 × 1024 × 100
W= = 9.74 N 6.67 × 10 −11 × 7.4 × 1022
(6.409 × 106 )2 = = 3.4 × 10 −5 N kg −1
This is only just detectable and other (3.8 × 108 )2
factors would probably mask it.
s o, the Sun has a greater pull on each kilogram
4 a i of the seawater
gravitational field strength at Moon’s surface 8 a
GM 6.67 × 10 × 7.4 × 10
−11 22
6.67 × 10 −11 × 6.4 × 1023 × 4.0
= = force of Mars on baby =
r2 (1.74 × 106 )2 (1.0 × 1011 )2
= 1.6 N kg −1 = 1.8 × 10 N
−8
b
6.67 × 10 −11 × 50 × 4.0
force of Mother on baby =
0.402
= 8.3 × 10 N
−8
GM 6.67 × 10 −11 × 6.0 × 1024 11 orbital radius = radius of Earth + altitude of

9 a ϕEarth = − =− satellite above surface = 6.4 × 106 + 2.0 × 105 =
r 6.4 × 106
6.6 × 106 m
= −6.3 × 10 J kg
7 −1
GM 6.67 × 10 −11 × 6.0 × 1024

GM 6.67 × 10 −11 × 7.4 × 1022 v= = = 7.8 ms −1
b ϕMoon =− =− r 6.6 × 106
r 1.74 × 106
12 Diagram showing the satellite spiralling in
= −2.8 × 10 J kg
6 −1
towards Earth
c ϕ ϕ he satellite needs to fire small thruster
T
r r rockets to maintain its speed and orbit.
WMoon 13
GMT 2 6.67 × 10 −11 × 6.4 × 1023 × ( 24.6 × 3600 )2
WEarth r3 = =
4 π2 4 π2
= 8.48 × 1021
Potential well for Earth Potential well for Moon

r = 2.04 × 107 m = 20 400 km
14 d
istance travelled by signal sent to and
d W
Earth is the energy needed for each
returned by satellite = 2 × (42 300 000 − 6 400
kilogram, initially on the Earth’s surface,
000) = 7.18 × 107 m
to escape from the Earth’s field, which can
be seen to be much greater than WMoon, he extra time taken by signal travelling via
T
the energy needed for each kilogram, satellite t:
initially on the Moon’s surface, to escape
from its field. So, the rocket does not need distance 2 × ( 4.23 × 107 − 6.4 × 106 )
t= =
to carry so much fuel. speed 3 × 108
10 a The radius of the command module orbit 7.18 × 10 7
= = 0.24 s
varies; the closer to the Moon the deeper 3 × 108
the module is in the potential and the
he signals travel 30% slower in the cables but
T
smaller the potential.
the distance is very much less.
b
1 1 
∆ϕ = GM  − 
 r1 r2 
 1 1 
= 6.67 × 10 −11 × 7.4 × 1022  − 
 (1.74 × 10 ) ( 2.05 × 10 ) 
6 6
= 4.3 × 105 J kg −1
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 18
Self-assessment questions 10 a 0 cm s−1
1 a Forced b 4 7 cm s−1 (= magnitude of the gradient at t

= 1.0 of t = 3.0)
b Forced
c
0 cm s−2
c
Free
period T = 1/f = 1/2 = 0.50 s
11 a
d Forced
b 2 Hz
2 Curved as in Figure 18.6a
c angular frequency ω = 2pf = 4p rad s−1
3 amplitude = 10 cm
12 a
0.20 m
period = 120 ms (0.12 s)
1 1 b 0.40 s
frequency= = = 8.3 Hz
T 0.12
c frequency = 1/T = 1/0.4 = 2.5 Hz
4 a Half an oscillation
d angular frequency ω = 2pf = 5p rad s−1
b T
he waves have different frequencies
so the phase difference is continuously e −0.1 m
changing.
f 0 m s−1
5 T
he trolley is the mass; the central position
of the trolley is the equilibrium position; the g 3.1 ± 0.2 m s−1 (= gradient of the graph)
resultant restoring force of the springs is the 13 a
force. x/10–12 m
6 T
he restoring force is not proportional to the 2
distance from the equilibrium point. When the 1
person is not in contact with the trampoline
the restoring force is equal to the person’s 0
weight, which is constant. 0.5 1.0 t/10–14 s
–1
7 a amplitude = 0.02 m
–2
b time period = 0.40 s
c maximum velocity = 0.31 m s−1 b G
radient at steepest point, giving
approximately 1.3 × 103 m s−1
d maximum acceleration = 5.0 m s−2
3 × 10−4 m (0.3 mm)
14 a
8 A
t the extreme left of the oscillation (i.e.,
maximum displacement to the left; the b frequency = 240π/2π = 120 Hz
acceleration is in the opposite direction c period = 1/f = 1/120 = 8.3 × 10−3 s
(towards the right)
9 gradient = 0, velocity = 0
x = 0.15 cos (pt)

15 a c aximum potential energy = maximum
m
kinetic energy = 0.12 J
b
x/m d m
aximum acceleration 0.17 m s−2, (from
+0.15 the maximum gradient)
aximum restoring force = ma = 2.0 ×
e m
0 0.17 = 0.34 N
2.0 4.0 t / s
23 a
Undamped pendulum total
–0.15 energy
angular frequency ω = 2pf = 2 × π × 1.4 =
16 a
8.80 s−1 so a = −ω2x = −77.4x
b acceleration = −77.4 × 0.050 = 3.9 m s−2
kinetic
17 angular frequency ω = 2pf so, in acceleration energy
Energy
equation, a = −ω2x = −4p2f 2x
meaning 4p2f 2 = 300 s−2, therefore,
potential
f = (300 / 4 p ) = 2.76 Hz ≈ 2.8 Hz
2
energy
18 a i 2.0 s
ii frequency = 1/T = 1/2.0 = 0.5 Hz
0
iii angular frequency ω = 2pf = π rad s−1 0 T T
or 3.14 rad s−1 2 Time
b a = −ω2x = −9.87x or a = −p2x
b T
he total energy of the pendulum
c maximum speed = ωx0 = 3.14 × 12 = would decrease gradually and hence the
37.6 cm s−1 ≈ 38 cm s−1 maximum values of k.e. and p.e. would
d speed at x = 6 cm is also decrease.
24 Any from:
v = ω ( x02 − x 2 ) = ω (144 − 36 )
= 32.6 cm s −1 ≈ 33 cm s −1 Example Useful or What is resonating?
problem?
19 a The restoring force = kx (from Hooke’s law),
a ∝ F, therefore a ∝ x. The force acts in the buildings in problem Mechanical
opposite direction to the displacement. earthquake structure is forced
F k to oscillate by
b a = = x but a = ω 2 x, therefore, ω 2 energy from waves
m m
of earthquake.
k k 2π m
= and ω = ,T = = 2π components problem t certain rates
A
m m ω k
in engines of rotation, parts
20 a
Gravitational potential energy of an engine
may resonate
b G ravitational potential energy is mechanically; the
transferred to kinetic energy, which resonance is driven
reaches a maximum when the bob passes by the energy
through the lowest point, then k.e. is output of the
converted to g.p.e. once more. engine. This can
21 Similar graph with the same time period but lead to components
half the maximum values for both kinetic and cracking or
potential energies. The total energy would be a disintegrating,
horizontal line at half the height. with dangerous
22 a 0.35 m s−1 consequences.
aximum kinetic energy = 12 mv2 = 12 × 2.0
b m
× (0.35)2 = 0.12 J
Example Useful or What is resonating?

problem?
ositive
p problem Microphone is
feedback in held too close to a
amplification loudspeaker that is
systems emitting waves of
(high- the same frequency
pitched as the microphone
squealing is tuned to, so the
sound) waves from the
loudspeaker force
the amplifier to
resonate.
tuned radio useful lectric signal in
E
circuit is forced
to oscillate by
incoming radio
waves.
microwave useful Water molecules
cooker are forced by
microwaves.
magnetic useful uclei in atoms
N
resonance in behave as magnets;
atoms they can be made
to resonate by
electromagnetic
waves. Each nucleus
resonates at a
different frequency,
so the structures of
molecules can be
determined.
And many others!
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 19
Self-assessment questions 6 Temperature Resistance Temperature
/ °C /Ω /K
1 B
onds are still relatively strong (stronger than
gas but weaker than a solid) and the molecules 10 3120 283
are free to move through the body of the liquid. 50 3600 323
2 a
Energy has to be supplied to convert the 75 3900 348
liquid into vapour: this takes time.
100 4200 373
b W
hen ice is converted to liquid water,
150 4800 423
only a few intermolecular bonds are
broken, whereas when liquid is converted 220 5640 493
to vapour all the molecules are totally 260 6120 533
separated. This requires more energy.
7000
change in internal energy = energy
3 a
supplied by heating + energy supplied by 6000
doing work = 250 + 500 = +750 kJ 5000
Resistance / Ω
4000
b c hange in internal energy = energy
supplied by heating + energy supplied by 3000
doing work = energy supplied by heating − 2000
work done by the gas on its surroundings 1000
= 250 − 200 = +50 kJ
0
4 work done, W = p∆v = 1.0 × 105 × 0.002 = 200 J 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
–1000
T (K) = θ (°C) + 273.15, so
5 a Temperature / K
0 °C ≈ 273 K bsolute zero is the temperature at which all

A
20 °C ≈ 293 K substances have the minimum internal energy;
the kinetic energy of the atoms of copper is
120 °C ≈ 393 K zero and their electrical potential energy is at
500 °C ≈ 773 K a minimum. Therefore, we would expect the
−23 °C ≈ 250 K resistance to be zero.
−200 °C ≈ 73 K
b θ (°C) = T (K) − 273.15, so
0 K ≈ −273 °C
20 K ≈ −253 °C
100 K ≈ −173 °C
300 K ≈ +27 °C
373 K ≈ +100 °C
500 K ≈ +227 °C
7 a
Calibration s o, from this experiment, the heat capacity of
water is
b Range E 34 700
c = = ÷ 11.7 = 5680 ≈
c Linearity m∆θ 0.522
d Sensitivity 5700 J kg−1 K−1
The biggest source of error will be energy loss
8 energy, E = mc∆θ = 5.0 × 4180 × (100 − 20)
due to poor insulation. There will also be an
= 1.67 MJ ≈ 1.7 MJ
error because we have ignored the specific heat
9 e nergy required for lead, Elead = mc∆θ = 2.0 × capacity of the beaker.
126 × 30 = 7.56 kJ 14 a AB: solid; BC: solid + liquid; CD: liquid
e nergy required for copper, Ecopper = mc∆θ =
4.0 × 380 × 5.0 = 7.60 kJ b I nternal energy increases in all three
sections.
so, the copper block requires more energy
10 energy supplied in the time is E = power × time c he specific heat capacity is greater when
T
= 50 × 4.0 × 60 = 12 kJ it is a solid. The gradient is greater when
it is a liquid, so it takes less time to raise
Rearrange energy E = mc∆θ to give specific the temperature by the same amount, and
heat capacity therefore less energy.
E 12 000
c = = 15 E
nergy needed to change ice into water is
m∆θ 1.2 × ( 45 − 22 )
E = mL = 0.0020 × 330 000 = 660 J. When a
= 435 J kg−1 K−1 ≈ 440 J kg−1 K−1 solid melts, only about one bond per atom
11 At higher temperatures, the rate of energy loss or molecule is broken. On boiling, several
to the surroundings is greater, therefore the remaining bonds are broken, requiring more
temperature rise is slower. energy. The change in volume on boiling is
12 S
ystematic: it can (theoretically) be removed much larger than on melting so the increase
by perfect insulation and always causes a in potential energy is larger and work is also
deviation in the same direction done pushing back the atmosphere.
ass of water used, m = mass of (beaker +
13 m 16 r ate of loss of mass = 2.25 g per minute =
water) − mass of beaker = 0.672 − 0.150 = 0.002 25
= 3.75 × 10−5 kg s−1
0.522 kg 60
rate of supply of energy to alcohol =
ower of heater, P = VI = 11.4 × 3.9 = 44.5 W
p
40 × 80% = 32 W
so, in 13.0 min, energy supplied by heater =
so, specific latent heat of vaporisation =
P × t = 44.5 × 13.0 × 60 = 34.7 kJ
rate of supply of energy 32
temperature rise, ∆θ = 30.2 − 18.5 = 11.7 K =
rate of loss of mass 3.75 × 10 −5
= 853 000 J kg−1 ≈ 850 kJ kg−1
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 20
Self-assessment questions 6 Boyle’s law is p1V1 = p2V2. Rearranging this
pV
1 P
ressure increases because more molecules gives pressure required, p2 = 1 1
V2
are hitting a unit area of the tyre per second. 120 000 × 0.04
The molecules have the same speed and each = = 1.92 × 10 Pa ≈ 1.9 × 105 Pa
5
0.025
collision causes the same impulse or change 7 Rearrange ideal gas equation pV = nRT to give
in momentum. Since more molecules hit per temperature
second, the rate of change of momentum, i.e. pV 1.0 × 10 4 × 1.0
the force, increases. T = = = 1200 K
nR 1.0 × 8.31
2 A
t higher temperatures, the molecules have
mass 100
higher internal energy and move faster. The 8 a number of moles = = =
number of collisions per second increases and molar mass 28
3.57 mol
the change in momentum of each collision
also increases. For both these reasons, the rate earrange ideal gas equation pV = nRT to
b R
of change of momentum of the molecules give volume
increases. The force on the wall is equal and nRT 3.57 × 8.31× 293.15
opposite to the rate of change of momentum V = =
p 1.01× 105
of the molecules. As the force increases, the
= 0.086 m3
pressure inside the can may cause it to explode.
9 Rearrange ideal gas equation pV = nRT to give
mass of one molecule = 12 × 1.66 ×
3 a
volume
10−27 = 1.99 × 10−26 kg
nRT 5.0 × 8.31× 473.15
b number of atoms = 0.054/1.99 × 10−26 kg = V = =
p 1.01× 105
2.71 × 1024
= 0.195 m3 ≈ 0.20 m3
number of moles = 2.71 × 1024/6.02 ×
1023 = 4.5 number of atoms
10 number of moles of gas = =
c umber of atoms = 1.0/1.99 × 10−26 = 5.0 ×
n NA
3.0 × 10 24
1025 = 4.98 mol
6.02 × 1023
single atom has mass = 235 × 1.66 × 10−27
4 a Rearrange ideal gas equation pV = nRT to give
= 3.90 × 10−25 kg = 3.90 × 10−22 g volume, or V = NkT/p
number of atoms = 0.02/3.90 × 10−22
b i nRT 4.98 × 8.31× 300
V = =
= 5.1 × 1019 p 1.20 × 105
= 0.104 m ≈ 0.1 m3
3
ii number of moles = 5.1 × 1019/6.02 ×
1023 = 8.5 × 10−5 mass 1000
11 number of moles of gas = =
ypical number of nucleons in an atom = 10,
5 T molar mass 32
so 1 kg contains 100 moles = 6 × 1025 ≈ 1026 = 31.25 mol
molecules. Note for heavier elements, e.g.,
iron, Ar ≈ 60 and number of atoms ≈ 1025 earrange ideal gas equation pV = nRT to give
R
temperature
pV 1.0 × 105 × 1.0
T = = = 385 K
nR 31.25 × 8.31
Rearrange ideal gas equation pV = nRT to

12 a (200 + 400 +600 + 800)/4 = 500 m s−1
18 a
give number of moles of hydrogen
b 5002 = 250 000 m2 s−2
pV
n=
RT c (2002 + 4002 +6002 + 8002)/4 =
20 × 1.01× 105 × 0.1 300 000 m2 s−2
= = 82.9 mol
8.31× 293.15 d 300 000½ = 547 m s−1
so, mass of hydrogen = number of moles
19 cr.m.s. = < c 2 > = ( 3kT/m)½ = 1900 m s−1
× molar mass = 82.9 × 2.0 = 166 g ≈ 170 g
20 T
emperature is proportional to (average
b I f number of moles of oxygen is the same,
speed)2 so if the speed doubles, the
82.9 mol, then mass of oxygen = 82.9 × 32
temperature increases by a factor of 22 = 4
= 2.65 kg ≈ 2.7 kg
F ma 21 a
Halved
13 Base units of pressure p = = are
−2
A A b Remains the same
kg ms
= kg m−1 s−2
m2 3 3RT 3 × 8.31× 293.15
Nm < c 2 > 22 mean k.e. = kT or =
Base units of the right-hand side 2 2N A 2 × 6.02 × 1023
V
kg ( m s −1 )
2
= 6.1 × 10 J
−21
are = kg m s
−1 −2
1
m3 mean k.e. = m<c2> where m (mass of one
Nm < c 2 > 2
14 a Rearrange p = to give <c2> = molar mass
3V molecule) = so root-
3pV 3 × 105 × 1.0 Avogadro number
= = 2.3 × 105 m2 s−2 mean-square speed of oxygen molecule =
Nm 1.29
2 × mean k.e. 2 × 6.1× 10 −21 × 6.02 × 1023
b < c 2 > = 2.3 × 105 = 480 m s−1, which is =
m 0.032
50% greater than the speed of sound in air
= 480 m s−1
15 R = 8.31 J K−1, NA = 6.02 × 1023
root-mean-square speed of nitrogen molecule
8.31J K −1
so, k = NR = = 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1 2 × 6.1× 10 −21 × 6.02 × 1023
A 6.02 × 1023
= 510 m s−1
3 0.028
16 E = 2 kT = 1.5 × 1.38 × 10−23 × 300
= 6.2 × 10−21 n 23 internal energy E = NA( 32 kT) = 3
2
RT
17 Rearrange Emean = 1
2
m<c2> = 3
2
kT to give change per kelvin = 3
R
2
temperature
T = 2E/3k = (2 × 5.0 × 10−21)/(3 × 1.38 × 10−23)
= 242 K (or −31 °C)
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 21
Self-assessment questions 8 a Rearrange E = V/d so that voltage to cause
sparks is given by V = Ed = 40 000 × 4
1 a Diagram i shows positive charges
= 160 000 V. This is only an estimate as

repelling; the arrow heads point away
the formula only really works for parallel
from the charges.
plates; using approximations like this is a
b Diagram iii shows negative charges good way to find a rough estimate.
repelling; the arrow heads point towards
the charges. b Rearrange E = V/d so that minimum
distance is given by d = V/E = 325/40 000
c Diagram ii shows opposite charges
= 0.008 cm = 0.08 mm
attracting; the positive charge is on the
right. c Rearrange E = V/d so that voltage to
2 cause lightning is given by V = Ed = 40
000 × 10 000 = 400 MV (remember that
the field strength was given in volts per
centimetre)
3 T
he field strength is greatest at the top 9 a 0V +2.0 kV
(pointed) part of the building. The electric
field lines are closest together there. A C D B
4 0V +2.0 kV +6.0 kV 0V
earth
b potential difference = 2.0 kV

c lectric field strength between parallel
E
plates is uniform, so has the same value at
both points.
E = V/d = 2.0 × 103/0.25 = 8.0 kV m−1
= QE = +5 × 10−6 × 8.0 × 103 = 0.04 N to
d F
5 e lectric field strength E = F/Q = 150/20 × 10 = −3
the left
7500 N C−1 downwards
10 E = V/d = 5.0 × 103/0.10 = 5.0 × 104 V m−1 or N
6 e lectric field strength E = V/d = 1000/0.40 = C−1
2500 V m−1 = 2500 N C−1
F = QE = +2 × 10−6 × 5.0 × 104 = 0.10 N
7 e lectric field strength E = F/Q = 8 × 10−16 / 1.6
× 10−19 = 5000 V m−1 or N C−1
11 force F = QE = −1.6 × 10−19 × 5.0 × 106 = −8.0 b 3+ +

2
× 10−13 N – +
3+1 (smallest mass)
Rearrange F = ma to give magnitude of 2+ 1+ (smaller mass)
acceleration – 1+
+
a = F/m = 8.0 × 10−13/9.11 × 10−31
Ions with a greater mass will show smaller
= 8.8 × 1017 m s−2 deflection.
e+, e– e+
12 a Ions with greater charge will have greater
–
+
e ,e – + deflection.
e–
+
e–
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 22
Self-assessment questions 3 a Electrical potential energy W = QV = +1
× potential difference. So, at different
1 a electric field strength due to first sphere, positions in the uniform field, electrical
Q 2.0 × 10 −6 potential energy is A, 0 J; B, 2 kJ; C, 1 kJ
E1 = = (C is halfway between A, 0 V and B, +2
4 πε 0 r 2
4 π × 8.85 × 10 −12 × 0.252
kV); D, 1.5 kJ (D is halfway between C,
= 2.9 × 105 N C −1 +1 kV and B, +2 kV).

b centre-to-centre distance of spheres = 20 +
b e lectrical potential energy W = QV = +2 ×
20 + 10 = 50 cm
potential difference = +2 × answers in part
force, a. A, 0 J; B, 4 kJ; C, 2 kJ; D, 3 kJ
Q1Q2 2.0 × 10 −6 × −1.0 × 10 −6 4 Rearrange V = 4πQε r to give
F= =
4 πε 0 r 2
4 π × 8.85 × 10 −12 × 0.502 0
charge Q = 4p × e0rV = 4 × π × 8.85 × 10−12 ×

= 0.072 N
0.10 × 100 000 = 1.1 × 10−6 C
c In part a, we calculated the electric field reating charge on the sphere as concentrated
T
due to the first sphere at 25 cm from at a point in the centre of the sphere,
its centre (which is also the midpoint potential,
between the two spheres). Electric field Q 1.1× 10 −6
V= =
strength due to second sphere, 4 πε 0 r 4 π × 8.85 × 10 −12 × 0.20
Q −1.0 × 10 −6 = 4.95 × 10 4 ≈ 50 kV
E2 = =
4 πε 0 r 2 4 π × 8.85 × 10 −12 × 0.252 5 a work done in uniform field = QV so E →
= −1.4 × 105 N C −1 H, 5 kJ; E → F, 2.5 kJ; F → G, 0 J; H →

E, −5 kJ
The minus sign indicates the field is
attractive to a sample positive charge b i E → H, −5 kJ; E → F, −2.5 kJ; F → G,
towards the second sphere, whereas the 0 J; H → E, +5 kJ
field of the first sphere is repulsive to a ii E → H, 10 kJ; E → F, 5 kJ; F → G, 0 J;
positive charge away from the first sphere H → E, −10 kJ
(and towards the second sphere). So, the
6 electrostatic force
total field strength due to both spheres
= 1.4 × 105 + 2.9 × 105 = 4.3 × 105 V m−1 QQ (1.6 × 10 −19 )2
FE = 1 2 2 =
(or N C−1) (towards the second, negative 4 πε 0 r 4 π × 8.85 × 10 −12 × (1.0 × 10 −15 )2
sphere). = 230 N
2 d
iameter of sphere 40 cm means distance of gravitational force
surface from centre = 20 cm Gm1 m2 6.67 × 10 −11 × (1.67 × 10 −27 )2
F= =
Q r2 (1.0 × 10 −15 )2
Rearrange E = so Q = 4p × e0r2E = 4π
4 πε 0 r 2 = 1.9 × 10 N
−34
× 8.85 × 10−12 × 0.202 × 4.0 × 104 his answer tells us that the gravitational
T
=1.8 × 10−5 C attraction is nowhere near enough to balance
the electric repulsion. Some other force must
hold the protons together. (In fact, it is the
strong nuclear force.)
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 23
Self-assessment questions c 8.0
1 Rearrange capacitance C = Q/V to give charge 7.0

stored Q = CV = 220 × 10−6 × 15 = 3300 µC (or 6.0
3.3 × 10−3 C)
5.0
Area W / mJ
2 capacitance C = Q/V = 1.0 × 10−3/500 = 2.0 ×
10−6 F (or 2.0 µF, 2.0 × 106 pF) 4.0
3 current I = Q/t so charge Q = It; substitute in 3.0

C = Q/V = It/V 2.0
Rearrange so I = CV/t = 50 × 10−6 × 10/0.01 =
1.0
0.050 A (50 mA)
I / μA 250 0
4 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Voltage V / V
200
Shape: parabola
150
energy stored, E = ½CV2 = ½ × 5 × 10−3 ×
7 a
100 (5.0)2 = 6.25 × 10−2 J ≈ 6.3 × 10−2 J
50 b E = ½ × 5 × 10−9 × (5.0)2 = 6.3 × 10−8 J
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 c E = ½ × 0.2 × 10−3 × (230)2 = 5.29 J ≈ 5.3 J
t/s
8 charge is the same for both capacitors, Q = CV
charge = area under graph ≈ 5.1 mC = 2.0 × 10−2 C
capacitance ≈ 6.0 × 10−4 F (600 µF) energy stored, W = 12 CV2
5 gradient = DV/DQ = 1/capacitance or 100 µF capacitor: W = 12 × 100 × 10−6 ×
F
capacitance = Q/V = 1/gradient = 4 ×
6 a (200)2 = 2.0 J
10−3/4 = 1.0 × 10−3 F (1 mF) or 200 µF capacitor: W = 12 × 200 × 10−6 ×
F
b (100)2 = 1.0 J
Q / mC V / V Area of strip Sum of 9 a energy stored, W = 12 CV2 = 12 × 0.01 × 122

DW / mJ areas W / J = 0.72 J
1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 b Rearrange power P = work done/time
taken to give time = work done/power =
2.0 2.0 1.5 2.0
0.72/36 = 0.02 s
3.0 3.0 2.5 4.5
charge Q = CV = 0.20 × 9.0 = 1.8 C
10 a
4.0 4.0 3.5 8.0 energy stored, W = 12 CV2 = 12 × 0.2 × (9.0)2
= 8.1 J
b power = energy/time taken = 8.1/0.01 =
810 W
c current = charge/time = 1.8/0.01 = 180 A c energy stored, W = 12 CV2 = ½ × 40 ×

d Rearrange power P = I2R to give 10−6 × (10 000)2 = 2.0 × 103 J
resistance R = P/I2 = 810/(180)2 = 0.025 Ω total capacitance in parallel = 20 + 5.0 =
20 a
Ctotal = C1 + C2 = 100 + 100 = 200 µF
11 a 25 µF
b charge stored, Q = CV = 200 × 10−6 × 20 = b c harge stored across first capacitor when
4.0 × 10−3 C (4000 µC) connected to the power supply, Q = CV
= 20 × 10−6 × 200 = 4.0 × 10−3 C (4000 µC)
12 Two 20 µF and one 10 µF connected in
parallel; or five 10 µF connected in parallel c otential difference across the
P
13 T
otal capacitance of capacitors in series is combination is given by the charge stored
1 (which comes from the first capacitor) and
given by: Ctotal = C11 + C12 + C13 = 200
1 1
+ 300 1
+ 600 =
6
the total capacitance of the combination.
600
= 100 so Ctotal = 100 µF
1
So, Vcombination = Q/C = 4.0 × 10−3/25 × 10−6
14 a 1
Ctotal
= C1 + C1 = C2 = so Ctotal = 0.5C = 160 V
b 1
total
C = Cn so Ctotal = Cn d e nergy stored by first capacitor = 12 CV2
= 12 × 20 × 10−6 × 2002 = 0.4 J
Ctotal = 2C
c
energy stored by combination =
d Ctotal = nC 1
2 C(Vcombination) = 2 × 25 × 10 × (160) =
2 1 −6 2
1
15 C total = C1 + C12 + C1 = 100
1 1
+ 100 1
+ 100 3
= 100 so Ctotal 0.32 J
1 3
= 100
3
= 33 µF so, energy dissipated when the capacitors
are connected = 0.4 − 0.32 = 0.08 J (80 mJ)
In parallel, Ctotal = C1 + C2 + C3 = 100 + 100 + Q
100 = 300 µF 21 V = which leads to
4 πε 0 r
c apacitance of the two in parallel = 200 µF, Q
1 1 C = = 4 πε 0 r = 4 π × 8.85 × 10 −12 × 6.4 × 106
therefore, Ctotal = 100 1
+ 200 3
= 200 so Ctotal = 200
3 = V
67 µF = 7.1 × 10-4 = 710 µF
capacitance of the two in series is given by Assumption: the Earth is a perfect sphere
1 = 1 + 1 = 2 = 1 so C = 50 µF,
Cseries 100 100 100 50 series i 12 V (equal to the e.m.f. of the battery)
22 a
therefore, Ctotal = Cseries + 100 = 50 + 100 =
ii Q = CV = 1000 × 10−6 × 12 = 12 × 10−3 C
150 µF 12
iii I = VR = 2000 = 6 × 10−3 A
16 a
Four in parallel
b I t reduces; charge is flowing off through
b Four in series the resistor
c Two in series with two in parallel c i
It reduces; less charge on the capacitor
17 Maximum: in parallel, 900 pF the less p.d. across it
1
inimum: in series, where Ctotal
M = C11 + C12 + ii It reduces; less p.d. across the
1
1 C3 = 100 1
+ 200 10
+ 600 10
= 600 1
= 60 so Ctotal = 60 pF capacitor the less across the resistor
and thus less current
18 t otal capacitance of the two in parallel is
Cparallel = 10 + 10 = 20 µF 23 Unit of R is the ohm volt/ampere
so, total network capacitance is given by Unit of C is the farad = coulomb/volt =
1 1 1 1 1 1 5 (ampere × second)/volt
Ctotal = C1 + C2 + C3 = 10 + 20 + 10 = 20 = 1/4 so
1
Ctotal = 4.0 µF t hus the units of RC = (volt/ampere) ×

(ampere × seconds)/volt. The amperes cancel
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ctotal = C1 + C2 + C3 = 120 + 120 + 120 =
19 a as do the volts leaving the unit of RC as the
3 1
= 40 so Ctotal = 40 µF second.
120
Q = CV = 400 ×10−6 ×20 = 8.0 × 10−3 C
24 a
b charge stored, Q = CV = 40 × 10−6 ×
10 000 = 0.40 C b τ = RC = 600 × 400 ×10−6 = 24 × 10−2
= 0.24 s
( − RCt ) giving 2.0 ×

Substitute in Q = Q0 exp
c d Initial p.d. = 20 V storing 8.0 mC
10 = 8.0 × 10 exp ( 0−.24

−3 −3 t
) 2.0 mC = 14 of 8.0, therefore p.d. across
the plates = 20 × 14 = 5 V
Take antilogs: ( 8 ) = ( 0.24 ) , ln 0.25 =
ln 2 − t
−1.39, therefore, −t = −1.39 × 0.24

and t = 0.33 s
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 24
Self-assessment questions 8 a
Section of wire in field tilts up
1 Current flowing into page Current flowing out of b Tilts down

page, strength doubled c ill try to move horizontally, into
W
horseshoe
d No movement
9 T
here is a force downwards on the balance
and a force upwards on the wire caused by the
current in a magnetic field (Fleming’s left-
hand rule). The size of the force acting = 2.0 ×
10−3 × 9.81 = 2.0 × 10−2 N
he field lines are closer together to show the
T o produce a force downwards, the current in
T
field is stronger. C the wire is from left to right.
2 D
10 force, F = BIl
= 0.005 × 2.4 × 0.50 = 6.0 × 10−3 N (6.0 mN)
11 a Remembering there are 200 turns:
A S N B force F = BIl = 0.05 × 1.0 × 200 × 0.20 =
2.0 N
b P
ivoted along a line parallel to one edge
I
with the magnetic field in the same plane
as the coil
3 Pair a will repel; pair b will attract. c reater torque could be provided by:
G
increasing current, increasing number of
4 a
No force turns in coil, increasing length of side in
b Force into the plane of the paper field, pivoting by centre of coil and having
magnets either side, having magnets all
c Force down the page
round the circle through which the coil
5 f orce F = BIl = 0.06 × 0.20 × 2.50 = 0.030 N turns, increasing field strength perhaps by
6 Rearrange force F = BIl to give flux density adding an iron core.
F 0.015 force F = BIl sin θ = 0.25 × 3.0 × 0.50 × sin
12 a
B = = = 0.050 T
Il (1.5 × 0.20 ) 90° = 0.375 N ≈ 0.38 N
Q ne 1.60 × 10 −19
7 a current I = = = 1018 × b force F = BIl sin θ = 0.25 × 3.0 × 0.50 × sin
t t 1 45° = 0.265 N ≈ 0.27 N
= 0.16 A
b force F = BIl = 0.005 × 0.16 × 0.50 = 4.0 × c urrent is parallel to magnetic field so
C
10−4 N (0.40 mN) force F = 0 N
Both a and b are into the plane of the
paper.
13 T
hey attract. If you consider each flat coil
as a small electromagnet, then unlike poles
are facing one another. If you think of the
currents in the wires, these are parallel (rather
than antiparallel) and the coils attract. When
the current is reversed, it is reversed in both
coils and they still attract.
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 25
Self-assessment questions 4 Out of the plane of the photograph
5 A
ll have same mass, charge and speed. (There
1 A α-particles, charge +2e is more about this when you study how J.J.
Thomson discovered the electron, later in the
γ-rays, no charge
B coursebook.)
6 a
Circular path will have smaller radius
b E
lectrons will circle in the opposite
direction
C
β– -particles, charge –e
c Circular path will have smaller radius
rack A is pushed upwards, meaning it is the
T d E
lectrons will spiral around field lines
equivalent of a positive current flowing to the because they will have a constant
right: A must be α-particles. component of velocity in the direction of
Track B is not deflected by the magnetic field: the field lines
B must be γ-rays.
7 a
The magnetic force is upwards, towards
Track C is pushed downwards, meaning it is the positive plate, and the electric force is
the equivalent of a negative current flowing to downwards, towards the negative plate.
the right: C must be β−-particles. 3
b speed of ion, v = EB = 1.50×.3010
2 a At right angles to the magnetic field, force
F = BQv = 0.50 × 1.6 × 10−19 × 1.0 × 106 = = 5.0 × 103 m s−1
8.0 × 10−14 N c M
agnetic force > electric force; the ion
b A
t an angle of 45° to the magnetic field, travels in an upward curved path (towards
force F = BQv sin θ = 0.50 × 1.6 × 10−19 × the positive plate) and hence misses the
1.0 × 106 × sin 45° = 5.66 × 10−14 N ≈ slit S
5.7 × 10−14 N BI
8 a Hall voltage VH =
nte
3 S
ince the particles have opposite charges,
0.10 × 0.020
when moving through a magnetic field at right VH =
angles to the direction of travel the positrons (1.5 ×1023 × 0.05 ×10−3 ×1.6 ×10−19 )
experience a force in the opposite direction to VH = 1.67 × 10−3 V ≈ 1.7 mV
the force on the electrons. This will separate
the particles into two beams. b T
he current in a Hall probe must be
positrons maintained at a constant value because
the Hall voltage is directly proportional
to both the magnetic flux density and the
BI
current; VH = nte . The current must be
kept constant for VH ∝ B
9 T
he Hall voltage is given by the equation:
VH = nte
BI . Using a single sample of a
semiconducting material of measured

field into thickness t, and using a constant magnetic
plane of paper electrons
field of known flux density B, the Hall voltage e

could be measured for different values of 10 = 1.76 × 1011
m
current. By plotting a graph of Hall voltage
1.60 × 10 −19
against current, the graph should form a m = = 9.1 × 10−31 kg
straight line passing through the origin, 1.76 × 1011
B
and have a gradient = nte , from which the
number density n of the semiconductor can be
determined.

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CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

drop it through a light gate. Alternatively,

15 a, b 8.5 km; 48° W of S or a bearing of 228° 17 a 

time taken ∆t = 6.0 s e From area under graph: 525 m

so, acceleration a = ∆∆vt = 18 = 3.0 m s−2 6

time t = v − u = 24 − 0 = 12 s = (8 × 30) + ( 12 × 12 × 30) = 420 m

b average velocity, vavg = v + u = 20 + 4.0 16 a 

12 We know u, v and a and we want to know s, so 50

b We know s and a, and that u = 0, and we c ax = −5.2 m s−2; ay = −3.0 m s−2

vertical component of velocity =

1 force, F = ma = 800 × 2.0 = 1600 N b T

2 work done, W = F × s = mg × s = 70 × 9.81 × = 25 − 15 = 10 J

b Trolley B has greater mass. = ( 12 × 4.0 × (2.5)2) + ( 12 × 4.0 × (1.5)2)

The minus sign indicates that the first Before After

13 Metals from stiffest to least stiff: force 4F

13 1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4 = 4/10 • 100

Rearrange e.m.f. E = I(R + r) to give 0.5

10 T he thermistor is connected in series with resistance of the thermistor decreases and so

Distance Radio B v 3.00 × 108 94.6

power P Radio B 1515 v 3.00 × 108

 alculate frequencies using f =

d Visible light so, θ = 57°

therefore, x ∝ D; doubling D means x must

spacing of fringes is 34 of previous value)

maximum is observed must be greater than

b For n = 3, sin θ = 0.522, so θ = 31.5° c  or the double-slit experiment, a

b d decreases, so again θ increases, the For red light, rearrange d sin θ = nλ so

so θ = 19.1°, but the student will

= 1.07 × 1010 Hz ≈ 11 GHz

1 I f there were air molecules in the container, b No charge

therefore, there must be 8 α decays. 19 The charge must be conserved in the

proton positron photon

 istance travelled for one complete orbit s =

GM 6.67 × 10 −11 × 6.0 × 1024 11 orbital radius = radius of Earth + altitude of

GM 6.67 × 10 −11 × 6.0 × 1024

Potential well for Earth Potential well for Moon

1 a Forced b 4 7 cm s−1 (= magnitude of the gradient at t

x = 0.15 cos (pt)

Example Useful or What is resonating?

0 °C ≈ 273 K  bsolute zero is the temperature at which all

Rearrange ideal gas equation pV = nRT to

b potential difference = 2.0 kV

11 force F = QE = −1.6 × 10−19 × 5.0 × 106 = −8.0 b 3+ +

charge Q = 4p × e0rV = 4 × π × 8.85 × 10−12 ×

1 Rearrange capacitance C = Q/V to give charge 7.0

3 current I = Q/t so charge Q = It; substitute in 3.0

Q / mC V / V Area of strip Sum of 9 a energy stored, W = 12 CV2 = 12 × 0.01 × 122

c current = charge/time = 1.8/0.01 = 180 A c energy stored, W = 12 CV2 = ½ × 40 ×

Ctotal = 4.0 µF t hus the units of RC = (volt/ampere) ×

( − RCt ) giving 2.0 ×

10 = 8.0 × 10 exp ( 0−.24

−1.39, therefore, −t = −1.39 × 0.24

1 Current flowing into page Current flowing out of b Tilts down

semiconducting material of measured

field of known flux density B, the Hall voltage e

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15 a, b 8.5 km; 48° W of S or a bearing of 228° 17 a

time taken ∆t = 6.0 s e From area under graph: 525 m

so, acceleration a = ∆∆vt = 18 = 3.0 m s−2 6

time t = v − u = 24 − 0 = 12 s = (8 × 30) + ( 12 × 12 × 30) = 420 m

b average velocity, vavg = v + u = 20 + 4.0 16 a

12 We know u, v and a and we want to know s, so 50

b We know s and a, and that u = 0, and we c ax = −5.2 m s−2; ay = −3.0 m s−2

1 force, F = ma = 800 × 2.0 = 1600 N b T

2 work done, W = F × s = mg × s = 70 × 9.81 × = 25 − 15 = 10 J

b Trolley B has greater mass. = ( 12 × 4.0 × (2.5)2) + ( 12 × 4.0 × (1.5)2)

The minus sign indicates that the first Before After

13 Metals from stiffest to least stiff: force 4F

13 1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4 = 4/10 • 100

Rearrange e.m.f. E = I(R + r) to give 0.5

10 T he thermistor is connected in series with resistance of the thermistor decreases and so

Distance Radio B v 3.00 × 108 94.6

power P Radio B 1515 v 3.00 × 108

alculate frequencies using f =

d Visible light so, θ = 57°

therefore, x ∝ D; doubling D means x must

b For n = 3, sin θ = 0.522, so θ = 31.5° c or the double-slit experiment, a

b d decreases, so again θ increases, the For red light, rearrange d sin θ = nλ so

so θ = 19.1°, but the student will

1 I f there were air molecules in the container, b No charge

istance travelled for one complete orbit s =

1 a Forced b 4 7 cm s−1 (= magnitude of the gradient at t

Example Useful or What is resonating?

0 °C ≈ 273 K bsolute zero is the temperature at which all

b potential difference = 2.0 kV

11 force F = QE = −1.6 × 10−19 × 5.0 × 106 = −8.0 b 3+ +

charge Q = 4p × e0rV = 4 × π × 8.85 × 10−12 ×

1 Rearrange capacitance C = Q/V to give charge 7.0

3 current I = Q/t so charge Q = It; substitute in 3.0

Q / mC V / V Area of strip Sum of 9 a energy stored, W = 12 CV2 = 12 × 0.01 × 122

c current = charge/time = 1.8/0.01 = 180 A c energy stored, W = 12 CV2 = ½ × 40 ×

Ctotal = 4.0 µF t hus the units of RC = (volt/ampere) ×

1 Current flowing into page Current flowing out of b Tilts down