Fethullah Gülen

Muhammed Fethullah Gülen (born 27 April

1941) is a Turkish Islamic scholar,
preacher, and a one-time opinion leader, as
de facto leader of the Gülen
movement.[8][9] Gülen is designated an
influential neo-Ottomanist,[10] Anatolian
panethnicist,[11][12] Islamic poet, writer,[13]
social critic, and activist–dissident
developing a Nursian theological
perspective[14] that embraces democratic
modernity.[12] Gülen was a local state
imam from 1959 to 1981,[15][16] and he
was a citizen of Turkey until his 2017
denaturalization by the government.[17]
Over the years, Gülen became a centrist
political figure in Turkey prior to his being
there as a fugitive. Since 1999, Gülen has
lived in self-exile in the United States near
Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania.[18][19][20]
 Fethullah Gülen

Gülen in 2016

Born Muhammed Fethullah

Gülen
27 April 1941
Pasinler, Erzurum,
Turkey

Occupations Scholar · author ·

preacher

Known for Gülen movement

 Writing career
Subject Moderate Islam
Turkish politics
Anti-communism
Nuanced Turkish
nationalism
Universal
education
Interfaith dialogue
among people of
the Book (Ahl al-
kitab) and by
extension all
peoples[1]
Literary movement Nurcu
Notable awards 2015 Gandhi King
Ikeda Award for
Peace[2][3]
 Philosophy career

School Hanafi[4][5]

Main interests Islamic thought

moderate Anatolian
Sufism[6]

Influences
Rumi, Yunus Emre, Ibn Arabi, Al-Ghazali,[7]
Said Nursî[7]

Website fgulen.com (http://fgu

len.com)

Gülen says his social criticisms are

focused upon individuals' faith and
morality and a lesser extent toward
political ends[21] and self describes as
rejecting an Islamist political philosophy,
advocating instead for full participation
within professions, society, and political
life by religious and secular individuals
who profess high moral or ethical
principles and who wholly support secular
rule, within Muslim-majority countries and
elsewhere.[22]

In 2003, a number of Gülen movement

participants allied with Recep Tayyip
Erdoğan's centre-right Justice and
Development Party (AKP), providing the
AKP political and sorely-needed
administrative support.[23][24][25] This
political alliance worked together to
weaken left-of-center Kemalist factions,
but fractured in 2011. Turkish prosecutors
accuse Gülen of attempts to overthrow the
government by allegedly directing
politically motivated corruption
investigations by Gülen-linked
investigators then in the judiciary,[26][27]
who illegally wiretapped the executive
office of the Turkish president,[9] and
Gülen's alleged instigations of the 2016
coup attempt.[28][29] Gülen has denied the
accusations.[30][31] A Turkish criminal court
has issued an arrest warrant for Gülen in
2016,[32][33] and Turkey is demanding his
extradition from the United States.[34][35][36]
U.S. government officials do not believe he
is associated with any terrorist activity,
and have requested evidence to be
provided by the Turkish Government to
substantiate the allegations in the warrant
requesting extradition, frequently rejecting
Turkish calls for his extradition.[37][38][39]

Gülen has been described in the English-

language media as an imam "who
promotes a tolerant Islam which
emphasises altruism, hard work and
education" and as "one of the world's most
important Muslim figures."[40][41] Gülen is
wanted as a terrorist leader in Turkey[42]
and Pakistan,[43] as well as by the
OIC[44][45] and GCC.[46]

Biography
Muhammed Fethullah Gülen[47] was born
in the village of Korucuk, near
Erzurum,[48][49] to Ramiz and Refia
Gülen,[50] There is some confusion over his
birth date. Some accounts, usually older
ones, give it as 10 November 1938, while
others give 27 April 1941.[48][51] Some
commentators point to the 10 November
1938 date coinciding with the death of
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who founded
modern Turkey, and suggests that it was
deliberately chosen for its political
significance.[48][52] An alternative
explanation for the discrepancy offered by
one of Gülen's close students, and
biographer, was that his parents waited 3
years to register his birth.[53] State
documents support the 1941 date,[48][51]
and Gülen's English website now uses
that;[48] it is now the accepted date.[48][51]

His father was an imam.[54] His mother

taught the Qur'an in their village, despite
such informal religious instruction being
banned by the Kemalist government.[55]
Gülen's secular formal education ended
when his family moved to another
village.[54][56] He took part in Islamic
education in some Erzurum madrasas[57]
and he gave his first sermon as a licensed
state preacher in 1958, when he was in his
teens.[58] Gülen was influenced by the
ideas of Kurdish scholar Said Nursî.[59]

Gülen was in the Turkish civil service from

his appointment as an assistant imam at
Üç Şerefeli Mosque in Edirne, 6 August
1959,[60] until he retired from formal
preaching duties in 1981.

While Gülen was teaching at the

Kestanepazari Qur'anic School in Izmir, the
coup of 12 March 1971, occurred. During
its aftermath, Gülen was arrested for
organizing a clandestine religious group
based on his teachings and was
imprisoned for seven months.[61]

From 1988 to 1991 he gave a series of

sermons in popular mosques of major
cities. In 1994, he participated in the
founding of the Journalists and Writers
Foundation[62] and was given the title
"honorary president" by the foundation.[63]
He did not make any comment regarding
the closures of the Welfare Party in
1998[64] or the Virtue Party in 2001.[65] He
has met some politicians like Tansu Çiller
and Bülent Ecevit, but he avoids meeting
with the leaders of Islamic political
parties.[65]

In 1999, Gülen relocated to the United

States for medical treatment.[66] According
to the Kemalist Turkish law of the time,
intending to ensure modernity and
secularism, non-state sanctioned religious
endeavors were outlawed and Gülen could
have anticipated being tried especially
over remarks (aired after he immigrated to
U.S.) which seemed to favor an Islamic
state.[67][68] In June 1999, after Gülen had
left Turkey, videotapes were sent to some
Turkish television stations with recordings
of Gülen saying,
The existing system is still in
power. Our friends who have
positions in legislative and
administrative bodies should
learn its details and be vigilant
all the time so that they can
transform it and be more
fruitful on behalf of Islam in
order to carry out a nationwide
restoration. However, they
should wait until the conditions
become more favorable. In other
words, they should not come out
too early.[69]
Gülen said his remarks were taken out of
context,[70] and his supporters raised
questions about the authenticity of the
tape,[71] which he said had been
"manipulated". Gülen was tried in absentia
in 2000, and acquitted in 2008 under the
new Justice and Development Party (AKP)
government of Prime Minister Recep
Tayyip Erdoğan.[66][72]

Gülen applied for a green card in 2002.[73]

After 11 September 2001, the U.S.
increased its scrutiny of its domestic
Islamic religious groups. Objecting to
Gulen's residency application were the FBI,
the State Department, and the Department
of Homeland Security. Gülen first based
his claim to residency on his being as an
alien of extraordinary ability as an
education activist; the U.S. Citizenship and
Immigration Services rejected it. Lawyers
representing the Secretary of Homeland
Security argued in that Gülen has no
degree or training in the field of education
and questioned laudatory opinions about
Gülen, cited by his lawyers, that had been
expressed by scholars at academics
conferences funded by Gulenist
foundations. CIA National Intelligence
Council former vice chairman Graham E.
Fuller, former CIA official George Fidas and
former US Ambassador to Turkey Morton
Abramowitz wrote endorsement letters for
Gülen's green card application in
2008.[74][75] The court ruled against the
USCIS and in Gülen's favor, granting Gülen
his green card.[76][77]

With the advent of Erdoğanist Turkey in the

2000s, structural impediments to Muslims'
participation in civil life were gradually
lifted. Many of those educated in
institutions sponsored by participants in
civil-society endeavors that Gülen had
inspired ended up as members of the
Turkey's judiciary, its governmental
apparatus, and its military. In the build-up
of societal conflicts in the period just prior
to the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt,
Erdoğanism changed in its perception of
Gülenism from that of sometimes ally to a
dangerous rival, attempting to construct a
parallel state structure. Before and after
the attempted putsch, Gülenists became
the greatest portion of those caught up in
the massive 2016–present purges in
Turkey.[67] Since the 2016 coup attempt,
authorities arrested or imprisoned more
than 90,000 Turkish citizens.[78]

On 19 December 2014, a Turkish court

issued an arrest warrant for Gülen after
over 20 journalists working for media
outlets thought to be sympathetic to the
Gülen movement were arrested. Gülen was
accused of establishing and running an
"armed terrorist group".[79]

As of 2018, Gülen resides at the Hizmet

movement-affiliated Chestnut Retreat
Center, a 25-acre wooded estate in the
Poconos (within Ross Township, Monroe
County, Pennsylvania, near
Saylorsburg[80][81]).[82] About thirty people
live and work on the estate, owned by the
Golden Generation Foundation.[83] Never
married, Gülen's own living quarters and
study are within a pair of small rooms,
whose rent he pays out of his publishing
royalties and which contain a mattress on
the floor, prayer mat, desk, bookshelves,
and treadmill, within one of the estate's
several structures, among which is a hall
used as a mosque.[80][84][85] Gülen is
reported to be in ill health. In 2017, reports
identified four candidates to succeed
Gulen, if necessary, in leadership of the
Hizmet movement: Mehmet Ali Şengül,
Cevdet Türkyolu, Osman Şimşek and
Ahmet Kurucan.[86]

Influence in Turkish society

and politics
The Gülen movement, also known as
Hizmet ('Service') or Cemaat (pronounced
Jamaat and meaning 'Community'), has
millions of followers, as well as many
more abroad. Beyond the schools
established by Gülen's followers, many
Gülenists held positions of power in
Turkey's police forces and judiciary.[87][88]
Turkish and foreign analysts believe Gülen
also has sympathizers in the Turkish
parliament and that his movement
controlled the widely read Islamic
conservative Zaman newspaper, the
private Bank Asya bank, the Samanyolu TV
television station, and many other media
and business organizations, including the
Turkish Confederation of Businessmen
and Industrialists (TUSKON).[89] All have
been shut down following the coup
attempt. In March 2011, the Turkish
government arrested the investigative
journalist Ahmet Şık and seized and
banned his book The Imam's Army, the
culmination of Şık's investigation into
Gülen and the Gülen movement.[90]

Gülen taught a Hanafi version of Islam,

deriving from Sunni Muslim scholar Said
Nursî's teachings. Gülen has stated that he
believes in science, interfaith dialogue
among the People of the Book, and multi-
party democracy.[40] He has initiated such
dialogue with the Vatican[91] and some
Jewish organizations.[92]
The Gülen movement's constituent local
entities function independently from each
other, existing, in the aggregate, as
leaderless activist entities. "I really don't
know 0.1% of the people in this
movement", Gülen has said. "I haven't done
much. I have just spoken out on what I
believe. Because it [Gülen's teachings]
made sense, people grasped it
themselves." "I opened one school to see if
people liked it. So they created more
schools."[93] The movement includes some
theological staff as imams or spiritual
counselors, although their identities are
kept confidential due to such positions
being illegal in Turkey. This has led some
observers to argue that the movement
includes a clandestine aspect.[94][95][96]

1970s, 1980s and 1990s

Gülen opened an ışık evler or "light houses"

(students' hostel offering scholarships for
poorer scholars[97]) in 1976, with there
being informal sohbets (Quranic
discussions) available there for the
students as well. Gülen encouraged like-
minded individuals to follow suit, which
became the genesis of the Gülen
movement.[98]
During the political violence in Turkey
between the right and left in the 1970s,
Gülen "invited people to practice tolerance
and forgiveness."[99] Following the 1980
Turkish coup d'état, in which the military
targeted communists, Gülen gave his
"explicit assent" to the coup,[99] saying:

I want to also add that the

architects of the coup also took
some positive administrative
decisions. They shook society to
renew itself once again. They
defeated the Communist
movement which recruited some
 misguided youth who wanted
Turkey to be under Soviet
influence. They intentionally or
unintentionally prevented our
country from entering into
quagmire and into a long bloody
struggle. Moreover, they gave
opportunities to some decent
children of our homeland to
serve our nation.[100]

Following the political violence of the

preceding years, Gülen expected that the
coup would reestablish stability and lead
to a subsequent restoration of democracy.
Gülen's assent to the coup later prompted
criticism from Turkish liberals.[99]

Despite Gülen's support for the coup, the

military authorities issued an arrest
warrant against him, which was revoked by
a "state security court" in 1986.[100]

In the 1980s and 1990s under Turgut Özal,

Gülen and his movement benefited from
social and political reforms, managing "to
turn his traditional and geographically
confined faith movement into a nationwide
educational and cultural phenomenon"
that "attempted to bring 'religious'
perspectives into the public sphere on
social and cultural issues."[101] The growth
of the Gülen movement sparked
opposition from both Kemalists, who
perceived the movement as threatening to
undermine secularism, and from more
radical Islamists who viewed the
movement as "accommodating" and "pro-
American".[102]

2000s and 2010s

Sharing Turkish President Recep Tayyip

Erdoğan's ambition to empower religious
individuals in civil life previously
disenfranchised in secular Turkey, in 2003
a number of Gülen movement participants
pivoted from the Turkish political center to
become the junior partner with the newly
ruling Erdoğan-led and center-right Justice
and Development Party (AKP), providing
the party political and sorely-needed
administrative support.[23][24][25] This
political alliance worked together to
weaken left-of-center Kemalist factions in
the judiciary, military, and police. It
internally fractured in 2011, which became
common knowledge by the time of the
corruption investigations of highly placed
members of Turkey's ruling party in
2013.[24][103][34][104][105]
Ergenekon Trials

In 2005, a man affiliated with the Gülen

movement approached U.S. Ambassador
to Turkey Eric S. Edelman during a party in
Istanbul and handed him an envelope
containing a document supposedly
detailing plans for an imminent coup
against the government by the Turkish
military. However, the documents were
soon found to be forgeries.[88] Gülen
affiliates state that the movement is "civic"
in nature and that it does not have political
aspirations.[89] However, he was accused
of being the mastermind behind the
Ergenekon trials by secularists, who see
the trial's objective as weakening of
Turkish military. Those who publicly said
that the trial was a sham were subject to
harassment by Zaman, some examples
being Dani Rodrik[106] and İlhan
Cihaner.[107]

Split with Erdoğan

Erdoğan in 2010
Despite Gülen's and his followers'
statements that the organization is non-
political in nature, analysts believed that a
number of corruption-related arrests made
against allies of Erdoğan reflect a growing
political power struggle between Gülen
and Erdoğan.[87][108] These arrests led to
the 2013 corruption scandal in Turkey,
which the ruling AKP's supporters (along
with Erdoğan himself) and the opposition
parties alike have said were
choreographed by Gülen after Erdoğan's
government came to the decision early in
December 2013 to shut down many of his
movement's private pre-university schools
in Turkey.[109]
The Erdoğan government has said that the
corruption investigation and comments by
Gülen are the long term political agenda of
Gülen's movement to infiltrate security,
intelligence, and justice institutions of the
Turkish state, a charge almost identical to
the charges against Gülen by the Chief
Prosecutor of Turkey in his trial in 2000
before Erdoğan's party had come into
power.[89] Gülen had previously been tried
in absentia in 2000, and acquitted of these
charges in 2008 under Erdoğan's AKP
government.[66][72]

In emailed comments to the Wall Street

Journal in January 2014, Gülen said that
"Turkish people ... are upset that in the last
two years democratic progress is now
being reversed", but he denied being part
of a plot to unseat the government.[110]
Later, in January 2014 in an interview with
BBC World, Gülen said "If I were to say
anything to people I may say people
should vote for those who are respectful
to democracy, rule of law, who get on well
with people. Telling or encouraging people
to vote for a party would be an insult to
peoples' intellect. Everybody very clearly
sees what is going on."[111]

On 28 October 2015, Ministry of Interior

placed Gülen in the red category of the
"most wanted terrorists list". The Ministry
announced that a monetary reward of up
to 10 million Turkish liras will be given to
Gülen in this category.[112][113]

According to some commentators, Gülen

is to Erdoğan what Trotsky was to
Stalin.[114] Ben Cohen of the Jewish News
Syndicate wrote: "Rather like Leon Trotsky,
the founder of the Soviet Red Army who
was hounded and chased out of the USSR
by Joseph Stalin, Gülen has become an all-
encompassing explanation for the
existential threats, as Erdogan perceives
them, that are currently plaguing Turkey.
Stalin saw the influence of 'Trotskyite
counter-revolutionaries' everywhere, and
brutally purged every element of the Soviet
apparatus. Erdogan is now doing much the
same with the 'Gülenist terrorists.' "[115]

Extradition request, U.S.–Turkey

tensions

Shortly after the botched coup attempt of

15 July 2016, the Turkish government
stated that the coup attempt had been
organized by Gülen and/or his movement.
Turkish prime minister Binali Yıldırım in
late July 2016 told The Guardian: "Of
course, since the leader of this terrorist
organisation is residing in the United
States, there are question marks in the
minds of the people whether there is any
U.S. involvement or backing. So America
from this point on should really think how
they will continue to cooperate with Turkey,
which is a strategic ally for them in the
region and world."[116] Gülen, who denied
any involvement in the coup attempt and
denounced it,[117] has in turn accused
Erdoğan of "turning a failed putsch into a
slow-motion coup of his own against
constitutional government."[118]

On 19 July, an official request had been

sent to the U.S. for the extradition of
Fethullah Gülen.[119][120][121][122] On 23 July
2016, Turkey formally submitted a formal
extradition request accompanied by
certain documents as supporting
evidence.[119][123][124] Senior U.S. officials
said this evidence pertained to certain pre-
coup alleged subversive activities.[125]

On 19 September, Turkish government

officials met with retired US Army Lt.
General Mike Flynn, former CIA Director
James Woolsey, and others to discuss
legal and potentially illegal ways such as
enforced disappearance for removing
Gülen from the US.[126] In March 2017,
Flynn registered as a foreign agent for his
2016 lobbying work on behalf of the
government of Turkey.[127]

Rudy Giuliani privately urged Donald

Trump in 2017 to extradite Gülen.[128]

All Hizmet's schools, foundations and

other entities in Turkey have been closed
by the Turkish government following the
2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.[129][130]
In addition, the Turkish government
reportedly sought to pressure a number of
foreign governments into shutting down
schools and medical facilities allegedly
associated with the Gülen movement
including in Pakistan, Somalia, Germany,
Indonesia, Nigeria and Kenya.[131] In
Somalia, two large schools and a hospital
linked to the movement have been shut
down following a request by the Turkish
administration.[132] Albania and Bosnia
have also seen requests by Turkey to close
or investigate Gülen-linked schools.[133]

Egypt asylum proposal

In Egypt, MP Emad Mahrous called on the

Egyptian government to grant asylum to
Gülen. In the request, sent to Speaker of
the House of Representatives Ali Abdel-
Aal, Prime Minister Sherif Ismail and
Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry on 24
July 2016, Mahrous notes that "[Turkey]
was a moderate Muslim country that has
become an Islamist dictatorship at the
hands of [Turkish president] Recep Tayyip
Erdoğan and his affiliated Muslim
Brotherhood political party", arguing that it
was highly distasteful that Erdoğan has
requested Gülen's extradition from the
United States while at the same time
"giving shelter to hundreds of leaders of
the Muslim Brotherhood terrorist
organisation and members of other bloody
militant Islamist groups which attack
Egypt by day and night."[134]
Mahrous argues that Erdoğan has not only
accused Gülen of plotting the failed coup
attempt, but also used this allegation as
an excuse to engage in mass purges
against public institutions allegedly loyal
to Gülen—"but at the same time Erdoğan
has decided to turn Turkey into a media
battleground against Egypt, with Turkish
intelligence providing funds for several
Muslim Brotherhood TV channels to attack
Egypt". Mahrous stated that his advice to
Gülen is to not wait until his extradition,
but instead leave the United States and
obtain permanent asylum in Egypt. Former
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat granted
asylum to Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
following his arrival in Egypt from the US,
regardless of the threats that were issued
by Iran's ayatollahs during the Iranian
Revolution.[134]

Continuing aftermath

In March 2017, former CIA Director James

Woolsey told the Wall Street Journal that
he had been at a 19 September 2016
meeting with then Trump campaign
advisor Mike Flynn with Turkey's foreign
minister, Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, and energy
minister, Berat Albayrak, where the
possibility of Gulen's abduction and forced
rendition to Turkey was discussed.[135][136]
Although no concrete kidnapping plan was
discussed, Woolsey left the meeting,
concerned that a general discussion about
"a covert step in the dead of night to whisk
this guy away" might be construed as
illegal under American law.[137] A
spokesman for Flynn denied Woolsey's
account, telling Business Insider that no
nonjudicial removal had been discussed at
the meeting.[138]

In July 2017, one year after the anti-

Erdoğan putsch, Gülen wrote: "Accusations
against me related to the coup attempt are
baseless, politically motivated
slanders."[139][140] In the 1990s, Gulen had
been issued a special Turkish passport as
a retired holder of the religious post, in the
Turkish state religion of Sunni Islam, of
mufti; in 2017 this passport was
revoked.[141] Unless Gulen travels to Turkey
by the end of September 2017, he will be
stateless.[142] On 26 September 2017,
Gulen asked for a United Nations
commission to investigate the 2016 coup
attempt.[143]

Also, Gulen said in an interview with NPR:

"To this day, I have stood against all coups.
My respect for the military aside, I have
always been against interventions. ... If
any one among those soldiers had called
me and told me of their plan, I would tell
them, 'You are committing murder.' ... If
they ask me what my final wish is, I would
say the person [Erdogan] who caused all
this suffering and oppressed thousands of
innocents, I want to spit in his face."[144]

On 28 September 2017, Erdoğan

requested the U.S. to extradite Gülen in
exchange for American pastor Andrew
Brunson, under arrest in Turkey on charges
related to Brunson's alleged affiliation with
"FETO" (the Gulen movement); Erdoğan
said, "You have a pastor too. Give him to
us. ... Then we will try [Brunson] and give
him to you".[145][146][147][148] "You have a
pastor too. ... You give us that one and
we'll work with our judiciary and give back
yours."[146] The Federal judiciary alone
determines extradition cases in the U.S.
An August 2017 decree gave Erdogan
authority to approve the exchange of
detained or convicted foreigners with
people held in other countries. Asked
about the suggested swap on 28
September 2017, U.S. State Department
spokeswoman Heather Nauert said: "I
can't imagine that we would go down that
road. ... We have received extradition
requests for him [Gulen]." Anonymous US
officials have said to reporters that the
Turkish government has not yet provided
sufficient evidence for the U.S. Justice
Department to charge Gulen.[149]

As of September 2017, what Turkey had

provided the U.S. was information about
Gulen dating to before the 2016 coup
attempt and Turkey was in the process of
compiling information allegedly linking
Gulen to the coup attempt.[150]

In 2017, Amnesty International and Human

Rights Watch separately issued
statements urging governments to avoid
extraditions to Turkey.[151]

In November 2018, the Trump

administration asked the U.S. Justice
Department to explore what legal
justifications could be used, should it
decide to seek for Gulen to be
deported.[152] On 17 December 2018, the
US Department of Justice announced the
indictment of two men, alleging that they
acted "in the United States as illegal
agents of the Government of Turkey" and
conspired "to covertly influence U.S.
politicians and public opinion against"
Fetullah Gulen.[153] The two men, former
associates of ex-US national security
adviser Michael Flynn, used the now-
dissolved Flynn Intel Group in an effort to
discredit Gulen dating back to July 2016,
according to the indictment.[154]
In a February 2019 opinion piece, Gülen
said, "[I]n Turkey, a vast arrest campaign
based on guilt by association is ongoing.
The number of victims of this campaign of
persecution keeps increasing ... . Erdogan
is draining the reputation that the Turkish
Republic has gained in the international
arena, pushing Turkey into the league of
nations known for suffocating freedoms
andjailing democratic dissenters. The
ruling clique is exploiting diplomatic
relations, mobilizing government
personnel and resources to harass, haunt
and abduct Hizmet movement volunteers
all around the world."[155]
In 2022, U.S. Senate candidate for
Pennsylvania Dr. Mehmet Oz predicted (to
the Washington Post), "Gulen cannot be
touched. There are no credible allegations
that he was involved in the coup. He will
stay in Pennsylvania."[156]

Thought and activism

Initiatives

The Gülen movement is a transnational

Islamic civic society movement inspired by
Gülen's teachings. His teachings about
hizmet (altruistic service to the common
good) have attracted a large number of
supporters in Turkey, Central Asia, and
increasingly in other parts of the
world.[nb 1]

Education

In his sermons, Gülen has reportedly

stated: "Studying physics, mathematics,
and chemistry is worshipping God."[66]
With regard to terrorism, Gülen believes
"The antidote is a religious education
program that teaches the tradition in a
holistic and contextualized way. To be able
to resist the deceits of radical ideologues,
young Muslims must understand the spirit
of their scripture and the overarching
principles of their Prophet's life".[157]
Gülen's followers have built over 1,000
schools around the world.[158] In Turkey,
Gülen's schools are considered among the
best: expensive modern facilities where
the English language is taught from the
first grade.[66] However, former teachers
from outside the Gülen community have
called into question the treatment of
women and girls in Gülen schools,
reporting that female teachers were
excluded from administrative
responsibilities, allowed little autonomy,
and—along with girls from the sixth grade
and up—segregated from male colleagues
and pupils during break and lunch
periods.[159]
Interfaith and intercultural dialogue

Gülen with Pope John Paul II in 1998.

During the 1990s, he began to advocate

interreligious tolerance and dialogue.[92]
He has personally met with leaders of
other religions, including Pope John Paul
II,[91] the Ecumenical Patriarch
Bartholomew I of Constantinople, and
Israeli Sephardic Chief Rabbi Eliyahu
Bakshi-Doron.[160]

Gülen has said that he favors cooperation

between followers of different religions as
well as religious and secular elements
within society. Among his strongest
supporters and collaborators has been for
years the Greek Orthodox Turcologist and
professor at the University of Ottawa,
Dimitri Kitsikis.

Gülen has shown sympathy towards

certain demands of Turkey's Alevi minority,
such as recognising their cemevis as
official places of worship and supporting
better Sunni-Alevi relations; stating Alevis
"definitely enrich Turkish
culture".[161][162][163]

Political views

Theology

Gülen does not advocate a new theology

but refers to classical authorities of
theology, taking up their line of
argument.[164] His understanding of Islam
tends to be moderate and
mainstream.[165][166] Though he has never
been a member of a Sufi tarekat and does
not see tarekat membership as a necessity
for Muslims, he teaches that "Sufism is the
inner dimension of Islam" and "the inner
and outer dimensions must never be
separated."[167]

He teaches that the Muslim community

has a duty of service (Turkish: hizmet)[168]
to the common good of the community
and the nation[169] and to Muslims and
non-Muslims all over the world;[170] and
that the Muslim community is obliged to
conduct dialogue with not just the "People
of the Book" (Jews and Christians), and
people of other religions, but also with
agnostics and atheists.
Gülen's Sufism is greatly influenced by Sufi
Kurdish Quranic scholar Said Nursi (1877–
1960), who advocated illuminating modern
education and science through Islam.
Gülen expands on Nursi to advocate what
has been described as a "Turkish
nationalist, state-centered and pro-
business approach" centered on service
(hizmet, in Turkish).[130] Some participants
within Gülen's movement have viewed
Nursi's or Gülen's works as that of
mujaddids or "renewers" of Islam within
their respective times.[171] Others have
opined in more eschatological terms,
equating Gülen's work as assistance
toward the prophesied Mahdi to come,[172]
albeit Gülen's spokespersons discourage
broaching such speculation.[173] and an
official gülenist website hosts an article
entitled "Claiming to be the Mahdi is
Deviation".[174] In 2016, Turkey's Religious
Affairs Directorate (Diyanet), Mehmet
Görmez, said Gülen's is a "fake Mahdi
movement".[175]

Anatolian nationalism; Turkish Islam

Gülen defines Turkish nationalism by

particular type of Anatolian Muslim culture
that is at the roots of the modern Turkish
nation state, rather than by any specific
ethnicity. He believes Turkish Islam
(meaning "Sufism") an especially
legitimate, if not an exclusively valid
expression of the Islamic faith, especially
with concern individuals of a Turkish
background. Albeit Gülen ascribes positive
characteristics to various localized
entities, overall the tenor of Gülen's
teachings warn against the human
tendencies toward insularity or
discriminations against people of other
ethnicities, other branches of Islam, or
other faiths.
Kurdish issues

He was accused of being against the

peace process which had aimed to resolve
the long-running Kurdish-Turkish conflict.
However, Gülen's supporters dismiss this
claim, citing his work with many
Kurds.[176][177][178][179][180]

Freedom of expression

Excerpt from Gülen-penned op-ed in The

New York Times:

The core tenets of a functioning

democracy – the rule of law,
respect for individual freedoms
– are also the most basic of
Islamic values bestowed upon us
by God. No political or religious
leader has the authority to take
them away ... Speaking against
oppression is a democratic
right, a civic duty and for
believers, a religious obligation.
The Quran makes clear that
people should not remain silent
in the face of injustice: "O you
who believe! Be upholders and
standard-bearers of justice,
bearing witness to the truth for
 God's sake, even though it be
against your own selves, or
parents or kindred".[181]

Secularism

Gülen has criticized secularism in Turkey

as "reductionist materialism". However, he
has in the past said that a secular
approach that is "not anti-religious" and
"allows for freedom of religion and belief,
is compatible with Islam."[182]

According to one Gülen press release, in

democratic-secular countries, 95% of
Islamic principles are permissible and
practically feasible, and there is no
problem with them. The remaining 5% "are
not worth fighting for".[183]

Turkish bid to join the EU

Gülen has supported Turkey's bid to join

the European Union and has said that
neither Turkey nor the EU have anything to
fear, but have much to gain, from a future
of full Turkish membership in the EU.[182]

Women's roles

According to Aras and Caha, Gülen's views

on women are "progressive".[64] Gülen says
the coming of Islam saved women, who
"were absolutely not confined to their
home and ... never oppressed" in the early
years of the religion. He feels that extreme
feminism, however, is "doomed to
imbalance like all other reactionary
movements" and eventually "being full of
hatred towards men".[184]

Terrorism

Gülen has condemned terrorism.[185][186]

He warns against the phenomenon of
arbitrary violence and aggression against
civilians and said that it "has no place in
Islam". He wrote a condemnation article in
The Washington Post on 12 September
2001, one day after the September 11
attacks, and stated that "A Muslim can not
be a terrorist, nor can a terrorist be a true
Muslim."[187][188] Gülen lamented the
"hijacking of Islam" by terrorists.[92][189]

Gaza flotilla

Gülen criticized the Turkish-led Gaza

flotilla for trying to deliver aid without
Israel's consent to Palestinians in
Gaza.[190] He spoke of watching the news
coverage of the deadly confrontation
between Israeli commandos and
multinational aid group members as its
flotilla approached Israel's sea blockade of
Gaza. He said, "What I saw was not pretty,
it was ugly." He has since continued his
criticism, saying later that the organizers'
failure to seek accord with Israel before
attempting to deliver aid was "a sign of
defying authority, and will not lead to
fruitful matters."[191]

Syrian Civil War

Gülen is strongly against Turkish

involvement in the Syrian Civil War.[192]
While rejecting the Turkish government's
desire to topple the Syrian government of
President Bashar al-Assad, Gülen supports
military intervention against ISIL.[193][194]
Armenian genocide

Addressing the Armenian genocide in a 6

May 1965 letter, Gülen wrote: "I have
known Armenian families and individuals
during my childhood and working
positions. I will not stop cursing the Great
Genocide committed against Armenians in
1915. I know that among the people killed
and massacred were many highly
respected individuals, for whose memory I
bow with respect. I curse with great grief
the massacre of the sons of the Great
Prophet Christ by ignorant individuals who
call themselves Muslims."[195]
Publications
Gülen's official website[196] lists 44
publications by him; these are, however,
more akin to essays and collections of
sermons than books on specific subjects
with a specific thesis. He is also said to
have authored many articles on a variety
of topics: social, political and religious
issues, art, science and sports, and
recorded thousands of audio and video
cassettes. He writes the lead article for
The Fountain, Yeni Ümit, Sızıntı, and Yağmur
Islamic philosophical magazines. Several
of his books have been translated into
English.[197]
The Messenger of God: Muhammad,
Tughra Books, 2nd edition, 2008.
ISBN 1597841374
Reflections on the Qur'an: Commentaries
on Selected Verses, Tughra Books, 2012.
ISBN 1597842648
Toward Global Civilization Love and
Tolerance, Tughra Books, 2010.
From Seed to Cedar: Nurturing the
Spiritual Needs in Children, Tughra
Books, 2013. ISBN 1597842788
Terror and Suicide Attacks: An Islamic
Perspective, Tughra Books, 2008.
ISBN 1932099743
 Journey to Noble Ideals: Droplets of
Wisdom from the Heart (Broken Jug),
Tughra Books, 2014. ISBN 1597843482
Speech and Power of Expression, Tughra
Books, 2010. ISBN 1597842168
Selected Prayers of Prophet Muhammad,
Tughra Books, 2012. ISBN 1597842265

Reception
Martin Luther King Jr. International Chapel
at Morehouse College awarded its 2015
Gandhi King Ikeda Peace Award to Gülen
in recognition of his lifelong dedication to
promoting peace and human
rights.[198][199][200]
Gülen topped the 2008 Top 100 Public
Intellectuals Poll and came out as the
most influential thinker.[201]

Gülen was named as one of Time

magazine's 100 Most Influential People in
2013.[202]

In 2015, Oklahoma City Thunder basketball

player Enes Kanter said that he was
excluded from the Turkish national
basketball team for his public support of
Gülen.[203] Kanter was disowned by his
family in 2016 due to his support for
Gülen.[204]
Gülen was listed as one of the 500 most
influential Muslims by the Royal Islamic
Strategic Studies Centre in Amman,
Jordan.[205][206]

Gülen was listed on the Watkins' Spiritual

100 List for 2019 (https://www.watkinsma
gazine.com/watkins-spiritual-100-list-for-2
019) as one of the "100 Most Spiritually
Influential Living People".
Rise Up (Colors of Peace)
album

Cover of album Rise Up (Colors of Peace)

Rise Up (Colors of Peace) was a musical

project to turn Gülen's poems and writings
in Turkish language into songs. A total of
50 poems were sent to various Muslim
and non-Muslim artists from various
countries, who were free to pick, and then
compose and vocalize the poem chosen,
record it in their own country and send it
back for inclusion in the planned album.
Reportedly, no restrictions were put on the
artists in using instrumentation, despite
reservations by stricter Muslim
interpretations about music and use of
musical instruments. The album Rise Up
(Colors of Peace) turned into an album of
world music encompassing various genres
like jazz, pop, flamenco, rai, Indian music
among others.[207] The artists appearing
(in order of appearance on the track list)
were: The Good Morning Diary, Maher Zain,
Faudel, Cristelo Duo featuring Bruno
Gouveia, Ryan Shaw, Natacha Atlas, Bon
Bon, KK & Reet, Mazachigno featuring Ely
Bruna, Bahroma, Carmen Paris, Kobi Farhi
& Ruba Shamshoum. The project took
more than two years to realize and the
album was released in 2013 by Nil
Production and Universal Music.

Further reading
M Hakan Yavuz & Bayram Balci (2018).
Turkey's 15 July Coup: What Happened
and Why (https://uofupress.lib.utah.edu/
turkeys-july-15th-coup/) . Utah Series in
Middle East Studies. University of Utah
Press. ISBN 9781607816065.
"What Went Wrong with Turkey?" (http
s://fgulen.com/en/what-went-wrong-wit
h-turkey) . The Fountain. No. Special.
Clifton, New Jersey: Blue Dome Press.
2017. ISSN 0967-9928 (https://www.wor
ldcat.org/issn/0967-9928) .
Faruk Mercan (2017). No Return from
Democracy: A Survey of Interviews with
Fethullah Gulen (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=5jAgMQAACAAJ) . Blue
Dome Press. ISBN 978-1682060179.
M. Hakan Yavuz (2013). Toward an
Islamic Enlightenment: The Gülen
Movement (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=qsTdpmviIQ4C) . Oxford
University Press. ISBN 9780199927999.
Asli Aydıntaşbaş (September 2016). The
good, the bad and the Gülenists: The Role
of the Gulen Movement in Turkey's Coup
Attempt (http://www.ecfr.eu/publication
s/summary/the_good_the_bad_and_the
_gulenists7131) . European Council on
Foreign Relations. ecfr.eu. ISBN 978-1-
910118-88-7.
David Tittensor (2014). The House of
Service: The Gülen Movement and Islam's
Third Way (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=hc7QAgAAQBAJ) . Oxford
University Press. ISBN 9780199336418.
Timur Tinçurl (26 November 2017).
"Gülen movement: Creating an elite to
lead the state" (https://www.dandc.eu/e
n/article/turkish-guelen-movement-expa
nding-worldwide-opinions-differ-reasons
-why) . D+C Development and
Cooperation.
Timur Tinç (27 December 2017).
"Creating an elite to lead the state: The
Gulen movement in Turkey" (http://en.qa
ntara.de/node/29833) . Qantara.de.
Mustafa Akyol (7 December 2017).
"Gulenists Speak Out at Last" (https://w
ww.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/201
7/12/turkey-finally-some-gulenists-spea
k-out.html) . Al-Monitor(a review of
 former Hizmet participants' scholarly
commentary about the movement)
Maimul Ahsan Khan (2011). The Vision
and Impact of Fethullah Gulen: A New
Paradigm for Social Activism. New York:
Blue Dome. ISBN 978-1-935295-09-9.

Notes
1. In Lester Kurtz's (of University of Texas,
Austin) words, "One of the most striking
operationalizations of Gulen's fusion of
commitment and tolerance is the nature of
the Gulen movement, as it is often called,
which has established hundreds of schools
in many countries as a consequence of his
belief in the importance of knowledge, and
example in the building of a better world.
The schools are a form of service to
humanity designed to promote learning in a
broader sense and to avoid explicit Islamic
propaganda." Kurtz also cites in the same
work the comments of Thomas Michel,
General Secretary of the Vatican Secretariat
for Inter-religious Dialogue, after a visit to a
school in Mindanao, Philippines, where the
local people suffered from a civil war, as
follows: "In a region where kidnapping is a
frequent occurrence, along with guerrilla
warfare, summary raids, arrests,
disappearances and killings by military and
para-military forces, the school is offering
Muslim and Christian Filipino children,
along with an educational standard of high
quality, a more positive way of living and
relating to each other." Kurtz adds: "The
purpose of the schools movement,
therefore, is to lay the foundations for a
more humane, tolerant citizenry of the
world where people are expected to
cultivate their own faith perspectives and
also promote the well being of others ... It is
significant to note that the movement has
been so successful in offering high quality
education in its schools, which recruit the
children of elites and government officials,
that it is beginning to lay the groundwork
for high-level allies, especially in Central
Asia, where they have focused much of
their effort." See, Lester R. Kurtz, "Gulen's
Paradox: Combining Commitment and
 Tolerance", Muslim World, Vol. 95, July
2005; 379–381.

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General references:

"Gulen Inspires Muslims Worldwide" (https://

web.archive.org/web/20080123015034/htt
p://www.forbes.com/business/2008/01/18/t
urkey-islam-gulen-cx_0121oxford.html) .
Forbes. Archived from the original on 23
January 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
Interfaith Radio – Turkey's Champion of
Interfaith Dialogue (http://interfaithradio.org/
node/491)
The Economist – Global Muslim networks-
How far they have travelled (http://www.econ
omist.com/world/international/displaystory.
cfm?story_id=10808408)
The Economist - Fethullah Gulen- A farm boy
on the world stage (http://www.economist.co
m/world/international/displaystory.cfm?stor
y_id=10808433)
Reuters – Turkish Islamic preacher – threat
or benefactor? (http://uk.reuters.com/article/
featuresNews/idUKL0939033920080514)
The New York Times – Turkish Schools Offer
Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam (https://w
ww.nytimes.com/2008/05/04/world/asia/04i
slam.html?ei=5124&en=625b88103a702f94
&ex=1367640000&partner=permalink&expro
d=permalink&pagewanted=all)
The New York Times: Fethullah Gulen profile
(https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/18/worl
d/europe/18iht-19oxan-Turkishpreacherprofil
e.9324128.html)
Foreign Policy – Fethullah Gulen as a Top
Public Intellectual (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20091113023209/http://www.foreignpoli
cy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4408)
Profile on PBS show: Religion and Ethics
January 21, 2011 (https://www.pbs.org/wne
t/religionandethics/episodes/january-21-201
1/gulen-movement/7949/)
The New Republic: The Global Imam (http://w
ww.tnr.com/article/world/magazine/79062/
global-turkey-imam-fethullah-gulen)
Qantara.de: The Fethullah Gülen Movement:
Pillar of Society or Threat to Democracy? (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20100817141459/
http://en.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.p
hp/_c-478/_nr-907/i.html)
MERIA: Fethullah Gülen and his Liberal
"Turkish Islam" movement (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20110919100055/http://meria.id
c.ac.il/journal/2000/issue4/jv4n4a4.html)
ME Forum: Turkish Islam's Moderate Face (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/2005102800471
8/http://www.meforum.org/article/404)
 ME Forum: Fethullah Gülen's Grand Ambition:
Turkey's Islamist Danger (http://www.meforu
m.org/2045/fethullah-gulens-grand-ambitio
n)
The Gülen Movement: a modern expression
of Turkish Islam (http://religion.info/english/i
nterviews/article_74.shtml)
The Nurcu Movement in Kazakhstan and
Kyrgyzstan (https://web.archive.org/web/201
50213015820/http://www.amerasianworld.c
om/islam_in_kazakhstan.php)

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related
to Fethullah Gülen.
Wikiquote has quotations related to
Fethullah Gülen.
Official website (http://fgulen.com/en)
Fethullah Gulen (http://www.niagarafoun
dation.org/niagara/fethullah-gulen/)
Hizment and Fethullah Gulen (http://ww
w.afsv.org/about-us/hizmet-and-fethulla
h-gulen/)
Love is a Verb (http://www.loveisaverbm
ovie.com/movie/) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20160729124058/htt
p://www.loveisaverbmovie.com/movi
e/) 29 July 2016 at the Wayback
Machine (2014), a film directed by Terry
Spencer Hesser
Uranli, Arzu Kaya (13 June 2014).
"Yes, Love Is a Verb!" (https://www.
 huffingtonpost.com/arzu-kaya-uranl
i/yes-love-is-a-verb-turkey_b_54906
91.html) . The Huffington Post.
"Love is a Verb" (https://www.rotten
tomatoes.com/m/love_is_a_verb/) .
Rotten Tomatoes.
IMDb (https://www.imdb.com/title/t
t3181886/)
Who Is Fethullah Gülen? (http://www.city
-journal.org/html/who-fethullah-g%C3%
BClen-13504.html)
Fethullah Gulen (15 May 2017). "The
Turkey I No Longer Know" (https://www.
washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-o
pinions/the-turkey-i-no-longer-know/201
7/05/15/bda71c62-397c-11e7-8854-21f
359183e8c_story.html) . The
Washington Post (op-ed).
Multi-media
Philip Crowther & Leela Jacinto (13
November 2017). "Exclusive: US-exiled
cleric Gulen says he knew about
Turkey's 'Flynn bribes' " (http://www.fran
ce24.com/en/20170718-interview-fethul
lah-gulen-turkey-failed-coup-not-worried-
extradition-erdogan-trump) (video of
interview). France24.
Philip Crowther & Leela Jacinto (19
November 2017). "Gulen admits
meeting key figure in Turkey coup plot,
 dismisses Erdogan's 'senseless' claims"
(http://www.france24.com/en/2017071
8-gulen-admits-meeting-key-man-turkey-
coup-plot-dismisses-erdogan-senseless-
claims) (video of interview). France24.

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