Name : Thania Esa Aprina Rahman

Nim : 2224090119
Lecture : Drs. Budiantoro M.A
Link YouTube: https://youtu.be/Kkf93KCp1wg

English for General Purpose

What is Ethics?
Ethics is two things. First, ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that
prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society,
fairness, or specific virtues. Ethics, for example, refers to those standards that impose the
reasonable obligations to refrain from rape, stealing, murder, assault, slander, and fraud. Ethical
standards also include those that enjoin virtues of honesty, compassion, and loyalty. And, ethical
standards include standards relating to rights, such as the right to life, the right to freedom from
injury, and the right to privacy. Such standards are adequate standards of ethics because they are
supported by consistent and well-founded reasons.
Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one's ethical standards. As mentioned
above, feelings, laws, and social norms can deviate from what is ethical. So it is necessary to
constantly examine one's standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well-founded. Ethics
also means, then, the continuous effort of studying our own moral beliefs and our moral conduct,
and striving to ensure that we, and the institutions we help to shape, live up to standards that are
reasonable and solidly-based.

What Use is Ethics?

Ethicts can provide a moral map
Most moral issues get us pretty worked up - think of abortion and euthanasia for starters.
Because these are such emotional issues we often let our hearts do the arguing while our brains
just go with the flow. But there's another way of tackling these issues, and that's where
philosophers can come in - they offer us ethical rules and principles that enable us to take a
cooler view of moral problems. So ethics provides us with a moral map, a framework that we can
use to find our way through difficult issues.
Ethics can pinpoint a disagreement
Using the framework of ethics, two people who are arguing a moral issue can often find that
what they disagree about is just one particular part of the issue, and that they broadly agree on
everything else. That can take a lot of heat out of the argument, and sometimes even hint at a
way for them to resolve their problem. But sometimes ethics doesn't provide people with the sort
of help that they really want.
Ethtics can give several answer
Many people want there to be a single right answer to ethical questions. They find moral
ambiguity hard to live with because they genuinely want to do the 'right' thing, and even if they
can't work out what that right thing is, they like the idea that 'somewhere' there is one right
answer.

Where Does Ethic Come From?

God-based ethics - supernaturalism

Supernaturalism makes ethics inseparable from religion. It teaches that the handiest supply of
ethical regulations is God.
Intuitionism
Intuitionists assume that right and horrific are actual goal residences that cannot be damaged
down into factor parts. Something is right due to the fact it is right, its goodness would not want
justifying or proving.
Consequentialism
This is the moral idea that maximum non-spiritual human beings suppose they use each day. It
bases morality at the effects of human movements and now no longer at
the movements themselves. Consequentialism teaches that human being ought
to do anything produces the best quantity of precise effects.
Non-consequentialism or deontological ethics
Non-consequentialism is concerned with the actions themselves and not with the
consequences.It's the theory that people are using when they refer to "the principle of the thing".
It teaches that some acts are right or wrong in themselves, whatever the consequences, and
people should act accordingly.
Virtue ethics
Virtue ethitcs looks at virtue or moral character, rather than at ethical duties and rules, or the
consequences of actions - indeed some philosophers of this school deny that there can be such
things as universal ethical rules. Virtue ethics is particularly concerned with the way individuals
live their lives, and less concerned in assessing particular actions.
Situation ethics
Situation ethics rejects prescriptive rules and argues that individual ethical decisions should be
made according to the unique situation. Rather than following rules the decision maker should
follow a desire to seek the best for the people involved. There are no moral rules or rights - each
case is unique and deserves a unique solution.
Ethics and ideology
Some philosophers educate that ethics is the codification of political ideology, and that the
characteristic of ethics is to state, implement and maintain precise political beliefs. They
generally cross on to mention that ethics is utilized by the dominant political elite as a device to
govern every person else.

ETHICS ARE DIFFERENT TO LEGISLATION

Ethics are "a machine of principals and customs that have an effect on how human beings lead
their lives". Although we do now no longer must comply with those ideas or ethics, it's far
typically withinside the first-rate pursuits of all and sundry that we do. Ethics are distinctive to
regulation or legal guidelines that legally dictate what's proper and wrong. Ethics constitute
society's evaluations approximately what's proper and what's wrong. When we reflect
onconsideration on ethics in virtual generation, we're thinking about what society's evaluations
are approximately the usage of computer systems and the improvement of hardware and software
Ethical effect of digital technology
Computers have certainly benefitted society, however the growth in our use
of virtual generation has additionally delivered approximately an growth in its misuse.
Misuse of the internet
Computers have undoubtedly benefitted society but the increase in our use of digital technology
has also brought about an increase in its misuse.
'Fake news'
Although nothing new, and once considered harmless April Fools fun, the internet has allowed
for the instantaneous spread of misinformation to global audiences. Instead of harmless fun, 'fake
news' is now increasing the possibility of exploitation, discrimination and inequality. There is
concern that 'fake news' has been used to manipulate voters, spread propaganda and mask real
news stories.
Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying is the use of internet and/or mobile services to bully or otherwise harm an
individual. Often the bully is harder to identify and the bullying more persistent due to the nature
of current internet use and social media platforms. Varying forms of cyberbullying including
trolling (deliberately upsetting people) and flaming (posting offensive messages) and the sheer
number of critical messages contribute to the harmful impact. However, due to the culture of
internet use, many people fail to see their actions as unethical or immoral
Offensive material
What some people see as freedom of expression, others will see as the publication of offensive
material. The internet has changed the way people express themselves. As the internet is a global
medium, views posted by some sections of society may well offend others. The consumption of
'offensive material' has also become a moral and ethical issue.
Use of email
As many personnel now sync paintings email to their smartphones, employers might also
additionally anticipate people to test e mail outdoor workplace hours. The use of e mail has
raised moral and ethical problems for each personnel and employers. Is it adequate to e
mail human beings outdoor workplace hours? Does an e mail intervene on a
person's domestic life? Is it adequate to screen worker e mail for private use?
These problems pose a predicament for each personnel and employers, in particular withinside
the absence of clean organization policies. The use of e mail may want to grow to
be an moral and legal minefield.
Misuse of social media
The increase of social media has resulted in more and more of our personal information being
made available online. This information, unfortunately, can be misused.For example, there have
been many cases where paedophiles have used social me dia to groom and locate victims.
Information posted on social media may be used by criminals to carry out identity fraud. There
are also concerns about people becoming addicted to social media when they spend too much
time engrossed in what others are posting rather than living an active, healthier lifestyle. Social
media often reflects a very positive and unrealistic view of a person's life and people may feel
under pressure to live up to those expectations. Many commentators bemoan a culture of self-
obsession where people constantly take 'selfies', exaggerate their achievements and even lie or
create false news to make themselves more popular and get more 'likes'.