Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia crore Energy Procedia 110 2017) 1-7 Ist International Conference on Energy and Power, ICEP2016, 14-16 December 2016, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia Designing rural electrification solutions considering hybrid energy systems for Papua New Guinea Tarlochan Kaur, Ravi Segal” “Elecvical Engineering Department, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh and 160012, hua GE (Energy Consuling) Bengaluru, Ina Abstract Papua New Guinea (PNG) is amongst the least developed countries inthe world and has an unusual topography. About 90% of its population lives in rural areas and ha little or no access to electricity. At a minimum, achieving PNG's target of 70% of the population having access to electricity means rural access rates will need to rise from 7.6% to close to 65%, The rural electricity ‘market is very complex because the traditional model of utility based centralized grid extension cannot cover the entire population for demographic and economic reasons. Renewable Energy sources present unique opportunities for greater fucl diversity and security. In this work feasibility of hybrid electricity systems consisting of small seale Generating sets, Hydro, solar PV with and without energy storage solutions is studied. The potential of various renewable resources like Hydro, solar resource, ete. is estimated. Electric load for the basic needs of rural community including school, recreational and health centre is estimated, HOMER is used for optimization and sensitivity analysis of different hybrid systems. Considering the load profile and resource estimation, the most cost effective system is proposed, © 2017 The Authors, Published hy Elsevier Lid, This is an open aeeess article under the CC BY:NC-ND license (tp ereativecommons.orlcensesiby-ne-nd/4.0), esrreviw under responsibilty ofthe organizing committes ofthe Ist Intemational Conference on Energy and Power Keywords: Rural Electrification; Hybrid Energy systoms; PNG. 1. Introduetion Electrification in remote areas is constrained by technical barriers like limited long distance transmission system, difficult terrains, highly dispersed with a low population density characterized by low level of education, low load * Coresponding author, Tel: 91-0172-275-34515 fax: 91-0172-274-5175, E-mail address: taslochankaur pe. ain 1876-6102.0 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. his i an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (hupscreativecommons oreficensestby-ne-nd/.0, Peer-review under responsibilty ofthe oganizing committse ofthe Ist International Conference on Energy and Power. do: 10.1016). ceyp10.2017 03.092Tarlochan Kaur and Ravi Segal / Energy Procedia 110 2017) 1~7 density, and low revenues. In addition there is absence of market infrastructure to attract private investors. This Paper focuses on designing rural electrification solutions considering hybrid energy systems for a country (PNG). Off grid Hybrid systems often are the least-cost long-term energy solution, capable of delivering the best services of the three altematives. Adverse environmental effect such as greenhouse gas emission, global warming, climate change, etc. has promoted focus on alternate energy generation like solar, wind, hydro, tidal and biogas ete. In recent years, application of renewable energy sources for electrification is becoming economically feasible due to rapid development of relevant technologies. 2. Literature Survey Various researchers used different methods for optimization of hybrid renewable based power system, viz antficial intelligence, mathematical modeling, simulation and optimization software [1-5]. A genetic algorithm is used to optimize the hybrid power system of different combination of RE resources (Pico hydropower, diesel generator, solar photovoltaic and battery storage) [1]. Kenfack et al. (2), have studied feasibility analysis of solar photovoltaic and micro hydro hybrid power system, at Batocha (Cameroon), using HOMER software. Combination of solar PV, biomass, hydro and wind energy sources was optimized using HOMER and LINGO software [3]. Monte Carlo simulation program is used for the feasibility analysis of wind and hydro hybrid system to electrify an island in Greece [4]. HOMER is widely used for optimization of off- grid and grid connected power system. [5-6]. However, a detailed review of this literature.is beyond the scope of this paper. Givler and Lilienthal [7] conducted a case study of Sri Lanka where they considered an individual household base load of SW with a peak of 40 W, leading to a daily load average of 305 watt-hours. Through a large number of simulations, the study found that the PV-diesel hybrid becomes cost effective as the demand increases. However, this study focuses on the basic needs as, such and does not include productive use of energy. Similar case studies have been done for elsewhere. For example, Himri et al. [8] has presented a study of an Algerian village: Nandi and Ghosh [9] has discussed the case of a Bangladeshi village, while Nfah et al. [10] and Bekele and Palm [1] provided case studies of Cameroon and Ethiopia respectively. Most studies concentrate on supplying electricity only for domestic purposes and do not take into account the electricity demand for agricultural, community purposes and for small-scale business units for the socio-economic development of the whole region. These issues are considered in the present study, thereby bridging the knowledge gap. 3. Study Area PNG lies in the eastern half of the island of New Guinea, north of Australia. PNG has one of the most rural areas, in the World Out of total 1.4 million houses, 90% household are in rural areas [13]. Most of the villagers depend upon agriculture for their income [14]. Port Moresby, capital city of PNG is at 9°25'S, 147°13'E, and elevation of from sea level 48 m. Port Moresby has a dry and humid climate with almost same temperatures (26-32°C). The average solar insolation is 4.5 kWh/m?/day and on an average there are 2.489 hours of sunshine per year. This study cover techno-economic evaluation of various altematives for Village electrification in PNG. 4. Methodology HOMER Pro (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables), is used for designing the micro -power system. It is a preferred tool, because it can handle a large number of technologies and can perform hourly simulations. To compliment it, pre and post HOMER analysis is done as indicated in Fig 1. In the Pre-HOMER analysis phase, peak demand and energy consumption is estimated. Assessment of site and available resources is conducted. In the HOMER analysis the hybrid RET system is designed. Various combination of a combination of the following technologies, namely small hydropower (SHP), solar PV (SPV) systems, natural gas based generator and batteries for back-up. Fig. 2 shows schematic system configuration diagram. This is followed by techno-economic analysis which compares a wide range of equipment with different constraints and sensitivities to optimize the system design... Based on the simulation results, the best suited configuration is selected having least LCOE. In post Homer phase case analysis is performed.Tarlochan Kaur and Ravi Segal / Energy Procedia 110 (2017) 1-7 OW Grid Blestriity Earn ¥ Pre Detailed assessment HOMER Analysis + Resource Load profile Site layout System design with HOMER ‘Techno economic analysis using HOMER ¥ Post HOMER analysis i. Systematic framework of analysis Fig 2. Schematic of micro grid structure (with all power generation sources ) 5. System Modelling Sil, Village Load Estimation A representative village center in PNG is estimated to have a population of 5000. Assuming 4 persons per house, 1250 households were considered. The total load is categorized as: 1, Domestic and commercial Load (Table-1) 2. Community Load and Water facilities (Table-2) 3. Health clinic Load (Table-3) ‘Table | Estimation of domestic and commercial load Device/Applcation WatageW) ‘Quaney Tora Wattage Tan T a Bulb 2 80 (Charging poinvTV 1 80 Cold storage 3 2000 Shops and Market w 10000 Small manufacturing wnits 1 20000 Small workshop 3 43000 Total 1160 ‘Table Estimation of community load and water treatment Facility Device Application Wang) ‘Quantity Towa Wattage ‘Sire Lighting 00 0 3000 Community Kitchen Refrigerator 350 6 2100 Community Kitchen-Food processor 1300 4 ‘000 Kitehen-Induetion cooktops 3000 5 13000 School (Lighting and fans lead) 300 2 3600 Village administrative office 1500 t 1300 Religious Prayer center 1000 ' 1000 Paige station 3000 t 3000 08M builaing 3000 l 3000Tarlochan Kaur and Ravi Segal / Energy Procedia 110 2017) 1~7 Taman sa T so ‘Telecommunication site 3500 1 3500 Recharging Station (lanterwbatery) 10000 1 10000 Water treatment plant 25000 1 25000 Water cispensers 150 3 450 ‘Waste water treatment 0000 1 50000 Toul 105400 104030 ‘able 3. Estimation of health clinic Toad Device Appicanon Warage Wy ‘anny Tol Wattage Vaccine RefigertorFreezer SO Centrifuge 1 S78 Hematology Mixer 1 2 Microscope 2 30 Lighting 2 0 Incubator 400 4 1600 Waiting room, 140 1 140 Consultation room 140 1 140 PC with video conferencing 150 3 450 Operation Theaters 520 2 100 Launaty aso 1 1440 Hospital room (10 beds) 240 3 m0 Kitchen 1600 1 1600 ‘Water bath oso 1 1030 Storage area 2280 1 3280 Towa 9668 12223 Dally toad curve village contre Fig. 3. Daily load profile curve ofa village centre ‘The load profile of the village is shown in Figure 3. The total connected load is estimated at 309 kW with a peak load (sum of peaks) is 290 KW. The coincident peak load is 195 KW. The minimum installed power generation ‘capacity requirement for village centre considering 5% reserve margin is 306 kW. 2. Renewable Resource Estimation. 5.2.1 Hydro Resource Hydro generation is assumed to be ‘run of the river" type ie. generation is possible only when water is available (without any storage).Tarlochan Kaur and Ravi Segal /Energy Procedia 110 (2017) 1~7 Monthly average water availability trend shown in figure 4 is based on average precipitation values for Port Moresby. Based on key parameters like available head (in meters), maximum water flow rate (m/s) and efficiency of turbine; installed capacity of the hydro plant for the village is 75 kW. Micro hydro installation (below 100kW) is achieved by considering head of 9 m and maximum flow rate of 2.5 m'/s. A pure hydro generation plant will not be able to meet the requirements of the village Center which has a peak demand of 195 kW and thus needs to be augmented. 5.2.2 Solar Resource Details of monthly average solar “Global Horizontal Imadianee (GHI)’ and ‘cleamess index’ for Southem highland region of Papua New Guinea is shown in figure 5. Based on the NASA surface meteorology and solar energy database for Southern Highland province (6°18 6'S, 143°S7.3°E), Annual average GHI is 4.89kWh/m2/day. In PNG village electrification design. it is assumed that the size of solar installations would be governed by the available area for installation of solar panels and solar resource availabifity It is assumed that, total 2250 m? ot 24200 sq.ft. of arca is available for solar PV power plant. Out of the total area available, ~88% of the space will be used for actual PV panels while rest will be used for balance of plant installations or future expansion. Considering solar panel dimensions, 200 kW of solar panels can be installed in this space, Solar panel based on ‘multi- crystalline technology” with efficiency of ~14% is considered, a et Monthly verge Slr Gi deta- Guo, ert Morey PN Fig Monty average water data Fig.5. Monthy averaged sola calito data (W182) 5.3. Component of the proposed Hybrid System Renewable generation sourees are intermittent in nature and typically operate at low capacity factors. To improve reliability and ensure round the clock availability of power they are supplemented by other conventional power generation systems. As LNG infrastructure is being developed in PNG, Natural gas is assumed to be available thus enabling gas engine installation. Battery storage is considered. In such a hybrid generation system, the first preference is for the renewable source of power and the balance demand is catered through conventional power generators. In this paper the following power generation systems are evaluated for supply of power to a Village centre i, Natural gas based Gen set ii, Hydro in combination with Natural gas based Gen set iii Hydro in combination with Solar PV iv Solar PV in combination with Battery vy Gas Engine in combination with Hydro, Solar PV and battery system The schematic diagram with all power sources is shown in Fig. 2. Simulations for a number of prospective design configurations for each of above cases are performed using HOMER ProTarlochan Kaur and Ravi Segal / Energy Procedia 110 2017) 1~7 6. Results and Discussions For each case, after examining every design, the one which meets the load with at the least cost eycle within the system constraints was selected, The results are tabulated in Table 4 and discussed in next section. 6.1. Optimization Results Table 4 shows the arrangement of all the systems according to their capacity factors and LCOE. From the table it emerges, that hybrid combination of Gen-set and Hydro based system catering to the desired load has the least cost of energy i.e. 0.147 SikWh. 75 kW Hydro is equivalent to 278 kW solar PV in terms of power produced because the capacity factors of Gen-sets (320 kW) in each case is the same, that is 31% approximately. ‘able, Desiled summary of results ofthe proposed hybrid configurations for PNG Saen Capacity Capacity Factors NPCS) LCORSEWay eos Ereoriciy @_ Gewset Only RW wr TTS OT (i) Gemsat+Htydro SDOKWHTSKW 080% 532159 15,7055 o1a7 (ii) Gen-set*Solae PV 3204W+278KW 30.82% 16249% 280,731 0.82 Gv) Solar PV +Bartery 4000 KW-5384,34W 16250 1.33.43,765 1283 6) GGemset +Hydot —ISOKWHSKWH278 46.8794 + 53.21 3526222 0229 Solar PV+ Battery) KW+6153.5 KW 16249% In the case under consideration, 75kW of hydro power plant is possible with PLF of ~$4 In this case Hydro turbines provide about 29% of generation which ensures optimal use of available renewable potential. The generation from Gen sets is about 71% which absorbs the seasonal variability of renewable and provides reliable power. Figure 6 gives the detailed optimized results this system. Architecture cont Sytem Gens00 ‘Gens00 COE az) NPC ap| Operating cost | Initia capital | Ren Frac a7, Fue! S| ae ee Fyn © speen V| SEW] NEC | SPerntng coat op) tal opty] Rane 7) POST] Hours Zen 8 cc $0247 $1570554 5142382 $2720 8 250500 8.124 Fig6. Optimal fast cost hybrid system for village center in PNG, The total load requirement is 1,191,422 units whereas units being produced are 1,213,489 leading to 1.8% excess electricity being generated. This excess electricity can be stored through energy storage bank for the system. However, the cleanest solution is a hybrid system where all the components are used for generation (Figure 2) and n Table 4 at (v). The system has Hydro turbines of 7SkW, 150 kW Gas engines, Generic flat PV of 278kW, 1664 Trojan IND33-2V batteries are required as a source of backup power to cater to the load at night or when the remaining sources of power generation do not work either because they are down from the maintenance point of view (gen-sets), ot cloudy Weather (affecting the output from the PV). The NPC of such a system is $3,526,222 with the LCOE of the system being 0.2298/kWh as shown in Figure 7. Though the NPC and LCOE in this case is slightly higher than the previous case, yet this hybrid system is it is worth considering, it being a more clean solution, Gen-set required is of ISOKW With capacity factor of 46.87%, instead of 320 KW as considered earlier. Figures 8 and 9 shows the detailed mix of generation for a particular day of February for the hybrid systems.Tarlochan Kaur and Ravi Segal / Energy Procedia 110 (2017) 1-7 dnb (ost Sen Ges) et yy TBO AT ay Vtg” VOY) in Vaso rT MY OSV tan Sroskm 9 ww 5 wm em RO 8 Fig. Summary of results of Hydro+ PVs batery +Gen-set hybrid energy system Fig8, Power output of Fiydrot Gen-set Hybrid System Fig. 9, Power ouput (Hydro Gen set + solar pe battery) 7. Conclusion Technically a variety of solutions appear feasible and can meet the 290 kW peak load demand. However, for the geography considered the hybrid system comprising of 320 kW natural gas based Gen-sets and 75 kW cross flow hydro turbines offers a most cost effective solution. This system offers the lowest cost of electricity (S0.147/unit). Hydro turbines provide about 29% of generation and Gen-sets about 71%. Gen-sets absorbs the seasonal variability of renewable and provides reliable power. 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