ENGLISH PREPARATORY PROGRAM

2022-2023
LEVEL 5
TERM 4

Level 5 BOOKLET
STUDENT COPY

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Table of Contents

1. Review and Diagnostic Writing………………………………………………………. 3-4

2. Choosing Types of Support…………………………………………………………….. 5-8

3. Developing Supporting Ideas………………………………………………………….. 9-10

4. Supporting Ideas……………………………………………………………………………. 11-12

5. Coherence Tools…………………………………………………………………………….. 13-14

6. Creating Complex Structures………………………………………………………….. 15-16

7. A Further Supporting Technique: Refutation ……………………………….… 17-19

8. Process Writing 1…………………………………………………………………………… 20-22

9. Transition Between Paragraphs……………………………………………………… 23-24

10. Using Facts to Develop Ideas……………………………………………………….. 25-32

11. Process Writing 2…………………………………………………………………………. 33-35

12. Essay Analysis………………………………………………………………………………. 36-37

13. Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………..
Appendix 1 Writing Introduction Paragraphs……………………………. 38

Appendix 2 Thesis Statements………………………………………………….. 39-42

Appendix 3 Conclusion……………………………………………………………… 43-44

Appendix 4 Connectors…………………………………………………………….. 45-53

Appendix 5 Error Correction Codes…………………………………………… 54

Appendix 6 Writing Assessment Rubric for Level 5……………………. 55

Appendix 7 Refutation and Facts Samples…………………………………. 56-57

Appendix 8 Noun Clauses………………………………………………………….. 58-61

Appendix 9 Subject-Verb Agreement………………………………………... 62

Appendix 10 Essay Example: Fact..................................................63

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1. Review and Diagnostic Writing
a. Review
➢ We use different ways to develop and support ideas. In the following text, different ways are
used to write about non gender-segregated schools. An example is given in the following chart.

Task 1: Read the following text and complete the chart.

Question: What do you think about sending boys and girls to separate schools?
Good education is the most important factor determining one’s future. In other words, it is
the key to a comfortable life. If you get a good education, you can get a good job with a good pay,
which will enable you to live a comfortable life and fulfill your dreams. In order to achieve this, one of
the decisions that one has to make is which school to study at. It is a hard decision whether to get
educated in a single-sex school or co-educated school. Co-educated schools have mostly been
favored because they allow students to understand the opposite gender and understand the concept
of gender equality.
To start with, whenever boys and girls are together at one school, it will affect children
positively in terms of understanding the opposite gender. From birth, sons and daughters are
encouraged by their parents to participate in different types of activities. These types of activities are
social opportunities, which can help them develop their personality. For instance, boys are usually
encouraged to play with car toys and engage in sports activities. In contrast, girls are usually
encouraged to play with Barbie dolls and engage in housekeeping activities. Therefore, schools are the
only places where children can learn differences in the opposite gender. When children from both
genders start to mingle with each other at school, they will have the chance to observe how the
opposite gender reacts, behaves, and responds in various situations. This will help them to understand
each other and be more thoughtful when the opposite gender behaves in a different way. For example,
when a girl reacts emotionally in a situation, a boy will be more understanding towards her as he will
have observed other girls reacting emotionally before. As a result, children will not be prejudiced
towards the opposite gender in terms of attitudes, behavior, and differences in reactions.
Most importantly, boys and girls should attend non-separate schools, called coeducational
schools, so that they can understand “gender equality”. This concept should normally be a part of every
household. That is, all family members should share responsibilities and make decisions together so
that children can observe that neither gender is superior to the other. However, this may not be the
case for all families, and this is when schools should step in. Co-educational schools are the perfect
places to learn that boys and girls have equal rights in life. Starting from a young age, they will have to
accept the fact that they need to respect each other. They will realize that girls are just as competent
in sports, art, etc as boys. Also, girls will realize that boys can be just be as sensitive as girls. This will
definitely eliminate the negative image children hold of each other, and help future generations to
build a life where nobody is discriminated against. As a result, they will have stronger personalities and
will be more self-confident in comparison to students in single-sex schools because they will have
experienced life together.
In brief, women and men live in a society together. They interact, communicate, care and
share. Therefore, they have to understand each other to avoid conflicts. Also, humans are social beings
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and to develop socially, they have to be together. Both sexes have a lot to give to each other. Co-
educational schools are the places where they develop their communication skills and their social skills.

Cause and Effect

Exemplification

Contrast E.g.: In contrast, girls are usually encouraged to play with Barbie dolls
and engage in housekeeping activities.

b. Diagnostic writing

Write a composition on the following topic (about 300 – 350 words).

“Why do people study abroad?”

You may use the following prompts / ideas:

• More / better job opportunities
• New language/culture/people
• Quality education

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2. Choosing Types of Support
Writers use different types of support to argue or prove their points. The type of support depends
on the topic, the audience, and the assignment. Writers can use more than one kind of support to
answer a question.

• Personal experience: The writer talks about an experience they have had.
• Expert opinion: The writer talks/writes about another person’s opinion. The other person
should know a lot about the topic or have some personal experience that is relevant.
• Examples: The writer describes an instance of something to illustrate the point.
• Facts and statistics: The writer uses true statements or numbers to prove the idea. Often
this information comes from other sources, such as books, newspapers, or Web sites.
• Reason: The writer uses logical reasoning such as comparison/contrast or cause/effect
relationships to argue the point.

Practice 1: What types of support are used in the following sentences? Write the letter of the kind
of support next to each of the sentences below.

a. Personal experience b. examples c. facts and statistics

d. expert opinion e. reason

_____ 1 I once spent three hours researching a basic fact on the Internet.

_____ 2 Individual citizens cannot always understand the impact of their actions. Therefore, the
government has the responsibility to make laws to protect the environment from individuals.

_____ 3 The geophysicist M. King Hubbert says, “Our ignorance is not so vast as our failure to use
what we know.”

_____ 4 When employers offer their overweight employees a cash bonus to lose weight, those
workers lose an average of 10 to 15 pounds.

_____ 5 Managing the demand for transportation can provide multiple benefits, such as less traffic,
increased safety, and improved environmental quality.

Taken from Writers at Work by D. Zemach & L. Stafford-Yılmaz

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Practice 2: Identify the types of support below and write the type of support used.

1. Society needs an educated public. If children do not receive a proper education at a young age, it
is safe to say that they will not succeed in life and society as a whole will suffer.

Type of support: ________________________________________________

2. The amount of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere is at an all time high. In 1989
the atmosphere contained only 3 parts per million. In 2012 that number had signifigantly
increased to 10 parts per million.

Type of support: ________________________________________________

3. When I was a child, I used to spend most of my time on the streets playing with my friends.
Nowadays, children stay inside playing video games or watching tv. This is just one reason why
childhood obesity rates are increasing.

Type of support: ________________________________________________

4. There are many diseases caused by smoking, such as heart disease, lung and throat cancer and
asthman, just to name a few.

Type of support: ________________________________________________

5. Jarvis Cocker is a Pediatrician working for Doctors without Borders. According to him the only way
to acheive true weight loss is to combine exercise and diet.

Type of support: ________________________________________________

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Practice 3: Read the following paragraph. Identify types of support used and write the number of
the supports next to the types of support below. There are two examples of the same type of
support in the paragraph, so you need to match one type of support to two different numbers.

One reason why children commit crime is the influence of role models in their lives. Role models are
important for psychological development. (1) According to a recent study, fifty percent of children
who grow up without strong positive role models suffer from depression and anxiety when they
become adults. (2) Without strong support from respectable idols to set good examples, children can
be set up for a life of social and mental difficulties. (3) For a child a positive role model is like a strong
bridge connecting childhood and adulthood. Many children commit crime because they take their
parents as role models. Unfortunately, not all parents are good role models. (4) Dr. Wasmaa Turkey,
renowned children’s psychiatrist, agrees that children will mimic or copy their parents’ behaviors in
early childhood. If they see their parents committing crime, then it is likely that the child will see this
behavior as normal. Some children are also affected by their peers. (5) While I was lucky to have
found positive characteristics in my childhood friends, many were not that lucky and ended up with
the wrong crowd. (6) It is only logical to see that children who have good friends are less likely to
turn to negative social behaviors such as crime, drugs or drinking alcohol. To conclude, when positive
role models don’t exist in children’s lives, they may have a tendency to commit crime.

Personal experience: ________________

Expert Opinion: ________________

Example: ________________

Facts and statistics: ________________

Reason: ________________

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Adding the Right Support

When you make a claim, you need to support it. Different types of statements require different
types of support. For example, if your essay claims that experts agree on a certain fact, then it would
be good to quote a specific expert on that fact. If you claim that a large number of students miss
breakfast before school, you could report on your personal experience and that of your friends.

➢ An essay always needs strong support

➢ Practice: Read this paragraph about studying abroad. The student could improve this essay by
adding support to various statements throughout the essay. Read the supporting sentences
that follow and identify the best place(s) to put each piece of support.

One of the reasons for studying abroad is the opportunity to learn different things. 1. First of all, if
you study abroad, you will learn about a new culture. 2. Of course it is possible to learn about a new
culture by reading about it or watching documentaries about it. 3. However, nothing will be like
experiencing it in its place as living there provides you with the opportunity to have a genuine
interaction with the locals. 4. There are many things that you can learn about their culture with the
help of this interaction. 5. Also, you will have the chance to learn a new language by studying abroad.
6. As you have to use their language in order to survive in a new environment, you will be able to
practice the language a lot. 7. These will enable you to use the language in its natural environment,
and as we all know, the more you use the language, the better you will learn. 8. Finally, studying
abroad will help you learn how to survive on your own. 9. As a result, you will learn how to manage
your time, your money, etc. 10. This will definitely help you develop you self-esteem greatly since
you will see how much you can achieve when you are alone. 11. In short, studying abroad is a great
way to learn many things, which will help you a lot in your future life.

A. For example, you will be able to learn about their history, their local food and their traditions
better as you can observe them closely.
B. This is because your family members or close friends will not be there to help you, and you
will be on your own.
C. There is no doubt that you will need to use their language when you need to interact with
your classmates, when you go shopping, or when you order something in a restaurant.

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3. Developing Supporting Ideas
a. Analyzing a Sample
Step 1: What do you think about the supporting ideas in this paragraph?

These days eating out is preferred because it’s easy. People want to save time. They don’t
want to spend time preparing food at home. For example, a student generally prefers eating
out rather than spending time cooking. Working people also find eating out more practical for
the same reason. Financial reasons also lead people to eat out. There is a wide variety of
restaurants for any budget. To conclude, it’s convenient to eat out in terms of both time and
money.

Let’s develop the supporting ideas.

Supporting idea 1: People want to use their time wisely.

Let’s make a comparison:

In the past living conditions used to be easier. They didn’t use to spend a lot
of time outside. They had enough time to do household chores like cooking, cleaning and
shopping. Now, living conditions are harder and people don’t want to spend time preparing
food at home.

Let’s now, develop the supporting idea:

Supporting idea 2: Financial reasons lead people to eat out.

Why? - There is a wide variety of restaurants.

How? - This variety creates competition among these restaurants.

Let’s add some examples.

- While low budget restaurants exist for students, fancier restaurants can be found
for people with higher incomes.

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Step 2: Now let’s put the sentences together to form a paragraph.

These days eating out is preferred because it is easy. People want to use their time wisely. In the past,
living conditions used to be easier. They didn’t use to spend a lot of time outside. They had enough
time to do household chores like cooking, cleaning and shopping. Now, the conditions are harder and
people don’t want to spend time preparing food at home. They prefer to eat out. Financial reasons
lead people to eat out. There are a wide variety of restaurants and this variety creates competition
among these restaurants. This competition results in lower prices. There is a restaurant for each and
every budget. Low budget restaurants exist for students and fancier restaurants can be found for
people with higher incomes. Its convenience makes eating out preferable.

Step 3: Finally, let’s add some connectors.

To begin with That’s why However While

In conclusion Apart from this Instead

These days eating out is preferred more because it is convenient. ___________ people want to use
their time wisely. In the past living conditions used to be easier. They didn’t use to spend a lot of time
outside. ___________, they had enough time to do household chores like cooking, cleaning and
shopping. ___________, now the conditions are harder and people don’t want to spend time
preparing food at home. ___________ they prefer eating out. ______________ financial reasons
lead people to eat out. There are a wide variety of restaurants and this variety creates competition
among these restaurants. This competition results in lower prices. There is a restaurant for each and
every budget. __________ low budget restaurants exist for students, fancier restaurants can be
found for people with higher incomes.____________, its convenience makes eating out preferable.

Step 4: Now, it is your turn to develop ideas using a variety of methods including
compare/contrast, cause/effect, examples etc. Choose one of the ideas and write a paragraph.

What should people do to stay healthy? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
answer.

You may use one of the following ideas as the main idea of your paragraph:

Avoiding stress Doing sport/yoga

Having a balanced diet Finding a hobby

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4. Supporting Ideas
a. Filling in Gaps of Thought

A common PROBLEM in student papers is JUMPING TO CONCLUSIONS WITHOUT CLEARLY

STATING YOUR REASONS. If you don’t write your reasons clearly, neutral remarks like “Small
schools have fewer students” can either be an advantage or a disadvantage depending on
what the reader thinks or has experienced about the subject. Therefore, it is very important
to state your reasons before reaching a conclusion.

For example, it would be JUMPING TO CONCLUSIONS to say:

X Small schools have fewer students. Therefore, it is an advantage.

(It is not clear why and how small schools’ having fewer students is an advantage. If you
don’t explain your reasons, this is jumping to conclusions, and leaving it to the reader to fill in
the gaps of thought. This is not a good way of writing.)
1. Small schools have fewer students.

It is easier to get to know other students in small schools; therefore, it is advantageous to

study at a smaller school.

2. Small schools have fewer students

……. which means you might get more one on one attention from teachers. Therefore, it is
advantageous to study at a smaller school.

3. Small schools have fewer students.

However, in bigger schools there are more students. This means you have the
opportunity to choose your friends from a bigger group. Therefore, it may not be so
advantageous to study at a small school.

4. Small schools have fewer students.

Most facilities like sporting and social activities in schools require the attendance and
interest of many students. Therefore, studying at a big school might be better in terms of
making use of a variety of facilities.

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Now let’s practice

In an essay a student writes:

“In the past in Turkey, boys and girls did not walk around or live together. Yet, in today’s
Turkey, we can see this situation a lot. This means global culture influenced us
_______________.”

a) negatively b) positively

Either a) or b) can complete the sentence. Depending on how you explain or approach the
issue, the situation can be a positive or a negative effect of global culture affecting Turkish
culture.
b. Fill in the blanks so that the last sentence makes sense.

1. In the past in Turkey, boys and girls did not walk around or live together. Yet, in today’s
Turkey, we can see this situation a lot. ___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________. This means global culture influenced us negatively.

2. In the past in Turkey, boys and girls did not walk around or live together. Yet, in today’s
Turkey, we can see this situation a lot. ___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________. This means global culture influenced us positively.

3. Living in a dorm means that you are always surrounded by people. __________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
Therefore, you need to manage your time well not to be unsuccessful at school.

4. Living in a dorm means that you are always surrounded by people. __________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________. Actually, it is a great solution for your loneliness.

5. When you live with a family, you usually have to fit in with their timetable. On the other
hand, when you live in a flat in a hall of residence, you can do what you want when you
want. ______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
Therefore, despite the freedom it offers, living in a flat may not be the best choice for you.

6. When you live with a family, you usually have to fit in with their timetable. On the other
hand, when you live in a flat in a hall of residence, you can do what you want when you
want. ______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
As a result, it would be a great experience to live in a flat.

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5. Coherence Tools
Read the paragraph below and underline the words and phrases which helped the writer to have
better flow of ideas.

The first reason why university education is necessary is that students can have new
experiences. University offers young people invaluable opportunities. That is, they both learn new
things, and have the chance to gain experience in their relationships with others. People with
different interests and skills come together at a university. This allows students to mingle with
different groups of friends and socialize. While doing that, they need to adapt to different situations
and personalities. For instance, if they are sharing a room in a dorm, they might need to be flexible
about other students’ habits and lifestyles. Also, they may learn to tolerate different points of view
on politics, religion and ethnicity. This is not always possible outside the university. Therefore,
experience gained at university is irreplaceable for students.

How coherence tools work

University offers young people invaluable opportunities. That is, they both learn new things and have
the chance to gain experience in their relationships with others.

People with different interests and skills come together at a university. This allows students to
mingle with different group of friends and socialize.

‘That is’ shows that the next sentence will be an explanation. Its synonyms are ‘That is to say’, ‘This
means’, ‘In other words’.

Couples may have communication problems. That is to say/ This means/ That is/ In other words,
they may sometimes have difficulty understanding each other.

‘This’ is a pronoun that refers to the sentence or idea that comes before itself. It shows that the next
sentence will be the effect of a cause just stated, an explanation, or an expansion of thought on the
previous idea. Generally we use it with verbs such as:

This shows that + sentence

This proves that+ sentence

This helps to verb

This allows people to verb

This may lead to/ result in/ cause + noun

This brings about + noun

This creates + noun

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Another coherence tool is the use of ‘these’. It is a reference word that avoids the repetition of the
same words and helps to have logical connections between sentences.

Students should do extracurricular activities. These activities can help them relax and get rid of their
stress.

Practice

Complete the sentences by using the coherence tools you have studied

1. Some people believe that wearing uniforms kills the sense of freedom. In other words,
_________________________________________________________________________

2. Students are interested in social activities. These activities _______________________

_________________________________________________________________________

3. Private schools have better facilities such as high- tech labs and libraries. This shows that
_________________________________________________________________________

4. Every day more and more people move to big cities for better opportunities. This may
lead to ___________________________________________________________________

5. According to World Press Freedom Index 2016, Turkey ranks 151st whereas Finland ranks
1st. This proves that __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

6. Drinking coffee boosts your energy. That is, ____________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

7. When people have hobbies, they can socialize with others. This helps _______________

__________________________________________________________________________

8. People who need to do research can use search engines such as Ecosia or Bing. These
engines ____________________________________________________________________

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6. Creating Complex Structures

Let’s imagine the topic is “the importance of reading books”. Students tend to write sentences like
the following:

Books are very important in life.

The problem here is that not only the sentence structure is too simple; it also doesn’t explain
anything. Here is how we can improve the same statement.

Reading books enables people to improve their imagination.

It is advantageous to read books because it helps people to improve their imagination.

People who read books have a chance to improve their imagination.

When/If people read books, they are more likely to improve their imagination.

Improving imagination is one of the benefits of reading books.

It is a fact that reading books may result in improved imagination.

Practice 1.

Use the structures in the example sentences above to create more complex sentences.

Simple sentence: Video games are very good for children.

Playing video games _________________________________________________________________

It is a good idea for children _________________________________________________________

Children who play video games ________________________________________________________

When/If children spend time playing video games, ________________________________________

It is known that ____________________________________________________________________

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Practice 2.

Simple sentence: Pets are very beneficial.

Having a pet ________________________________________________________________

It is a rewarding experience to __________________________________________________

People who adopt pets ________________________________________________________

When/If people keep a pet, _____________________________________________________

People should be aware how ___________________________________________________

Practice 3

Simple sentence: School uniforms are good.

When students wear uniforms______________________________________________________

It’s a better idea for students________________________________________________________

Wearing uniforms_________________________________________________________________

Students should wear uniforms in order to _____________________________________________

Practice 4

Simple sentence: Studying abroad is beneficial.

Studying abroad helps _______________________________________________________________

Students who study abroad ___________________________________________________________

It is a good idea for students _________________________ because ___________________________

If a student _________________________________________________________________________

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7. A Further Supporting Technique: Refutation

Please read the paragraph below, match the relevant parts in the table (below the
paragraph) with the sentences in the paragraph.

One of the reasons why video games are beneficial for children is because they help kids
make friends. Some people believe that playing video games may cause inactive social time
since instead of socializing with people outside, kids prefer to spend their free time playing
these games. As a result, these people think that children become disconnected from their
social surrounding in time. However, it can also be argued that some online games such as
World of Warcraft and Dota are interactive. This means they require team work and kids
have to interact with each other in order to form teams and win the game. They constantly
communicate with each other during the game and give each other tips and share strategies.
This enables them to make connection with other kids. In addition, completing these games
takes time. While playing the game, children may build strong relationships and carry these
relationships to their everyday life. They may meet their allies outside. They may even go on
holiday together. Therefore, making friends is possible through playing video games.

Topic Sentence is the main idea of the paragraph and includes the writer's opinion.

Justification:
Counter Argument is what other people think about the issue (the opinion Why other
that is different from the writer's) people think
that way

Your own argument: What you think about the issue and why you think so.

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What is Refutation?

Sometimes it is a good technique to write about other people’s opinions on an issue to show why
their view is weaker than yours. This is called refutation, which is a technique to support your
opinion.

Where in the essay can you use refutation?

Use this technique in a body paragraph after writing the topic sentence.
Useful phrases for refutation

The counter-argument Writer’s own argument

Some people believe/claim + However/On the other

sentence hand, it can also be argued
that + sentence
Many people argue that +
sentence However/On the other
hand, one can also argue
that + sentence

Practice

Read the counter-arguments and state your own argument against it. Then write one or two
sentences that introduce them together with their reasons. Try to use the useful phrases above.
The first one has been done as an example.

Example:

Counter-Argument: Some people believe the third bridge is a good idea because there will be less
traffic after it is built.

Your argument to refute: On the other hand, many people do not use that route so the same
congestion will continue to exist in the problematic areas.

1.Counter Argument: Many people argue that people should be allowed to own guns because they
keeps us safe and may prevent thieves from entering homes.

Your own argument:

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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2. Counter-Argument: Some people claim that change can be very difficult and stressful because
people like to stick with their routines.

Your own argument:

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Counter Argument: Many people argue that video games can be harmful for children as most
games are violent.

Your own argument:

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

4. Counter Argument: Some people believe that watching the movie version of a story instead of
reading the book is better because you can understand the story more easily.

Your own argument:

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

PRACTICE 2

Choose your position about “Wearing Uniforms at Schools.” Decide if you are FOR or AGAINST
wearing uniforms at school. You may use the prompts provided in the box. Choose ONLY ONE idea
from each column. Support your opinion by refuting the other.

FOR “There should be uniforms at schools.” AGAINST “There should not be uniforms at
school.”

• Provides discipline • Kills sense of freedom

• Provides equality between students • Kills individuality
(rich and poor)

Now write a body paragraph using the refutation technique.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

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8. Process Writing 1

A. Brainstorming

Think about the following questions.

1. Where do you usually spend your summer holidays?

2. Do you think hotels are good places to stay at? Why do you think so?

3. Do you think summer houses are good places to stay at? Why do you think so?

Writing Question: your teacher will provide you with the writing question

What is the best summer holiday option: staying at a hotel

OR staying at your summer house?

Explain your reasons and argue that your option is the best by
using the Refutation Technique.

List the advantages of spending your summer holiday at a hotel and at your summer house below
to help you make the right choice.

Advantages of a hotel Advantages of a summer house

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 B. Outlining

b.
Writing Question:

What is the best summer holiday option: staying at a hotel

OR staying at your summer house?

Explain your reasons and argue that your option is the best by
using the Refutation Technique.
Make an outline for your essay clearly showinguse
which supporting techniques you will use. You may
use the ideas from the Brainstorming section.

Introduction

Body 1

Body 2

Conclusion

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 C. Production: Write an essay of about 350 words using your personal experiences and the
Refutation Technique.

D. Peer Feedback Checklist

Exchange papers with a peer and consider the questions below. Take notes in the empty boxes.

INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH YES NO

• Does it introduce the topic?

• Does it have an acceptable thesis statement?

• Is the thesis statement connected to the introduction

effectively?
• Is the introduction paragraph well-organized?

• What style of introduction is used? Do you think it is

appropriate?
BODY PARAGRAPH 1 YES NO

• Are the ideas presented in a logical order?

• Are there enough details/explanations?

• Does the writer express his ideas clearly and is the

writing easy to understand?
• Are the supports relevant?

• What different techniques did your friend use to

support his/her ideas?
• What can the writer do to improve the paragraph?
BODY PARAGRAPH 2 YES NO

• Are the ideas presented in a logical order?

• Are there enough details/explanations?

• Does the writer express his ideas clearly and is the

writing easy to understand?
• Are the supports relevant?

• What different techniques did your friend use to

support his/her ideas?
• What can the writer do to improve the paragraph?
CONCLUSION YES NO

• Does it fulfill the expectations you had from the

introduction?
After you get feedback from your friend(s), edit your essay before you hand it in.
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9. Transition between Paragraphs

a) The body paragraphs below were taken from an essay. Please read them and answer the
questions below the paragraphs.

One of the reasons why many people get a divorce today is lack of communication between
spouses. Firstly, having conflicts is inevitable in marriages. That is, problems may arise in every
marriage. However, when partners don’t communicate effectively, these conflicts may not be
resolved. If couples cannot adopt a proper strategy to talk about these, their marriage may end. Also,
from time to time couples may have a tendency to misunderstand each other. If they can’t prevent
these misunderstandings, the conflict might get bigger. Therefore, if couples cannot deal with their
problems by communicating their feelings, they might decide to end their marriage.

Besides lack of communication, another reason for getting divorced is financial matters.
Sometimes, couples may have financial problems in time for some reasons. When especially one of
the partners is unemployed, problems appear. Money is an important factor for a marriage to
survive; however, lack of money may cause problems and if partners cannot deal with these, they
may choose to divorce their husbands or wives. Also, when couples have children, their expenses
increase because childcare is costly. Sometimes they cannot cope with these expenses, and they start
to argue with each other constantly. In the end, if they cannot overcome these, they may choose to
get divorced.

1. What is the main idea of Body Paragraph 1?

2. What is the main idea of Body Paragraph 2?

3. How did the writer start Body Paragraph 2?

A) Stating the main idea of Body Paragraph 1
B) Stating the main idea of Body Paragraph 2
C) Both A and B.

23
b. Some transition markers to start the second Body Paragraph:

Example: Besides lack of communication, another reason for divorce is financial matters.

Besides + NOUN, sentence

In addition to lack of communication, another reason for divorce is financial matters.

In addition to + NOUN, sentence

Apart from lack of communication, another reason for divorce is financial matters.

Apart from + NOUN, sentence

Along with lack of communication, another reason for divorce is financial matters.

Along with + NOUN, sentence

c. Practice: Read the topic sentences below and write a transition sentence by using one of the
transition linkers above. Example:

TS1. The reason why people prefer private universities is they hire experienced instructors.

TS2. A good university also has a high quality education.

In addition to experienced instructors, a good university has a high quality education.

1.TS1: Eating out is preferred because it is convenient.

TS2. Financial reasons lead people to eat out.

__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________ .

2.TS1: Lack of sleep may cause health problems.

TS2. Forgetfulness is another effect of sleep deprivation.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________ .

3.TS1: People drink coffee because it boosts their energy.

TS2. Coffee includes ingredients which protect the brain.

__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________ .
24
10. Using Facts to Develop Ideas

a. Facts and Opinions

Indicate whether each of the following statements is a fact or an opinion. Write F for facts or O for
opinions.

Guernica by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso.

____1. The painting is large - 25 feet wide and eleven feet high - and Picasso painted it in just one
month.

____2. In fact, it is one of the masterpieces of modern art.

____3. Guernica is the most powerful condemnation ever created of the horrors of war.

____ 4. In 1937, Picasso was commissioned by the Spanish Republican government to paint a picture
to decorate the Spanish Pavilion at the World’s Fair in Paris.

____ 5. For example, he limited his use of color to black, white and grey.

____ 6. It is a hard painting to look at but it is also a wonderful one.

____ 7. In 1992, Guernica was moved to the Reina Sophia Art Center, Spain’s National Museum of
Modern Art.

____ 8. In the center you can see an image, a dead warrior with a broken sword.

____9. For many years, from 1939 until 1981, Guernica was on extended loan to New York City’s
Museum of Modern Art.

25
Writers may use both facts and opinions to support their argument. They state their opinion and then
back it up with facts. The difference between facts and opinions is shown below:

• Fact: a truth that is scientifically proven or generally accepted.

Example: Pablo Picasso was born in Malaga, Spain, on October 25, 1881.

You can’t agree or disagree with this statement because it’s a fact. You can look at records such as a
birth certificate to see exactly where and when Picasso was born. Facts can be checked, observed,
counted and measured. Unlike opinions, facts can be proven to be true.

• Opinion: One point of view among many

Example: Pablo Picasso is the best artist of the 20th century.

It’s possible to agree or disagree with this statement because it’s an opinion. You cannot prove
whether Picasso is the best artist of the 20th century or not. Opinions are beliefs that cannot be proven.

An opinion is a feeling, judgment, belief, or conclusion that cannot be proven true by objective
evidence. It is often a statement with an adjective indicating an attitude or emotion. For example, if
I say, "This is a bad day,” I am expressing my emotion that the day is unpleasant, which is equivalent
to saying, "I'm not pleased about the day".

When it comes to writing essays, an essential part of the writing process involves providing a range of
facts. Facts can help to improve any arguments that you are making, as well as providing useful
information to the reader.

Let’s now look at the following example;

OPINION (…’as much

as’… ‘are more
important’. These two
sentences express the
Turkish youth of the modern era are more self-centered in terms of
writer’s opinion.
their relationship with their family. Today, families don't matter as
much as they once did. Other people and activities are more important.
According to a recent research (2016), most Turkish teenagers no
longer eat together with their parents. This shows that family
FACT – the writer
connection has become less valued as teenagers begin to give more has used a fact
importance to individual activities instead of family time which leads to (research done by a
self-centeredness. For instance, just pop into Happy Moon, or Mid- professional/expert
point, and you will see that there are more teenagers having dinner in his/her area) to
with their friends than with their families. In short, this kind of self- prove that his/her
centered attitude weakens the family bonds today. opinion, in other
words to strengthen
his/her opinion in
order to persuade
his/her readers.
26
 I. Choose the appropriate fact that can be used right after the opinion given.

1. Opinion: The Internet takes too much time away from family life.
a. Factual example: Research indicates that the average adult in the United States
spends thirty hours per week on the Internet.
b. Factual example: Surveys show that teenagers in America prefer online games like
League of Legends, Counter-strike, Fallout, and the like.

2. Opinion: The Government should take some measures against smokers.

a. Factual example: According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
cigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States.
This is nearly one in five deaths.
b. Factual Example: In 2014, 73% of high school students and 56% of middle school
students who used tobacco products in the past 30 days reported using a flavored
tobacco product during that time.

II. Read the factual examples below and write an opinion that each may support.

1. Opinion: ________________________________________________________________________
Factual example: According to a recent survey, six million teens smoke cigarettes.
2. Opinion: ________________________________________________________________________
Factual example: The top reason for traffic accidents, according to Law Offices of Michael Pines
(2015) is distracted driving.
3. Opinion: ________________________________________________________________________
Factual example: Research done on the causes of divorce reveals that lack of communication is
one of the leading causes of divorce.

INTERPRETING FACTS TO SUPPORT AN OPINION

When you use facts in writing, you need to do it in three steps. First, you write your opinion, and
then you write a factual evidence, in other words, you give a fact to strengthen your opinion. After
giving the factual evidence, analyze your evidence: tell the reader what is significant or important
about this evidence. How does the piece of evidence support your opinion? Why did you choose to
include it?

27
 1. OPINION

Write your
2. FACT
opinion (i.e. topic
sentence, Use a fact to 3.INTERPRETATION (analysis of the
supporting idea) strengthen your fact)
opinion
Ask yourself...

• What does this fact

show/demonstrate?
• How does it affect the
situation?
• What are some possible
results of the fact?
• As a result, what happens?
• Any advice related to the
fact?

Useful expressions to introduce a fact:

According to research / surveys, + sentence

Recent survey (s) reveals / shows / indicates / states / demonstrates that + sentence

As the survey/study / research (conducted by + the site) + shows/ reveals/ states, + sentence

It’s proven that + sentence

As mentioned in XXX report, survey, article+ sentence

Useful expressions to interpret a fact:

The survey shows / states / indicates / demonstrates that + sentence

It is clearly seen that + sentence

It can be interpreted that + sentence

This shows / states / demonstrates / proves that + sentence

This is one of the reasons why + sentence

Therefore + sentence

It is apparent / obvious / clear that + sentence

28
Look at the example below, which includes an opinion, a factual example, and interpretation of fact.
Topic: Self-centeredness in Turkish youth
Opinion: For today’s teenagers’ families don't matter as much anymore as they once did. Other
people and activities are more important.
Factual example: As mentioned in a recent survey, most Turkish teenagers no longer eat together
with their parents.
Interpretation: It is clearly seen that family connection has become less valued, as teenagers begin
to give more importance to individual activities instead of family time, which leads to self-
centeredness.

Task 1: Read each opinion and fact below. Then write a sentence interpreting the fact to support the
opinion. The first one is done as an example.

1. Topic: Physical appearance

Opinion: Employers place too much emphasis on physical appearance.
Fact: According to a recent study, people with average appearance earn 3 to 8 percent less money
than those who are considered beautiful.
Interpretation: __________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Topic: Cell phones
Opinion: The cell phone industry is a good place to invest money.
Fact: It is proven that one out of every two people owns a cell phone.
Interpretation: __________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. Topic: Eating out
Opinion: People spend too much money on food.
Fact: A recent study indicates that Americans eat meals outside the home an average of five times
per week.
Interpretation: __________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
4.Topic: Video games
Opinion: Children can socialize with the help of video games.
Fact: A gaming website proves that multiplayer online games enhance social activity and
encourage socialization between players rather than discouraging it.
Interpretation: __________________________________________________________________

29
 5.Topic: Video games
Opinion: Children become anti-social because of video games.
Fact: Psychologists state that video gaming may lead children to isolate or seclude themselves from
friends and family.
Interpretation: __________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Task 2: Below are two topic sentences and facts to support them. Choose one and write a body
paragraph using the given fact.

Topic Sentence 1: One benefit of having friends is helping you live longer.
Fact: One study states that among women who saw friends regularly throughout the year, 72 %
had less depression.
Topic Sentence 2: Another bad effect of drinking is on driving.
Fact: According to consequences-of-drun-driving.html, in 2006 there were 16,005 fatalities from
alcohol-related car accidents in the U.S. alone.

Using Facts and Opinions in an Essay

A. Study the introduction paragraph of the essay on “how to raise children”. Underline the
thesis statement.

The best way to raise children

Do you think understanding your child is difficult? Is your child like a puzzle to you?
Understanding children is a really difficult task for adults. Adults are removed from the daily
experiences of children because of the responsibilities of adulthood. Work, money, and health are all
major focuses of adult life, and adults often feel that there is not enough time for everything, even
family. However, adults who are also parents must take the time to understand their children,
because early learning experiences influence a child’s perspectives on life. Children must learn from
their mistakes in a supportive environment, and parents are their first teachers. If we want our
children to be happy, understanding and successful individuals, we should listen to them and give
them logical explanations when necessary.

30
 B. Look at the ideas below. Use the facts in the boxes to support your ideas and write a
paragraph. The first paragraph is given as an example.
• Listening to children ( given as an example)
• Giving explanations

“Approximately 3,500 teenagers run away from home every day. “ (http://www.preteen-thru-
teenage-parenting-action-guide.com/parenting-statistics.html)

Parents should always be able to listen to their children. Listening to children’s ideas and
problems makes them feel special. If at least one person can listen to a child’s problems, that child
will not feel isolated. The child will develop self-confidence and social skills as a result of feeling
special. There is no doubt that these children will grow up healthily and become responsible and
caring adults unlike their counterparts who were not treated with respect throughout their
childhood. When communication breaks down children may find the solution in extreme behavior.
According to http://www.preteen-thru-teenage-parenting-action-guide.com/parenting-
statistics.html, approximately 3,500 teenagers run away from home every day. This fact reveals the
importance of listening to children as they may resort to different and even dangerous solutions
when they feel their parents are not paying attention to them. As a result, listening to children is
vital when raising them.

• Physical punishment is associated with increased child aggression, antisocial behavior,

lower intellectual achievement, a poorer quality of relationship between parent and child,
and mental health problems.
http://www.empoweringparents.com/(Why-Harsh-Punishments-for-Children-
Teenagers-Dont-Work.php#ixzz2XUT3jBPZ)

• When parents use physical punishments when trying to modify their children’s behaviors,
it’s more likely their children will also be physically aggressive when they try to influence
other people’s behavior.
http://www.empoweringparents.com/Why-Harsh-Punishments-for-Children-Teenagers-
Dont-Work.php#ixzz2XUSi5Dts

• A parent is their child’s first teacher and should remain their best teacher throughout
life. Functioning as a coach, the parent exposes a child to age-appropriate challenges to
encourage development as well as to experiences that allow the child to explore on their
own and learn from interacting with their environment.

https://childdevelopmentinfo.com/child-development/#.WzITrNIzaUk

31
 Instead of using punishment, parents should attempt to communicate with their children
when they want to teach them something by giving explanations.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

In conclusion, trust is one of the most important aspects of raising a child. Listening and
explaining certain situations to children are the best approaches to creating an open, trusting
relationship. Severe punishment should not be used unless it is absolutely necessary. Parents can
teach important skills for life by simply listening and talking. When parents treat their children with
respect and trust, this is the best gift they give to them.

32
11. Process Writing 2
a. Brainstorming

Watch the movie segment https://karlotta-s.blogspot.com/2010/04/freedom-writers-indirect-

questions.html and consider the problems that the teenagers have. Now, compare the problems
that Turkish teenagers have with those in the movie.

Complete the following mini-survey for yourself.

During my adolescence, I Agree Disagree

a. was unsuccessful at school

b. suffered from the changes in my body

c. was under the influence of friends

d. often had conflicts with my parents

e. was confused about who exactly I am

➢ Now, take notes.

Have these been a problem in your life? How have you been affected by these?

Can you think of other issues that teenagers might go through? What are they?

Would you agree that teenagers suffer from a lot of problems? What are the reasons?

Compare your notes with those of your friends’. Add the different ones to your notes.

33
b. Outlining
Writing Question: your teacher will provide you with the writing question

Topic: What are the biggest problems for adolescents?

Make an outline for your essay using different supporting techniques. Make sure to use your notes
from above or other personal experiences and ONE factual information given below.

• 30% of teens are offered drugs in high school and middle school. (Adolescent Substance
Abuse Knowledge Base)
• In Turkey 11.7 % of smokers are between the ages of 7-11 (Tekel reports)
• 2% of teens try their first drink before the age of 13. (Adolescent Substance Abuse
Knowledge Base)
• In 2008, a non-profit education group, surveyed 1,006 13 to 19-year-olds. The study found
that 80 percent of high school students feel pressure to get good grades and 38 percent of
those said that it is the biggest stress in their life. (Children’s Press Line Report)
• Three-quarters of teenagers say that their parents would be more proud of them for receiving
straight A’s on their report cards than for receiving a community service award. (Children’s
Press Line Report)
• The early marriage rate in Turkey is 28% on average. (Hacettepe University The Institute of
Population Studies' data)
• Girls between the ages of 15 and 19 are four times more likely to die in childbirth than adult
pregnancies. A quarter of women suicides in Turkey are from the age range of 14-16.
(www.setimes.com)

34
 Outline
Introduction

Body 1

Body 2

Conclusion

c. Production

Now you are ready to write. Write an essay of about 400 words using your personal experiences
and the factual information from above.

35
12. Essay Analysis
Analyze the student essays below, based on the writing rubric. Give them a
grade.
Student sample 1

There are several advantages of studying abroad. Generally people prefer study abroad
because to improve their lifestyles. For studying abroad, people can have better job opportunities,
people can learn new language, and culture and people can meet with foreign people. Also, people
can have quality education. Studying abroad gives people a lot of opportunities.

The first advantage is better job opportunities. Most people want to have a better job so
they work a lot but sometimes job opportunities can’t enough in their countries. So people think
different options and they prefer study abroad. Studying abroad opens the doors a lot such as good
job, good company or good salary. For instance, if people study abroad and they learn new
informations they can work at a good company like Apple, Microsoft. Studying abroad helps them
work at a good company. They can improve themselves in their department and they can earn a lot
of money. Studying abroad presents more quality opportunities for people. People should prefer
study abroad and they should see new culture, they should meet new people and they should
improve themselves.

The second advantages are learning new language, learning different culture and meeting
new people. Learning new language improves people’s skills. Due to studying abroad, people can
learn new language. According to Emillie Kenne’s research,
(https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1122&context=hpt) the personal growth a
student undergoes while abroad positively affects their second language acquisition. People can use
new language for their job so they find a job easily. For example, if people go abroad and they study
abroad they learn language and they can meet new people, they can see new culture. Thus they can
be successful in their job. They can work in international ground. As a result language is very
important if a person wants to have a good job so people should study abroad and people should
learn new language. Thus people can have a better job and they can get more high salary.

In conclusion, when people prefer studying, they should think advantages. These advantages
are better job opportunities and learning new language. Job opportunities are more quality in
abroad. Also learning new language provides a lot of job opportunities. People should improve
themselves thanks to they can have a good job and they can get a good education.

Grade: ____________

36
Student sample 2

Stress has been a part of our lives for a long time. We have stress in every part of life. What
makes us stressed? How can we get rid of stress in our lives? Or how can we lower the impacts of
stress in our lives? There are two ways for minimizing the effects of stress such as doing the work you
like and thinking positively.

The first way is to do the work you like. People who work face with some problems in their
work. Working people always have responsibilities. They have to do their work fast and perfectly.
Sometimes, they don’t have enough time to do their work fast and perfectly so they can’t be
satisfied. This is because they have anxiety. This makes working people stressed. On the contrary, a
person who loves his own job works willingly. He can cope with these challenges and he can work
better. He doesn’t feel obliged to do it. The feeling of not being obliged makes that person complete
his work successfully so this feeling helps people to live without stress. Loving the job you do is one
of the way to have a stress-free life at work.

The second way is to think positively. Sometimes, we always have negative thoughts because
of something such as future anxiety, negative news, and stories and personality traits. When we
focus on negativity, we have anxiety, and anger. If we feel these feelings, we should try to cope with
stress, and we can hopefully get rid of stress. If we tend to be pessimistic and we feel despair, we can
never enjoy life. We are under the influence of stress. We perceive emptiness in our lives. This may
make us depressed. However, if we are more optimistic, we are more likely to feel less stress.
According to mayoclinic.org, the positive thinking that usually comes with optimism is a key part of
effective stress management. And effective stress management is associated with many health
benefits. This proves that stress increases with pessimism and decreases with optimism. Therefore, if
we have stress, we can go for a walk in the forest or we can hang out with our friends. Maybe we
may have hobbies. These help us relax, calm down and feel safe because when we abstract from
negative thoughts, we stay away from stress. Doing something strengthen people. These may help
our pessimistic mood disappear. We can start to think positively. In sum, positive thinking reduces
stress.

All in all, if people would like to decrease the impacts of stress in our lives, they should do
something to overcome stress such as doing the work they like and thinking positively. Why not take
up a hobby to make your life more fulfilling?

Grade: ____________

37
13. Appendices

APPENDIX 1: WRITING INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPHS

Since the introduction is the section that first addresses your audience, it should immediately attract
attention. There are a number of methods for starting your essays. Sometimes more than one
method can be used to start your essay.

Asking Questions

When was the last time you read a book or even a magazine? Is Facebook the only place where you
read things? Many people think that reading is a waste of time and that it is a boring hobby.
However, reading shouldn’t only be viewed as a way to pass the time. Reading is also known to help
reduce stress and improve your memory.

Using questions to attract the attention of your readers is a useful strategy. Then, your essay
continues to answer the questions you have asked in the introduction.

The Funnel Method

Games have always been a part of our lives, whether they are card games or games we played with
our toys. Since the 1990’s, the video game industry has become a huge business. Lots of games are
marketed at children. Although many people are against the idea of their children playing these
video games, in fact they can be helpful because they teach problem solving and help to build
teamwork.

In this method, the first sentence is broad and general. It provides some general, common sense
knowledge on the topic. Each following sentence is narrower and more focused. Finally, it narrows
down to your thesis. The important thing in this approach is that your funnel should not be too large,
because you never will be able to narrow it down. For example, if you start with the beginning of
human history to write about young people living on their own, it will take you ages to narrow down
the idea. Therefore, your funnel must be appropriately narrow at the beginning.

Turn-about

If you are thinking of having a pet in your home, you need to think of all the great responsibility you
will face. Pets do not behave like a person nor are they cheap. They need your time and attention.
However, these issues should not prevent you from having a pet. In fact, pets can help children
overcome depression and they can teach people to be responsible.

This strategy involves starting with the idea, belief, or opinion that is the opposite of your own
argument or thesis. You first present the opposite party's opinion, then, you switch, or change, to
your own opinion. In other words, you do a turn-about. It is most common to introduce a turn-about
with but, however, although, and so on. This strategy is especially useful if a topic has both
advantages and disadvantages.

38
APPENDIX 2: THESIS STATEMENTS
The thesis statement tells the reader what the writer thinks about the topic. It gives the topic of the
essay and the controlling idea. It MAY also indicate the sub-topics of the essay, but not necessarily. A
strong thesis statement should present an idea that can be discussed and explained with supporting
ideas. By reading the thesis statement, which is usually the last sentence of the introduction paragraph,
the reader can see clearly what the essay will discuss and how it will be organized.
Task 1

Task 1: Read the sentences below and decide if they can be thesis statements. Circle Y (Yes) or N
(No) and give an explanation.
Example: Is it difficult to take care of a cat?
Y N ___This can’t be a thesis because it is a question. ___

1. Traffic can a big problem in big cities.

Y N _______________________________________________________________

2. I share my flat with a dog and a cat.

Y N________________________________________________________________

3. University students need to join university clubs in order to enjoy the campus life more.
Y N________________________________________________________________

4. Living in a big city is better than living in the countryside because there are countless job
opportunities and various activities to occupy your time.
Y N________________________________________________________________

5. I will write about crime in this essay.

Y N_______________________________________________________________________

6. Young people in high schools suffer from strict rules, but young people at university have more
freedom.
Y N__________________________________________________________________

7. People do not prefer state hospitals.

Y N_________________________________________________________________________

8. A hero in a movie has three personal traits such as being brave, being clever and having strong
principles.
Y N____________________________________________________________________

39
Thesis Statement Rules

What IS and IS NOT a thesis statement?

1. A thesis statement must be a statement, not a question.

Not a thesis statement: Are there positive effects of doing exercise?
Thesis statement: Doing exercise benefits all people in several ways.

2. A thesis statement must be a complete sentence. This means that it must have a subject and
a verb with a tense.
Not a thesis statement: Negative effects of smoking
Thesis statement: Smoking affects people negatively in a number of ways.

3. A thesis statement cannot be a simple statement of fact. A fact doesn’t need any support,
and therefore, you cannot write an essay about it. There has to be an opinion.
Not a thesis statement: Samsung is a Korean firm.
Thesis statement: Apple products are better than Samsung’s both technically and economically.

4. A thesis statement must state the controlling idea. This means that your position on the topic
is clear; you cannot simply announce the topic.
Not a thesis statement: I’m going to show you the importance of learning a language.
Thesis statement: Learning a language improves your social life and work life.

5. A thesis statement should have only one controlling idea.

Not a thesis statement: Living in the countryside has both advantages and disadvantages.
Thesis statement: Living in the countryside has several advantages in terms of health and cost.

40
Task 2

Use the essay questions below, practise writing thesis statements and topic
sentences for the essay

Topic 1: Discuss the disadvantages of owning a car.

• High cost
• Increased level of pollution (air and noise)
• Increased traffic

Thesis statement sample: The disadvantages of owning a car can be listed as high cost, increased
level of pollution, and increased traffic. (now you create 3 more thesis statements using different
words for the same topic)

1. Owning a car is disadvantageous because it has a high cost, and it causes increased level of
pollution, and traffic.
2. High cost , increased pollution and traffic are some of the drawbacks of owning a car.
3. The drawbacks of owning a car can be discussed in terms of high cost, increased pollution
and traffic.

Topic 2: What are the advantages of owning a car?

• Freedom to travel
• Convenience
• Security

Thesis statement sample: Owning a car has benefits since it offers freedom to travel, convenience
and security. (What other thesis statements can you write?)

1. ____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

41
Task 3

Choose one of the questions below. Write an introduction for these writing questions:

What are the advantages of owning a car? (Prompts are above)

Discuss the reasons for divorce.

-Financial matters

-Lack of communication

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

42
APPENDIX 3: CONCLUSION
Functions of Conclusion Paragraphs

The conclusion is the last paragraph of an essay. It does three things;

➢ It signals the end of the essay,

➢ It summarizes the main points,
➢ It leaves the reader with the writer’s final thoughts on the subject.

Here are a few conclusion samples. Analyze how they do those three things above.

In short, domestic animals have always played a huge rolein human life. For many people, a pet can
even become an additional member of the family. In this way, they not only help us cope with
negative thoughts, but also teach us to take on responsibilities. Why not adopt a furry sister or
brother today?

All in all, despite the fact that parents may prefer their children to study or socialize with their friends
outside instead of playing video games, they should be aware that these games can benefit children
in several ways. Besides teaching problem-solving skills, they give kids a chance to build teamwork.
Therefore, as long as children can keep a balance between their school work and leisure time,
parents shouldn’t put too much pressure on them.

To sum up, due to technological developments in the information age, people have a tendency to
read shorter texts such as tweets or comments on social media. However, in order to decrease
stress, and improve memory, reading should be integrated both at school and at home.

If you have written an effective introduction, and logically developed your essay, the flow of ideas
naturally connects to your conclusion. A good conclusion should summarize your arguments and
reach a final conclusion.

• Never bring up new ideas or start new discussions in the conclusion.

• Do not let your essay finish with a weak conclusion section. A good essay deserves a
good conclusion.
• Make sure that your conclusion is consistent with the arguments in your essay.
Sometimes you may get carried away and end up concluding the opposite of your
thesis, especially if you do not plan well. Do not let such inconsistency happen.
43
Task 1: Read the following introduction and write a conclusion.

Introduction Paragraph

Divorce is an unpleasant experience. If spouses do not properly prepare themselves for marriage, they
cannot deal with the realities of sharing their lives with each other. When they cannot deal with these
problems, they get divorced. Divorces occur for three main reasons: problems in communication,
family interventions, and financial problems.

Conclusion Paragraph:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

44
APPENDIX 4: CONNECTORS

The Connector Chart: Here are some commonly used connectors while writing.

Chronology

• first • after • and • until

• at first • as • prior to
• second • before
• third • since
• next • until
• after that • when
• at this point • while
• later on
• then
• at last
• finally
Cause

• as • for • result from • due to

• because • be the result of • because of
• since • as a result of
• as a consequence
of
Effect

• as a result • so • result in • cause of • thereby

• as a consequence • cause • reason for
• consequently • have an
• therefore effect on
• thus • affect
• hence
Unexpected result

• however • although • but • despite

• nevertheless • even though • yet • inspite of
• nonetheless • though
• still
Contrast

• however • but • while • different from • unlike

• in contrast • yet • whereas • in contrast to
• on the other
hand
• on the contrary

45
Similarity

• likewise • as • both ... and • like

• similarly • just as • neither ... nor • similar to
• not only ... but also • just like
Addition

• in addition • in addition to • and

• furthermore
• moreover
• also
Example

• for example • such as

• for instance • like
Explanation

• that is
• in other words
• I mean
Purpose

• so that
• in order to
Condition

• without
• otherwise
Conclusion

• in short • to conclude
• in conclusion • all in all
• in summary • in brief
• to sum up

46
Activities

A. Read the following sentences and circle the correct connector.

1. The first part was easy. The second part, however /for / while, took hours.
2. Alicia's grades have to be high enough to get a scholarship. On the other hand / Otherwise / On the
contrary, she will not be able to continue with her education.
3. The cave was dark and dreary. Also / On the contrary / On the other hand, rats nested there.
4. Jack the Ripper was out of town when the murder occurred. Therefore / Otherwise / On the other
hand, he couldn't have done it.
5. The new kid in school has an IQ of 160 and speaks eight languages fluently. In addition / That is /
Consequently, he has travelled all around the world.
6. Most US mail-order companies do not recommend people to send cash through the mail. Therefore
/ However / Likewise, they warn against foreign checks.
7. Everyone in the theater knew how the movie was going to end. On the contrary / Also /
Consequently, the ending was not so exciting.
8. The class clown did not join the circus as everyone had expected. Instead / Likewise / As a result,
he became a politician.

B. Read the following paragraph and circle the correct connector.

Life in High-Rise Apartments

Even though they have similarities, I think it is better to live on the top floors of a high-rise building
than it is to live on the lower floors. One similarity is that (1) (both / not only) the top floors (2) (and /
but also) the lower floors have 3 bedrooms and a balcony. In addition, renters on the top floors are (3)
(unlike / similar to) renters on the bottom floors in that they deal with the same owner and staff. (4)
(Likewise / However), there are reasons to prefer the top floors. The top floors are quiet (5) (whereas
/ in contrast to) the noisy lower floors. Also, the views are better. On the top floors, you can see the
entire city. (6) (Different from / On the other hand), the view on the lower floor is of buildings, cars,
and people. Finally, (7) (unlike / likewise) top floor apartments, the sun never shines on the lower floors
because there are too many tall buildings around. In conclusion, I prefer living on the top floors of a
high-rise to living on the lower floors.

47
C. Read the following text and circle the correct connector.

Many people have come to America (because / for)1 freedom. However, Africans lost their freedom
when they were brought to America by the Portuguese and Spanish to be sold against their will (for /
to)2 work in the fields. Africans were taken from their homes and put on slave ships (for / to)3 cross
the Atlantic. (Because of / Since)4 hard conditions, many died along the way.
(In spite of / Because of)5 working hard from morning till night, they received no money. In
fact, they were often beaten if they didn’t obey. They were forced to work hard (so that / in order to)6
white plantation owners could become rich. (Although / Unless)7 many people in the North were
against slavery, slavery continued in the South (because of / since)8 Southern slave owners did not
want to give up their cheap labor supply.
(Even though / However)9 the law prohibited the importation of slaves, slavery continued to
increase. (Despite / In addition to)10 the difficulties of living under slavery, slaves formed strong
communities. They tried to keep their African cultural practices, which included music and dance.
(Because / For)11 people from the same regions in Africa were separated from each other, they lost
their native languages, used English, and were given biblical names rather than African names.
Most of the African Americans in the North were free. (In addition / However)12, they didn’t
have an easy life. They couldn’t attend public schools. (Furthermore / However)13, they weren’t
allowed to vote. Many slaves from the South tried to run away to the North. (However / Although)14,
some were caught and sent back to their “owners”. (Unless / Until)15 the slaves were finally freed in
1865, they faced many difficulties.

48
D. Fill in the blanks with the correct connector from the box. Sometimes there is more than one
possible answer.

yet in contrast so however until

in addition to what’s more in order to because unlike
since that’s why although

1. 96 % of the vocabulary in American and British English is the same; _______________, there are
way more differences than similarities.
2. According to some store managers, teenagers make a lot of noise, they leave garbage around,
and their behavior is unruly. _______________ solve this problem, the mall owners are
considering excluding teenagers from the malls.
3. Children should eat healthy food, like vegetables. _______________, they should eat three or
four meals a day, instead of snacking constantly.
4. _______________ rules are very important at boarding school, I had to learn to obey them.
5. Professor Hayden is a popular instructor_______________, he gives a lot of homework.
6. _______________ I don’t like cleaning my room, I can do it happily while listening to music.
7. When you study abroad, _______________ meeting people from different countries, you can
meet people of different cultures.
8. Learning new software applications will help me find a better job. _______________ I am going
to take a class at the computer center.
9. I stayed at the boarding school _______________ I graduated from school.
10. I learned to take care of myself _______________ boarding school was very difficult for me at
first.
11. _______________ travelling with a tour guide, travelling alone helps you mature and learn to
face challenges on your own.
12. When you watch a movie, you can see what the characters look like and hear their voices.
_______________, when you read a book, you create these details in your own mind.

49
E. Use the connectors in the box to complete the following text. If you think more than one answer
is possible, write more than one connector in the blank.
nevertheless result in yet when
although otherwise while therefore
as before furthermore on the contrary

First Steps in Bouldering

Climbing boulders is one of the most satisfying outdoor sports.
It may look difficult, but in fact, bouldering is the easiest type
of rock climbing. It’s perfect for beginners
__________________1 you don’t climb far off the ground.
Concentration and following some simple guidelines will
__________________2 a successful experience. Here are
some basics to get you started.
First of all, you need gear: climbing shoes, a bag with chalk, a
piece of carpet or a mattress, a boulder (of course!), and tough
skin. You may not have tough skin, __________________3 you
will soon develop it. As for shoes, the best choice is a pair of climbing shoes with special rubber soles.
__________________4 you can use sneakers to start out, it’s not a very good idea. You won’t learn the
skill of getting a foothold. Also, your shoes should never feel loose; __________________ 5, buy your
shoes a size or two smaller than your normal size. The chalk is used for dusting your hands so that they
stay dry. __________________6, your hands will become sweaty and you can lose your handhold. Use
a mattress “crash pad” to soften your fall.
__________________7 you have all your equipment, find an experienced climbing partner to go with
you. Bouldering can be practiced alone; __________________8, it’s safer to have a partner with you.
Your partner can help you land on your both feet if you fall. __________________9, an experienced
climber will choose boulders that suit your abilities.
__________________10 you start, you may look at the boulder and wonder how you are going to pull
yourself up. Actually, you’re not. __________________11, you are going to use your legs to push your
body up because your legs are much stronger than your arms. Always use your feet
__________________12 you are climbing. Footwork is the key.
Of course, there are many more techniques to learn about climbing boulders, but these tips will get
you started.

50
F. Combine the following pairs of sentences, using a suitable connector.

a. The picnic was cancelled. The weather was bad.

____________________________________________________________________________
b. Novels, plays, newspapers, and other original printed materials are protected by copyright law.
Visual images such as drawings, photographs, and cartoons are still illegally copied off the internet.
____________________________________________________________________________
c. Hurricanes form over the ocean. Tornados form over land.
____________________________________________________________________________
d. Most tornados occur in the United States. The country’s geography creates the right conditions for
them.
____________________________________________________________________________

G. Continue the sentences meaningfully.

1. Since we live in a large apartment building, ___________________________________________
2. Applying to a university requires a great deal of planning and organization. Therefore, _________
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. Until cities strengthen laws for handling waste, ________________________________________
4. If you experience a lot of stress before a test, think of ways to relax. For example, ____________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. As well as exercising regularly, ______________________________________________________
6. Getting enough sleep and being well prepared may result in ______________________________
7. Ignoring laws about environmental issues is a cause of __________________________________
8. People should use public transportation instead of private cars. Otherwise, _________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
9. Even though the raising of children is not an easy job, ___________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. Prior to your departure, ___________________________________________________________
11. Teenagers today spend time playing computer games and surfing the internet. Similarly, ______
_______________________________________________________________________________
12. Teenagers today spend time playing computer games and surfing the internet. On the other
hand, _________________________________________________________________________.

51
H. Extend the following sentences meaningfully.
Example: Women gathered in Taksim.
Women who have experienced domestic violence gathered in Taksim. / Women who have
experienced domestic violence gathered in Taksim in order to protest, even though/although
such protests are against the law.

1. Couples should learn to deal with their problems.

Couples who _________________________________________________ should learn to deal with
problems. Otherwise, _______________________________________________________________.

2. People are not reliable.

People who __________________________________________________________are not reliable
because ________________________________________________________________________.

3. Elementary school students spend most of their time playing computer games.
Elementary school students spend most of their time playing computer games which
____________________________________but ___________________________________________.

4. Most football players earn more money than doctors.

Most football players who______________________________ earn more money than doctors. On
the other hand, _____________________________________________________________________.

5. TV audiences spend 5-6 hours of their time watching TV series.

TV audiences spend 5-6 hours of their time watching TV series that __________________________,
so _______________________________________________________________________________.

6. Animals in captivity receive a lot of attention from people.

Animals in captivity such as _____________________________________ receive a lot of attention
from people who ___________________________________________________________________.

7. Some working women have problems.

Some working women who ________________________________________have problems with
___________________________________________. That is why _____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
52
I. Complete the following sentences meaningfully.
1- In order to succeed, ________________________________________________________________
2- I agreed to her suggestion in order not to _______________________________________________
3- We cannot survive without __________________________________________________________
4- You cannot walk along this street unless ________________________________________________
5- I would love to own a horse and go riding every day; on the other hand, ______________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6-Life in the US is easy, compared to other parts of the world; however, _______________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
7- While working long hours is one way to succeed in business, ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8- Immigration to metropolitans is not only ________________________________________ but also
________________________________________
9- Unlike university students, high school students usually ___________________________________
10- In contrast to rich people, poor people ________________________________________________
11- While students at Bilgi ____________________________________________________________,
__________________________________________________________________________________
12- University students are free to wear what they want. In contrast, __________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13- The number of homeless people is increasing; likewise ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
14- In high school, students have to follow some rules. Similarly, _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
15-Similar to children who were raised in the countryside, ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

53
APPENDIX 5: ERROR CORRECTION CODES
VT: verb tense
- When I lost my wallet, I always panic. (lose)
SV : Subject-Verb Agreement
- A lot of people has a mobile phone these days. (people have)
sp: spelling
- In conculision, mobile phones more useful for people.(conclusion)
X: not necessary
- Also, you can get connected to the Internet using your mobile phones, too.
P: punctuation
- I was very tired. Therefore. I went to bed early.
↑ : something missing (↑art: add article / ↑adv: add adverb / ↑adj: add adjective / ↑poss:
add possessive adj / ↑n : add noun / ↑prep: add preposition)
- I disagree the idea that mobile phones are dangerous. (disagree with)
0: Take out
- Mobile phones make our lives more easier. (omit the word ‘more’)
WO: word order
- Phones makes easy our lives. (phones make our lives easier)
WW: wrong word
- Most people, expect old people need mobile phones. (except, especially)
WP: wrong preposition
- When you are in the bus, you should not talk loudly. (on the bus)
?: meaning not clear
- We will not forget the times which pass them.
WF: wrong form
- People go on communicate with mobile phones. (People communicate with…)
S/P: Singular-Plural
- Advantages is more than disadvantages.
C: capitalization
- Mobile phone is portable. it is very small. (It)
RW: rewrite / write again
- It has two advantages for using mobile phone are useful thing and doing communication.
T : add a transition (therefore, as a result, finally)

You can connect to the Internet. You go on communication

54
APPENDIX 6: WRITING ASSESSMENT RUBRIC FOR LEVEL 5
Overall A straightforward text that can be easily followed and is meaningful. The student has taken risks and tried to use a variety of
studied structures and vocabulary. There may be some inconsistencies in language use because the student has taken risks.

Range A range of vocabulary and phrases (which have been studied) are used with rare errors. There may be rare misuse of words that the reader
can still understand and interpret.
80-100

Coherence The ideas in the text are organized in a meaningful way. The sentences are linked together with appropriate use of common connectors in a
linear sequence. The text is easy to follow.
Accuracy The studied structures are used mostly accurately. Minor errors do not interfere with the flow of text and do not cause misunderstandings.

Content All information in the text is related to the topic given and there is enough support and examples to explain opinions in the text.

A straightforward text with partly irrelevant ideas that appear occasionally in the text and do not hinder the linear flow much. The
Overall text can mostly be followed easily but there may be some jumpiness. There is an attempt to use various structures and vocabulary
items but there are some inconsistencies because the student has taken risks.

Range A range of vocabulary and phrases which are studied are used with some mistakes that may occasionally cause misunderstandings.
60-75

The sentences are linked together with the use of common connectors. Although there is minor jumpiness, the text is easily followed and the
Coherence
organization of ideas is mostly meaningful.

Uses simple structures correctly, but sometimes makes mistakes with more complicated new learned structures. Errors cause occasional
Accuracy
misunderstandings.

Most information in the text is related to the topic given though there are occasional less related sentences. Opinions are supported and
Content
exemplified but not always detailed enough.

An average text with occasional irrelevant ideas that hinder the linear flow. It is hard to follow the text in some parts but the text is
Overall mostly a whole. Uses basic structures correctly but has not taken much risk; there is not much attempt to use various structures
and vocabulary items.

Uses a limited range of studied vocabulary and structures accurately. Attempts to use memorized phrases. Some minor mistakes even in
Range
simple structure and vocabulary use
50 -55

The sentences are linked together only with simple connectors like “and”, “but” and “because”. Still the connection between the ideas is
Coherence
mostly clear. There is not always a linear flow and but the text is mostly a whole.

Uses simple structures mostly correctly although there are still some minor occasional mistakes. Systematically makes basic mistakes with
Accuracy more complicated structures (which are already studied). Errors sometimes make it hard to understand the sentence but there are only 2-4
of such sentences

Most information in the text is related to the topic though there are occasional irrelevant ideas. There is a visible attempt to support and
Content
exemplify the opinions in the text but these are mostly repetitive or aimless.

Can write a series of simple phrases and sentences linked with simple connectors like “and”, “but” and “because” without
Overall connecting the ideas in a linear flow to make the text a whole. There are some irrelevant details or misconnected sentences. Uses
basic structures and vocabulary but there are occasional systematic mistakes. Has not taken enough risk to use the studied
structures or if attempted, used inaccurately.

Range Uses a limited range of studied vocabulary and structure. Attempts to use memorized phrases which are sometimes inappropriately placed in
the text.
30 - 45

Coherence The sentences are linked together only with simple connectors like “and”, “but” and “because”. However, the connection between the ideas is
sometimes hard to follow. Overall, the text gives the feeling of scattered sentences without a linear flow and meaningful organization.

Accuracy Uses basic structures and vocabulary but there are occasional systematic mistakes. Systematically makes mistakes with more complicated
structures which are already studied. Errors sometimes make it impossible to understand the sentence (direct translations from Turkish)

Content There are some irrelevant ideas in the text, opinions are not supported well, sentences wander around the topic but do not seem to have an
aim to support and exemplify the opinions.

Simple isolated phrases and sentences and there is little or no organization of ideas/sentences in a linear flow. Very basic
Overall
structures are used and generally with a lot of accuracy problems. Mostly impossible to interpret meaning.

Range Uses basic vocabulary and structures and even these are sometimes used inaccurately. No evidence of a sense of collocations.
10 - 25

The text gives the feeling of a group of sentences written about a topic without any attempt of organization. Most sentences are formulated
Coherence directly translating from Turkish and does not make sense.

Very basic structures are used and generally with a lot of accuracy problems. Mostly impossible to interpret meaning. Cannot use the basic
Accuracy
connectors to link ideas/sentences.

Content There are simple sentences about the topic given but not based on clear reasons and/or unclear.

Overall Only a few sentences which are mostly not related to the topic OR longer text with mostly irrelevant ideas.

Range Has a very basic repertoire of words and simple phrases, still mostly incorrect.
1-5

Coherence There is no connection between the ideas/sentences.

Accuracy Systematic mistakes in very simplistic patterns

Content A few sentences somewhat related to the topic or totally irrelevant.

55
APPENDIX 7: REFUTATION AND FACTS SAMPLES
Refutation Sample:

People attend college or university for many different reasons. Why do you think people
attend college or university? Explain your answer by giving reasons. Use your own ideas
and experience.

As our world develops, education becomes more important in our lives. Twenty years
ago people did not have to graduate from university to maintain their lives. However, in
time, the demands which came from the needs of a better life have changed and, especially
in this century, graduating from a university has become highly essential. People should
attend and graduate from university if they want a good career and new experiences in their
lives.
The first reason for graduating from university is that university helps us to have a good
career. Many people claim that you do not need to graduate from university to find a good
job. There might be some cases where skills outweigh the existence of a diploma. However,
while some jobs require skills alone, quite a lot of jobs require both skills and qualifications.
In other words, one needs to prove his qualifications by having a degree. Nowadays, most
employers choose applicants who are equipped with a diploma because they are aware of
the fact that these people have developed certain strategies to cope with any problem that
may arise at work. Therefore, people who do not have a degree have limited work
opportunities when compared to university graduates.

Another reason why people should attend university is having new experiences.
University is a very different experience by itself. Not only do we learn new things, but we
also have the chance to gain experience about our relationships with the people in our lives.
University is a place where people from different backgrounds come together. One needs to
adapt to these various situations in life and university is one of the best places to start doing
this. For example, a student staying at a dorm needs to learn and adapt to his roommates’
habits, lifestyles and so on. He also needs to tolerate different views concerning politics,
religion and ethnicity. It may not be possible to be exposed to this kind of experience outside
school. As a result, experience gained at university is irreplaceable.

To sum up, these days people do not have a choice other than going to university if they
want to have a good career and gain experience in their lives. Graduating from a university
adds a great deal to your life. In my opinion, in this age, getting a diploma from university is
a natural part of the human life cycle. Not only that, it is an opportunity to learn, guarantee a
good career, and have the experience of a life time.

56
Fact Sample:

What are the major reasons for stress? Explain your answer by giving reasons. Use your
own ideas and experience.
Stress is a part of our lives and it affects everyone at one time or another. People use the word
“stress” when they feel that everything seems to have become too much. Stress makes us more
alert, more energetic, and better equipped to take effective actions. However, when stress is
encountered continually, the body’s reactions are more likely to be harmful than helpful to us. Many
people suffer from stress-related health problems in modern life as it is almost impossible to avoid it.
In fact, there are actually many reasons why stress occurs, but financial difficulties and divorce are
the two main causes.

Nowadays financial difficulties in modern life seem to be an important stressor. Every household has
its challenges and meeting the needs is a tremendous challenge itself. Some payments like the rent,
school fees and credit-card bills may be a burden for some families. The ones who lead their lives on
a certain budget can get by considerably more easily than others. However, the ones with limited
income may worry way too much than their counterparts. In a recent survey, 50% of Americans say
that they are stressed mostly about meeting the needs of the family (www.stressinamerica.org).
This is an indicator that a large number of people are stressed because of financial reasons. When
this kind of pressure exists within a family, it may be impossible to avoid stress. Some couples may
find a solution and decrease the tension but this may not always be the case, and therefore many
families face stress because of financial hardship.

Another common cause of stress is divorce. Some people get married to be happy ever after but
what they dream may be totally different from the reality. They may have to lead their lives as a
single individual once again. According to www.divorcerate.org, 50% of all marriages end in divorce.
It is clear that divorce has become something common, something predictable or even not surprising
for the members of this modern society. For some people it can mean freedom, no more
responsibility or absence of commitment. However, divorce means a whole different life to people
who have never been on their own. Not having the support of spouses any more can make some
people feel like they are left alone. These people may feel that they have to cope with everything in
this world by themselves. After the divorce their social circle changes significantly as their common
friends and in laws move away from their lives. Their social life may not function effectively anymore.
Thus, they may find themselves trying hard to adapt to a new social circle of friends. This process is
challenging enough for regular individuals, let alone divorced people. Trying to fit into a new way of
life inevitably causes stress.

In brief, emotional or physical reactions to challenging events bring about stress. Stress has become a
huge part of our lives. Financial hardship and divorce are common stressors in our lives. The way
people handle stress may vary. The answers lie within ourselves.

Source taken from:

www.stressinamerica.org
www.divorcerate.org

57
APPENDIX 8: NOUN CLAUSES
A noun clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb; however, it cannot stand alone
as a sentence.

e.g. What you think does not matter.

A noun clause can be used as the subject or the object in the following forms:

What you think does not matter. (In this example, the noun clause is the subject of the sentence.)

I don’t know what you think. (In this example, the noun clause is the object of the sentence.)

A noun clause can begin with …

1. … a question word:

where he lives / what one says / who the man is / how she survives

2. … “whether” or “if”

whether she will stay / if she will stay

3. … a question word + TO infinitive

what to say / where to meet

4. … “that”

that he is innocent / that she knows three languages

That she worked hard for the whole term pleased her parents. (In this example, the whole that-
clause is the subject of the sentence.)

Instead of “that” we can also use the belief that, the fact that, the idea that, the evidence that.

The fact that the economic growth rate is lower than the population growth rate causes problems.

The idea that the teacher should dominate in the classroom is unacceptable.

However, if the subject is too long, it may be difficult for the reader to understand the sentence. To
solve this problem, we use the introductory “it”, which takes the position of the subject in the
sentence and signals that a noun clause is to follow.

Instead of “That she worked hard for the whole term pleased her parents”

We can write “It pleased her parents that she worked hard for the whole term.”

Note that this pattern can be used only with “that” but not with “the idea that / the fact that”.

58
 ➢ Now, let’s practice.

A. Imagine that you are doing research on acupuncture. In addition to getting information from the
library and the Internet, you have decided to write an e-mail to Dr. Robert Hsu, a leading authority
in the field. Here are the questions you wish to ask Dr. Hsu:

1. Is acupuncture a risky medical procedure?

2. Are the needles made of stainless steel or of some other metal?
3. Do the needles hurt when they are inserted?
4. Has the effectiveness of acupuncture in relieving back pain ever been documented?
5. Can acupuncture strengthen the immune system?
6. Does acupuncture use the body’s energy to promote healing?
7. Did you study acupuncture in China or in the United States?
8. Have you ever used acupuncture during an operation?
9. Your own question
10. Your own question
Complete the letter to Dr. Hsu. Change each of the ten questions into an ‘if / whether’ clause. Add
an ‘if / whether’ clause to each incomplete sentence.

Dear Dr. Hsu:

I am a pre-nursing student at a community college in Norfolk, Virginia. I am doing research about

the practice of acupuncture in China and the United States. I hope you will be kind enough to
answer a few questions.

The first thing I would like to know is 1) whether or not acupuncture is a risky medical procedure.
Also, can you please tell me 2) _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________?
People who have never had acupuncture are curious to find out 3) __________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
Since I have frequent backaches, I am personally interested in learning 4) ____________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
I also have two questions about the way acupuncture works in the body. Can you say for certain
5) ____________________________________________________________________? I wonder
6) ______________________________________________________________________________.

59
 About your own background, I would like to ask 7) _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.

Finally, I have heard that acupuncture is used as an anesthetic during surgery in China, and I am
wondering 8) ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________.

9) ______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.

10) ____________________________________________________________________________.

Thank you sincerely for your time.

B. Imagine that you are working as a summer intern at your local newspaper. A well-known rock
group, Behind Bars, is in town to give a concert. Your boss has asked you to write an article about
the group for the Sunday entertainment section. However, when you try to interview the group,
they are not helpful. Here are the questions you have prepared for the interview.

1. Where and when will the concert take place?

2. When did you last perform in Fog City?
3. How many years have you been together as a group?
4. Who writes your songs?
5. Where do you practice on the road?
6. How many songs have you recorded?
7. Which company produces your CDs?
8. How many Grammys do you have?
9. & 10. Your own questions

60
Now complete the memo that follows by filling in the sentences using the questions above.
Explain to your boss why you cannot write the article.

To:

From: , Summer Intern

Re: Proposed article about Behind the Bars rock band

Inter Office Memo

Unfortunately, I will not be able to write an article for the Sunday entertainment section
because my interview with Behind the Bars was not very successful.

I began the interview by asking 1) when and where the concert would take place. Then I
asked 2) _____________________________________________________________________.
In my next question, I tried to find out 3) ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________. They did not give me any
information at all. For instance, they did not reveal 4) ________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.

They also did not tell me 5) ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________. No one remembered 6) ___________________
______________________________________________________________. They told me to
ask their manager 7) __________________________________________________. The entire
group was silent when I asked them 8) _____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________.

Finally I asked them 9) _________________________________________________________.

They ended the interview without even telling me 10) ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

Signature

61
APPENDIX 9: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
SINGULAR & PLURAL- SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT
Choose the correct answer.

1. The weather in the southern states gets / get very hot during the summer.
2. The results of her experiment was / were published in a scientific journal.
3. Bob and his friend is / are coming to the anniversary party tomorrow night.
4. The bag of groceries was / were too heavy for the child to carry.
5. Some of the furniture in our apartment is / are second-hand.
6. Some of the desks in the classroom is / are broken.
7. At least two-thirds of that book on famous Americans is / are about people who lived in the
nineteenth century.
8. The number of students in this room right now is / are 13.
9. A number of students in class speaks / speak English very well.
10. Every man, woman and child is / are protected under the law.
11. Each student in class has / have to bring their books.
12. One of the country / countries I would like to visit is / are Greece.
13. Only one of the book / books is / are required for the course.
14. None of the students is / are here.
15. There is / are some interesting pictures in today’s newspaper.
16. There is / are an incorrect statement in that newspaper article.
17. The news in that magazine is / are two weeks old.
18. The United States is / are located in North America.
19. Most people like / likes going to the zoo.
20. The police is / are coming.
21. The old always need / needs help.
22. Ten minutes is / are more than enough time to complete this exercise.
23. Two thousand miles is / are too far for us to travel over vacation.
24. Physics is / are my favorite subject.
25. Japanese is / are very difficult for Americans to learn.
26. The Japanese has / have a long and interesting history.
27. The rich in my country lead / leads a luxurious life just like European people.
28. This exercise on singular & plural agreement of subjects and verbs is / are easy.
62
Appendix 10 Essay Example: Fact

There are many periods in a person’s life such as childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Adolescence
is the transition term from childhood to adulthood. During this term, there is a shift in young
people’s feelings and ideas, and there are also biological changes, all of which can be challenging.
Thus, adolescents might feel that they have many problems such as peer pressure and family
pressure.

One of the biggest problems for adolescents is peer pressure. In adolescence, the young spend
almost all their time with their peers and they may influence each other easily. If this influence is
negative, it probably causes them to gain bad habits such as smoking or drinking alcohol. According
to Tekel reports in Turkey, 11.7% of smokers are between the ages of 7-11. This report shows that
kids start to smoke at the beginning of their adolescence and this is a very early age to have such a
harmful habit. The reason they start to smoke so early is mostly due to peer pressure. Teenagers
whose friends have bad habits tend to try them because they want to be accepted by their group of
friends in order not to feel lonely. Therefore, they imitate their friends even if they have bad habits
that may ruin their health.

Another big problem adolescents face is family pressure. In a traditional family, generally authority
figures are parents and they usually have many rules. In transition to adolescence, teenagers may
refuse the authority as they think they are the center of the world and the most important thing is
their own ideas. Therefore, parties do not listen to each other and it causes a lack of communication.
In that case, misunderstandings may occur and arguments start. These arguments affect teenagers
negatively because they might think their parents do not understand them so that they feel isolated.
As a consequence of the lack of family support, teenagers may develop psychological problems such
as anxiety or depression.

In conclusion, peer pressure and family pressure are major problems in teenagers’ lives. They can get
into bad habits because of the pressure of their friends or family conflicts can cause communication
breakdown. Both situations affect adolescents negatively and may cause physical or mental illnesses.

63
 Level 5 BOOKLET
STUDENT COPY

ENGLISH PREPARATORY PROGRAM

LEVEL 5

SKILLFUL 3
READING TASKS
STUDENT COPY

64
Table of Contents
U1R1 Social Identity + MC…………………………………………………………........66-69

U2R1 Beautifully Broken…………………...................................................70-71

U3R1 Development of thought+ MC………………………………………………… 72-75

U4R1 Top 5 causes of wildfires …………………….………….......…………………76-77

U6R1 Fighting Cholera + MC……………………...................………………………78-81

U7R1 The death of Languages…………...............................................…82-83

U8R1 Unethical Behavior + MC...........................................................84-86

U9R1 Seeing without your eyes……………………………………………………....87

65
 Skillful 3
Unit 1 Reading 1
Social Identity

PART A: Guessing Meaning from Context.

Find a word in the paragraphs mentioned below that matches the given definition.

1. Characteristic (par.3): ________________________________

2. To assign; to give (par. 3): ________________________________
3. Appear (p.7): ________________________________

PART B: Inference.
Based on the examples given in Paragraph 2 of the text, identify if the following examples are
“broad” or “narrow” aspects of identity. Write “narrow” or “broad” next to each example.

1. Turkish _______________________
2. Swimmer _______________________
3. Muslim _______________________
4. David’s wife _______________________
5. Teacher _______________________
6. Blonde _______________________
PART C: Comprehension.
Answer the following questions with information from the text.
1. What kind of identity trait is impossible to change? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the TWO reasons why identity is significant?
a. ________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________
3. What is more important for people? Circle the correct answer.
a) Having positive traits
b) Having similar traits with others
Why is this important?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

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PART D: Summary.
Complete the following summary of Section 3 of the text. Do not write more than 6 words.

In social identification, for people, (1) ________________________________________ is as

important as who they are. Having differences with others is a positive experience if it is a
(2) ________________________________________, but there can be
(3) ________________________________________ results in some cases. People who have shared
interests, such as computers, books, or films can have (4)
________________________________________. These disagreements may cause negative
emotions for people, such as feeling (5) ________________________________________.

PART E: Reference.
Write what the following words refer to in the text.

1. “they” (par.2, line 2): __________________________________________________________

“ones” (last par., last line): ______________________________________________________

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 Skillful 3
Unit 1 Reading 1 Multiple-choice
Social Identity

1. Which of the following words from paragraphs 3 and 4 mean “characteristic”?

a) proficient
b) trait
c) affiliation
d) categorise

2. Which of the following words from paragraph 3 mean “to assign, to give”?
a) ascribe
b) achieve
c) choose
d) include

3. Which of the following words from paragraph 7 mean “appear”?

a) define
b) tension
c) take
d) arise

4. Based on the examples given in Paragraph 2 of the text, which one is an example of
“broad” aspects of identity?
a) Teacher
b) Swimmer
c) David’s wife
d) Blonde

5. Based on the examples given in Paragraph 2 of the text, which one is an example of
“narrow” aspects of identity?
a) Turkish
b) Female
c) Tennis player
d) Actor

6. According to paragraphs 4 and 5, which statement is FALSE?

a) Identity is significant because they shape our belief in who we are.
b) Traits are not easy to categorise.
c) People’s traits are always positive when they are similar to each other.
d) Our identities influence how others treat us.

7. Which one of the following is an example of an “achieved identity trait”?

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a) The date of your birth
b) Being a Galatasaray fan
c) Who your parents are
d) Becoming an astronaut

8. According to the text, which statement is TRUE?

a) Traits are generally easy to put into categories.
b) You cannot change an ascribed trait because you are born with it.
c) Having different identity traits helps people feel comfortable and accepted.
d) In social identification, for people, who they are is not as important as who they are not.

9. What does the word “ones” (last parag., last line) refer to in the text?
a) effects
b) positive effects
c) negative effects
d) leaders

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 Skillful 3
Unit 2 Reading 1
Beautifully Broken

Part A: Scan the text and complete the following sentences

1: Kintsukuroi is a form of Japanese art which is practised by _________________________ to fix

damaged ceramics like ___________________________________ by using ____________________.

2: Wabi-sabi is a Japanese philosophy which brings ______________ views together. In this

philosophy, one cannot find something, which is totally _________________, _______________, and
__________________.

Part B: Complete the summary of paragraphs 2-3 with the correct words from the text. DO NOT
WRITE MORE THAN FIVE WORDS!
Craftsmen benefit from gold to stick the parts of a broken item together. Unless tiny bits are found,
gold can be used to create them or they can be replaced by pieces taken from 1-
______________________________________. This process doesn’t decrease
2___________________________________. On the contrary, its beauty is
________________________and this makes them quite popular. Inspired by this popularity,
producers began to 4- _______________________________ such fixed pottery, but their products
were never broken.

Part C: Read paragraph 4 and circle the option which completes the following sentences best.
1- The writer makes use of _________________________ to support his ideas.
a- his own experience
b- scientific research
c- an ancient story
2- When the servant damaged the ruler’s favorite, bowl his guests thought that he __________
___________________________________.
a- would ignore the mistake
b- would be penalized
c- would kill him immediately
3- After the bowl had been fixed the ruler understood that ______________________________
_________________________.
a- His bowl was strong enough to get through damages.
b- He should have punished the servant.
c- Cracks on it had destroyed its perfection.

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Part D: Answer the following questions with information from paragraphs 5-7
1- What makes handicrafts more beautiful than factory-made items in Japanese culture?

____________________________________________________________________________

2- Write one planned mistake made by Japanese artists when they design something.

____________________________________________________________________________

3- What is the role of a deliberate fault in Iranian and American traditions?

____________________________________________________________________________

4- What do sociologists claim about the stories of imperfection in both Western and Eastern

tradition?

____________________________________________________________________________

Part E: INFERENCE
Which one of the following sentences CAN be inferred from paragraphs 8-9?
1- People shouldn’t be concerned at all about fixing their mistakes, and this will make them happier
and more successful.
2- Perfectionists are the ones who never feel safe and relaxed due to their desire for excellence.
3- Embracing their deficiencies may help people to treat themselves with more sympathy and respect
4- People are required to get rid of everything which destroys their perfection to reach ultimate peace
and happiness.
Part F: Find the words for the definitions below
1- __________________________________(Parag. 4): a container (such as a cask, bottle, kettle, cup,
or bowl) for holding something
2- __________________________________(Parag. 9): to judge something with high perception or
understanding

71
 Skillful 3
Unit 3 Reading 1
The Development of Thought

PART A: Guessing Meaning from Context.

Find a word in the paragraphs mentioned below that matches the given definition.

1. traditional (par.2): ________________________________

2. person (par. 2): ________________________________
2. not exact (p.6): ________________________________

PART B: Comprehension.
Answer the following questions with information from the text.
1. How was Piaget’s way of studying cognitive development different from the traditional ways?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What did Piaget learn from his nephew’s experience with a ball?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

3. What did Piaget learn from his daughter’s experience with objects?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

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PART C: Skimming.
Skim through Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development and name the following stages.

1. _________________________________ 2. _________________________________

4. _________________________________ 4. _________________________________

PART D: Summary.
Complete the following summary of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development. Do not write
more than 8 words.
Tasting objects helps young children to (1) ________________________________________. If
children at this stage can understand that objects that they cannot see exist, they can
(2) ________________________________________. Children at the preoperational stage learn
through (3) ________________________________________. The two difficulties that they face are
(4) ________________________________________and (5) _________________________________.
Compared to children at the preoperational stage, children at the concrete operational stage have
better (6) ________________________________________ and they can understand people’s
(7) ________________________________________ better. An 11-year-old is similar to a 3-year-old
since they are both (8) ________________________________________
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 Skillful 3
Unit 3 Reading 1 Multiple-choice

The Development of Thought

1. Which word from paragraph 2 means “traditional”?

a. cognitive
b. innovative
c. conventional
d. natural

2. How was Piaget’s way of studying “cognitive development” different from the traditional
ways?
a. Instead of observing his subjects in a laboratory, he observed them in a natural setting.
b. He was setting conventional intelligence tests.
c. He was fascinated with his subjects.
d. He was observing his subjects in a laboratory as well as in a natural setting.

3. What did Piaget learn from his nephew’s experience with a ball?
a. Young children were fascinating subjects in his field.
b. Young children were not able to find objects when they were in sight.
c. Young children knew how to see objects as separate from themselves.
d. Young children didn’t have the ability to see objects as separate from themselves.

4. What did Piaget learn from his daughter’s experience with objects?
a. His daughter would always search for missing objects.
b. His daughter knew exactly where objects were even when she didn’t see them at around 12
months.
c. He needed to categorise cognitive development into stages.
d. Adults not only think faster than children, but also differently.

Complete the sentences with the correct words in Questions 5 and 6:

5. Tasting objects helps young children to ________________________________________.

a. try to eat
b. understand their world
c. use input from their senses
d. put non-edible objects into their mouths

6. Learning “object permanence” leads to ________________________________________.

a. naming objects with words
b. understanding the world
c. understanding that an object exists even when we don’t see them
d. using our senses

74
7. Which one of the following is NOT an ability young children have in the Preoperational
Stage?
a. having a more mature use of language than infants
b. using play as a method of learning
c. understanding the way other people think
d. using symbols, memory and imagination

8. Which one is FALSE for children in the Concrete Operational Stage?

a. They can reason mathematically.
b. They can understand abstract and hypothetical ideas.
c. They can comprehend length and width at the same time.
d. They think about other people’s feelings.

9. Which one of the following is a SIMILARITY between an 11-year-old and a 3-year-old?

a. being able to understand the point of view of others
b. being egocentric
c. thinking logically
d. dividing and sorting items into categories

75
 Skillful 3
Unit 4 Reading 1
The Top 5 Causes of Wildfires

Part A: Scan the text and find what the following numbers refer to

1: 100,000: _______________________________________________________

2: 10,000,000: _______________________________________________________

3: 90%: _______________________________________________________

4: 2,000,000,000: _______________________________________________________

Part B: Read paragraphs 1-4 and complete the following sentences

1- Finding _________________________________________________________________________
plays a significant role in stopping or reducing wildfires.
2- Although there have always been wildfires caused by people and natural events, _______________
______________________________________ is a question the writer asks.
Part C: Read paragraphs 5-6 and complete the following questions
: cause/result in/
: because of /as a result of/due to
: means
1- ___________________________________ more fires today
2- Warmer climate _____________________________ ___________
__________________________
3- A softer winter _______________________________________________
4- More struggle while putting out a fire _____________________________
____________________________
5- Damaging the harmony of the environment _________________________
________________________. Such trees _____________________________________

Part D: Read paragraphs 7-12 and answer the following questions

1- What solution does the writer suggest to avoid or decrease fires that start because people burn
their rubbish in their gardens?
____________________________________________________________________________
2- How can the second frequent reason for wildfires following backyard burning be stopped?
____________________________________________________________________________
3- What is actually required to prevent children from being the potential cause of a fire?

76
 ____________________________________________________________________________
4- Imagine you have been camping and it is now time to set off; what is one thing you mustn’t skip?
____________________________________________________________________________

Part E: What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

1- Wildfires are not as dangerous as they used to be in the past.
2- It is only governments’ and professionals’ duty to prevent wildfires and keep the balance in nature.
3- Despite their potential to offer some advantages, wildfires today damage nature in many ways.
4- Land and plant life are two major elements which are lost due to wildfires

Part F: Write what the following words refer to in the text

1- “this” (paragraph 5, line2): _____________________________________________________
2- “it” (paragraph 13, line 1): _____________________________________________________

77
 Skillful 3
Unit 6 Reading 1
Fighting Cholera

PART A: Guessing Meaning from Context.

Find a word in the paragraphs mentioned below that matches the given definition.

1. Spread; passed on (par.1): ________________________________

2. Infected; polluted (par. 1): ________________________________
3. Loss of water (p.1): ________________________________
4. To be greater than (p.1): ________________________________
5. Spread (p.6): ________________________________
PART B: Scanning.
Skim the text quickly to write what the following numbers refer to in the text.

1. 3-5 million: _________________________________________________________________

2. Over 100,000: ______________________________________________________________
3. 1858: _____________________________________________________________________

PART C: Skimming.
The text mentions 3 theories that aim at explaining the cause of cholera. Match the causes on the
right with the theories on the left.

1. The Miasma Theory a) water

2. The Germ Theory b) bad air
3. Snow’s Theory c) small organisms
PART D: Comprehension.
Answer the following questions with information from Paragraphs 1-2 of the text.
1. How are patients with cholera cured today?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

2. How did cholera transmit during the first industrial revolution?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why did the increase in the number of people in cities cause pandemics?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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PART E: Summary.
Complete the following summary of Paragraphs 4-5. Do not write more than 6 words.

John Snow did not agree with Pasteur’s theory since people’s
(1) ________________________________________ were affected rather than their
(2) ________________________________________. The problem with drinking water from the River
Thames was that it meant (3) ________________________________________. The reason for
Frances Lewis’ disease and the spread of cholera in the Broad Street area was a
(4) ________________________________________. Most of the workers in a local workhouse were
not affected by the pandemic as there was a (5) ________________________________________ at
the workhouse. To stop the pandemic, Snow suggested the local government to (6)
____________________________________.

PART F: Inference.
In paragraph 6, it is mentioned that “John Snow’s words to Henry Whitehead had come true”. How
did they come true? Explain by referring to the text.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

79
 Skillful 3
Unit 6 Reading 1
Fighting Cholera

1. What is the definition of the word “contaminated” (in Parag.1)?

a. spread, passed on
b. treated
c. infected, polluted
d. added

2. What does the word “propagated” (in Parag.6) mean?

a. spread
b. accepted
c. gathered
d. forgotten

3. Which of the following theories mentioned in the text is similar to how “Covid” is spread?
a. John Snow’s Theory
b. The Germ Theory
c. The Miasma Theory
d. The Politicians’ Theory

4. Which one of the statements is NOT TRUE for Cholera according to the text?
a. It can successfully be treated by consuming drinking water with added salt.
b. It transmitted during the first industrial revolution due to people trading between towns and
cities.
c. It was ultimately understood and accepted that Cholera was spread through contaminated
water.
d. It is no longer a fatal disease today.

5. Which of the following is NOT a reason why Cholera became a pandemic at the time?
a. The number of people in cities rapidly declined.
b. The infrastructure of many places did not undergo a development process at the required
rate.
c. Sewers were not built quickly enough to take human waste away.
d. Many major rivers and other sources of water became polluted.

Answer the Questions 6 and 7 according to Paragraphs 4&5.

6. John Snow did not agree with Pasteur’s theory since people’s _______________ was/were
affected rather than their _______________.
a. lungs – bowels
b. bowels – lungs
c. diarrhea – breathing
d. air – water
80
7. The reason for the spread of Cholera in the Broad Street area was _______________.
a. soiled clothes of Frances Lewis
b. an outbreak
c. local fresh water supply
d. a cesspool

8. What does the word “them” (Parag.6, last line) refer to?
a. politicians in the Houses of Parliament
b. all the evidence collected by Snow and Whitehead
c. great outbreaks of Cholera
d. things of the past

81
 Skillful 3
Unit 7 Reading 1
The Death of Languages

Part A: Scan the text and find what the following numbers refer to

1- 2100: ___________________________________________
2- 7,000: ___________________________________________
3- 1891: ___________________________________________
4- 800: ___________________________________________
5- 80%: ___________________________________________

Part B: Skim the text and match the headlines below with the paragraphs 1-6

1- An example: The survival of a language: ___________________

2- The correlation between financial power and dominance of a language: __________________
3- The number of local languages in different continents: ___________________
4- The languages spoken most around the world: ___________________
5- Why some languages are spoken by a higher number of people: ___________________
6- What death of a language may actually mean: ___________________

Part C: Read paragraphs 1-3 and answer the following questions

1- When do languages begin to be threatened by the risk of death?

____________________________________________________________________________
2- What do one quarter of the world’s languages have in common?
____________________________________________________________________________
3- What differentiates animals from languages?
____________________________________________________________________________
4- How can a language gain dominance over other languages? Write TWO
____________________________________________________________________________

82
Part D: Read paragraph 4 and complete the summary with ONE word from the paragraph
When 1- _________________ is considered to be the main factor which helps a language dominate
others, one may easily think that it is because we live in a more 2- ______________________ universe.
Yet, this actually began with 3- ____________________________because many people left their
hometowns so as to find a job which, in turn, created a necessity for a 4- _________________________
way of communication. There is, therefore, a strong relationship between economy and the power of
a language. 5- ____________________________ is clear example because two financially strong
countries around the globe have been using it as their mother tongue. This has, certainly, raised a
concern for the 6- ___________________________ of the rest of the languages.

Part E: Which ONE of the following sentences CANNOT be inferred from paragraphs 6-7?
1- When two languages are spoken in an area, one can dominate the other.
2- It took almost 75 years for Wales to realise that their language could be disappearing.
3- There are, now, many departments which provide education in Welsh.
4- No matter how hard a country tries, it isn’t possible to avoid the dominance of English.

Part F: Write what the following words refer to in the text

1- “it” (paragraph 3, line 11): ______________________________________________________
2- “this” (paragraph 4, line 11): ____________________________________________________
3- “it” (paragraph 5, line 2): _______________________________________________________

83
 Skillful 3
Unit 8 Reading 1
It’s legal, but is it ethical?

PART A: Comprehension.
Write “Ethics” / “Law” / “Both” next to the following statements according to the information in
Paragraphs 2-3 of the text
_______________ 1. It decides if a behavior is right or wrong.
_______________ 2. If it is not applied, a person may get punished.
_______________ 3. It is written down.
_______________ 4. It is individual.
_______________ 5. It is formed by judges and the government.
_______________ 6. It is legally enforced.
_______________ 7. It is regional, national, or international.
_______________ 8. It is formed by people.
PART B: Comprehension.
Answer the following questions with information from Paragraphs 4-6 of the text.
1. Write TWO behaviors that are legal but not ethical.
a. _______________________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________________
2. What is the consequence of unethical behavior?
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Why does unethical behavior lead to conflicts between people?
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Which one is a crime: tax avoidance or tax evasion? _________________________________
5. What is a positive outcome of tax avoidance for companies?
____________________________________________________________________________
6. What are people’s attitudes towards tax avoidance?
____________________________________________________________________________
7. If companies did not engage in tax avoidance, what would people gain?
____________________________________________________________________________
PART C: Write what the following words refer to in the text
1. “their” (paragraph 2, line 2): ______________________________
2. “They” (paragraph 2, line 8): ________________________________
3. “it” (paragraph 4, line 2): ________________________________
4. “It” (paragraph 5, line 5): _______________________________
5. “their” (paragraph 6, line 8): ______________________________

84
 Skillful 3
Unit 8 Reading 1
It’s legal, but is it ethical?
(Unethical Behaviour)

1. According to the information in Paragraphs 2-3 of the text, which statement is NOT a
feature of “Law”?
a. It is individual.
b. It is written down.
c. It is legally enforced.
d. It is regional, national, or international

Answer the following questions according to the information in Paragraphs 4-6 of the text.

2. Which one of the following is NOT a behaviour that is “legal but not ethical”?
a. tax avoidance
b. breaking a promise
c. lying
d. breaking a contract

3. What is the consequence of unethical behaviour?

a. You will be judged by others.
b. You will get arrested.
c. You will get punished.
d. You will be ordered to pay a fine.

4. Unethical behaviour leads to conflicts between people because _______________________

a. it affects the whole society.
b. it cannot be punished by law.
c. everyone has their own ethical code they live by.
d. many legal things are unethical.

5. Which statement about tax avoidance is FALSE?

a. Companies earn billions of dollars as a result of it.
b. It is a serious crime.
c. It makes people upset.
d. More services could be provided for the wider society if companies did not engage in it.

6. What does the word “their” (parag.2, line 2) refer to in the text?
a. written rules and regulations’
b. legal institute’s
c. judges’
d. government’s

85
7. What does the word “they” (parag.2, line 8) refer to in the text?
a. peace and justice
b. the police
c. powers
d. laws

8. What does the word “it” (parag.5, line 5) refer to in the text?
a. redistributing money
b. money
c. tax
d. society

86
 Skillful 3
Unit 9 Reading 1
Seeing without your eyes

Part A: Read paragraphs 1-2 and complete the sentences below with the words from the paragraphs
1- Among all, the most striking aspect of animals is ____________________________________.
2- Because their habitats are ____________________________________, animals have naturally
developed various ways to look, move around, and catch other animals for food.
3- When ideal conditions exist, an echo may help people detect _______________________
__________________________________________.
Part B: Complete the following summary with the words in paragraphs 3-4
What makes echolocation essential for bats is the necessity to catch some little flies in complete
1- ______________________________by providing them with 2-____________________________
of the area they are in. By 3- ___________________________________, bats are able to catch their
food. With echolocation, a bat can calculate not only the distance, but also 4- _________________ of
its food and the 5- ______________________ it is going in. Also, 6- ___________________________
generated by bats provide a lot of clues about the area. Even though this causes a great noise, they
feel it 7- ___________________________________.
Part C: Read paragraph 5 and answer the following questions
1- In what way does a dolphin’s habitat resemble to the one of a bat?
____________________________________________________________________________
2- What advantage does an ocean provide for a dolphin?
____________________________________________________________________________
3- What part of a dolphin first “hears” a soundwave?
____________________________________________________________________________

Part D: Find the words for the definitions below

1- __________________________________(Parag. 4): existing in the mind but not immediately
available to awareness
2- __________________________________(Parag. 5): the bottom row of your teeth are in this part
of your head

87
ENGLISH PREPARATORY PROGRAM

LEVEL 5

SKILLFUL 3 EXTRA READING TASKS

STUDENT COPY

88
Table of Contents
U1R2 How permanent is your personality ……………………...........…90-91

U2R2 Community Development + MC ............................................92-95

U3R2 Emotional Thinking + MC .....................................................96-100

U4R2 Controlling the uncontrollable ..............................................101-102

U6R2 The Economic Impact of Disease..........................................103-104

U7R2 More than just Survival + MC..................................................105-108

U8R2 Right or Wrong at Work + MC………………………………………......109-112

U9R2 A Wireless World …………………………………….………………..........113-115

Vocabulary Journal………………………………………………………………….………………

89
 Skillful 3
Unit 1 Reading 2
How Permanent is Your Personality

PART A: Warmer.
Discuss the following quotation taken from the text with your partner. What does it mean? Do you
agree with it?

“You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.”

PART B: Scanning.
Scan the text and answer the following questions about a study on changes in personality.
1. For how many years did psychologists examine a group of volunteers in Scotland?________
2. How many areas did the test examine? _________________
3. How many children were examined? _________________
4. How many people were examined at the age of 77? _________________
5. What year was the test given to children? _________________
6. What year was the test given to 77-year-olds? _________________
PART C: Summary.
Complete the following summary of Paragraphs 1-3 of the text. Do not write more than 5 words.

Although most people think that (1) _____________________________________________,

according to a recent study, (2) _____________________________________________. Psychologists
studied personality test scores of participants at the ages of 14 and 77, and they did not find any
(3) _____________________________________________. At the age of 14, their
(4) _____________________________________________ and at the age of 77, their
(5) _____________________________________________ evaluated the participants. In addition to
the six categories, they were evaluated in (6) _____________________________________________.

PART D: Comprehension.
Answer the following questions with information from Paragraphs 5 and 6 of the text.
1. a) What was the difference between older studies and the Scottish study?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
b) What was the finding of the Scottish study?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

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 2. a) What is one problem with the Scottish study?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
b) Why couldn’t they avoid this problem?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
PART E: Main Idea.
Read Paragraph 8 and circle the statement that gives the main idea of the paragraph.

If an old friend that you didn’t get along with in the school years tries to contact you,

a) avoid him since you will not like him today, either.
b) do not avoid him since he or she may have changed.
c) do not avoid him since you may have changed.
d) do not avoid him since both of you may have changed.

PART F: Comprehension.
Complete the following sentences with information from Paragraphs 10 and 11. Do not write more
than 4 words.

- Personality affects employees’ relationships with (1) _____________________________________

and (2) _______________________________________.
- Employers should prefer to train an employee to improve his personality rather than firing him or
her since this is (3) ___________________________________________ for them.
- It is better for a person to (4) ___________________________________________ instead of
accepting them.
- If a person knows that he or she can change, this will lead to
(5) ___________________________________________.

PART G: Reference.
Write what the following words refer to in the text.

1. “it” (par.1, line 5): ____________________________________________________________

2. “they” (par.1, last line): ________________________________________________________
3. “it” (par.9, line 4): ____________________________________________________________

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 Skillful 3
Unit 2 Reading 2
Community Development: A New
Business in Town
Warm-up

Imagine you are going to design your house with totally new furniture. Which of the following
would you prefer and why? Put a tick next to your choice and write your reasons.

I prefer it because ___________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________.

Part B: Scan the text and write HM (Handmade), M (Mayflower Quality Home Furnishings), or B
(Both) next to the advantages below

1: People on a low budget will be able to buy stuff: __________________________

2: High quality: __________________________

3: Survival of a craft __________________________

4: Elegant pieces of furniture in a shorter time: __________________________

5: Following the trends: __________________________

6: Variety: __________________________

Part C: Complete the summary of page 33 with the correct words from the text. DO NOT WRITE
MORE THAN FIVE WORDS!
Julian Vincenzo is really grateful for the interview which may help his company to 1-
______________________________________ with the neighborhood where they will establish 2-
____________________________________________. Carrolton is a great place to do this, not only
in terms of 3- _________________________________, but also because there will be 4-
______________________________________________. What has made the community here well-
known for a very long time is 5- _____________________________________. This may cause May
Flower Quality Home Furnishings to have conflict with 6- __________________________.

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Part D: Complete the sentences below with information from the text
1- The reason why furniture prices mustn’t be too high is so that _____________________________
_____________________________.
2- It’s not true that machine-made furniture equals ___________________________ because
machines are good at producing goods.

3- Unlike machines, furniture makers may have to deal with ___________________________because

the work they do is heavy.
4- The furniture of 60 years ago is not very functional because it can’t handle
_____________________________________ which technology today depends on.

Part E: Answer the following questions with the information from the interview on p.34
Why does Karen find handmade furniture more delightful?
____________________________________________________________________________

1. What is the major danger of machinery in furniture production?

____________________________________________________________________________

2. Write an alternative occupation which will be created by the Mayflower factory.

____________________________________________________________________________
Part F: INFERENCE
1- Which of the cases below is similar to the Mayflower Case?

A- Keskinoglu is planning to launch their new egg farm in Düzpelit, where people have farms
with chickens and eggs.
B- Ikea will open a new store in Zorlu, which is located near Mecidiyeköy.
C- My father is a carpenter and he is planning to move his shop to Vefa, where there are many
other carpenters.
D- Bilgi University will open a new campus far from the city center.

2- What do you think may happen because of this case?

____________________________________________________________________________
Part G: Write what the following words refer to in the text
1. “that” (column 1, line 14): _____________________________________________________
2. “that” (column 4, line 8): _____________________________________________________
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 Skillful 3
Unit 2 Reading 2 Multiple-choice
Community Development:
A New Business in Town
1. According to the text, which one of the following is an advantage of “Handmade”
products?
a. High Quality
b. Following the trends
c. Survival of a craft
d. Variety

2. Find the correct words from Page 33 to complete the following sentence.

Julian Vincenzo is really grateful for the interview which may help his company
to______________________________________ with the neighbourhood.
a. establish a new factory
b. have sufficient land and enough workers
c. talk about new opportunities
d. be on good terms

3. Fill in the blank according to Page 33.

What has made the Carrollton community well-known for a very long time is__________________.
a. handmade furniture
b. old pieces
c. tradition
d. machine-made furniture

4. Complete the sentence below with information from the text.

The reason why furniture prices mustn’t be too high is so that _____________________________.
a. machines can produce them faster
b. they are beautiful
c. ordinary people can afford it
d. they are enjoyable

5. Complete the following sentence with the correct words from the text.
The furniture of 60 years ago is not very functional because it can’t handle
_____________________________________ which technology today depends on.
a. the trends
b. all the cords and power strips
c. the machines
d. updated looks

94
6. Why does Karen find handmade furniture more delightful?
a. Because there are techniques that workers use to prevent injuries.
b. Because she has a romantic notion.
c. Because the stores are full of finished furniture pieces.
d. Because it takes time and a lot of patience to do delicate work.

7. Which of the following is NOT an alternative occupation which will be created by the
Mayflower factory?
a. Handcrafting
b. Sales and marketing
c. Telephone support
d. Shipping

8. Which of the cases below is similar to the Mayflower Case?

a. Ikea will open a new store in Zorlu, which is located near Mecidiyeköy.
b. My father is a carpenter and he is planning to move his shop to Vefa, where there are many
other carpenters.
c. Bilgi University will open a new campus far from the city centre.
d. Keskinoglu is planning to launch their new egg farm in Düzpelit, where people have farms with
chickens and eggs.

9. What does the word “that” (column 1, line 14) refer to in the text?
a. Choosing Carrollton because of sufficient land and enough workers
b. Looking at quite a few cities around the state
c. The perfect location
d. Facing objections from residents

10. What does the word “that” (column 4, line 8) refer to in the text?
a. Handling all the cords and power strips
b. Today’s computers and electronics
c. People constantly updating the look of their living rooms, etc
d. Practical furniture

95
 Skillful 3
Unit 3 Reading 2
Emotional Thinking

PART A: Warmer.
Look at the following photo and read the following situations. When is it better to think with your
head and when is it better to think with your heart? Compare your answers with your partner.

Write “head” or “heart” next to the following situations:

_______________ in an exam
_______________ in a new relationship
_______________ choosing your career
_______________ in a dangerous situation
_______________ in a game, such as chess
_______________ shopping
_______________ getting a divorce
_______________ choosing a holiday destination

PART B: Chart Completion.

Read Paragraph 2 of the text and complete the following chain of events.
Brain experiences an emotion

1. ______________________________________

2. ______________________________________

people can make decisions easily

96
PART C: Main Idea.
Based on the information in Paragraphs 3 and 4, circle the correct word to complete the following
statement.

Our past experiences affect our emotions correctly / falsely.

PART D: Skimming.
Skim through Paragraph 5 and answer the following questions. The questions DO NOT follow the
order of the information in the text.

1. Which feelings help a person use past experience to assess a current situation?
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Which feelings help a person connect with other people?
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Which feelings help a person make quick decisions?
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Which feelings help a person evaluate an experience or an encounter?
____________________________________________________________________________
PART E: Inference.
Based on the information in Paragraphs 7-9, circle the correct words in the following statements.

1. An angry / A scared boss can shut down a project because he feels confident / unconfident.
2. We can buy cheaper products from an unhappy / happy seller.
3. It is more advantageous to look unhappy / happy in a job interview.

PART F: Summary.
Complete the following summary of Paragraphs 10-11 of the text. Do not write more than 7 words.

One way of avoiding making fast, inaccurate and emotional decisions is to combine emotional
decisions with (1) _____________________________________________. If there is (2)
_____________________________________________ to make a decision, people can decide more
appropriately. In addition, when we are working with other people, if we can evaluate their
emotions, we can guess (3) _____________________________________________ more accurately.
Complete the following summary of Paragraph 12 of the text. Do not write more than 7 words.
An employee who feels anxiety (4) _____________________________________________ starts
working on a project immediately, but an employee who feels anxiety (5)
_____________________________________________ postpones working until the anxiety is
triggered. If a boss knows the emotions of employees, he can have better
(6) _____________________________________________.
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PART G: Main Idea.
Complete the statement to state the main idea of the whole text.

We can make the best decisions through _________________________________________ thinking.

PART G: Reference.
Write what the following words refer to in the text.

1. “those” (par.2, line 10): ________________________________________________________

2. “that person” (par.3, line 5): ____________________________________________________
3. “that person” (par.3, line 8-9): ___________________________________________________

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 Skillful 3
Unit 3 Reading 2 Multiple-choice
Emotional Thinking

1. Which of the following is the correct order of the chain of events according to Paragraph 2?

1- It sends a signal to the rest of your body.

2- It sends a signal to the nervous system.
3- People can make decisions easily.
4- Brain experiences an emotion.

a. 3-2-1-4
b. 4-1-2-3
c. 3-4-2-1
d. 4-2-1-3

2. Based on the information in Paragraphs 3 & 4, which statement is TRUE?

a. It is necessary to build emotional responses on past experiences.

b. Our past experiences affect our emotions correctly.
c. It is always beneficial to listen to your gut and trust your instincts.
d. Our past experiences affect our emotions falsely.

Answer the Questions 3 and 4 according to Paragraph 5. The questions DO NOT follow the order of
the information in the text.

3. Which feelings help a person use past experiences or encounters to evaluate a current
situation?
a. Fear, anger and hunger
b. Pleasure and displeasure
c. Regret and disappointment
d. Guit, love and empathy

4. Which feelings help a person assess an incident or an encounter?

a. Pleasure and displeasure
b. Regret and disappointment
c. Guilt, love and empathy
d. Fear, anger and hunger

5. Based on the information in Paragraphs 7-8-9, which statement is FALSE?

a. Happy people care more about the quality of something than the way it looks.
b. A scared boss can shut down a project because he feels unconfident.
c. We can buy cheaper products from an unhappy seller.
d. It is more advantageous to look happy in a job interview.

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Complete the sentences in Questions 6 and 7 according to Paragraphs 10&11 of the text.

6. One way of avoiding making fast, inaccurate and emotional decisions is to combine
emotional decisions with ____________________.
a. thoughts
b. rational thinking
c. extra time
d. lists of advantages and disadvantages

7. When we are working with other people, if we can evaluate their emotions, we can guess
____________________ more accurately.
a. who is approaching a task with anger or fear
b. the way they behave
c. how they will act
d. their emotional thoughts

8. Which statement is FALSE according to Paragraph 12?

a. If an employee feels anxious as soon as a project is assigned, they will start working on it
immediately.
b. If an employee is anxious or stressed while working on a project with a deadline, they will
start working on it as soon as it is assigned.
c. If an employee feels anxious only when the deadline is close, he or she will postpone working
until the anxiety is triggered.
d. If a boss knows the emotions of employees, he or she can have better time management and
team relationships.

9. Which of the following statements best sums up the main idea of the text?
a. We can make the best decisions through emotional and rational thinking.
b. Emotions have a huge impact on our lives.
c. Our emotions in the past affect our feelings in the present.
d. Rational thinking is more beneficial for us than emotional thinking.

10. What does the word “those” (parag.2, line 10) refer to in the text?
a. quick decisions
b. emotions
c. gut feeling together with reasoning
d. high stakes situations

11. What does the phrase “that person” (parag.3, line 8-9) refer to in the text?
a. someone who is similar to you
b. a bully in school
c. someone in a business meeting
d. you when you were a child

100
 Skillful 3
Unit 4 Reading 2
Controlling the Uncontrollable

Part A: Scan the text and match the years below with the disasters.

1: 2000 A: La Mesa Fire

2: 1996 B: The Dome Fire

3: 1977 C: The Cerro Grande Fire

Part B: Read paragraphs 1-3 and write T (True) or F (False) next to the sentences below. Then, explain
why the statements are either true or false.

1. People in Northern New Mexico aren’t sensitive about nature which makes forests there a great
place for fires. ________
Reason: _____________________________________________________________________
2. Fires, which start naturally, have certain benefits for the circulation in nature. ________
Reason: _____________________________________________________________________
3. People who had been living in Northern New Mexico tried to stop wildfires only because fires
there might damage the natural life around.
Reason: _____________________________________________________________________
4. The fire in 1996 was so huge that people in the center of the town were able to watch it. ______
Reason: _____________________________________________________________________
5. The same fire in 1996 didn’t affect aspects of the climate at all, but it definitely cost a lot
financially. ________
Reason: _____________________________________________________________________
Part C: Read paragraphs 4-6 and answer the following questions

1. What was the possible outcome of the action taken by the National Park Service?
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What makes a natural fire different from a controlled burn?
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What happens to plants during a controlled burn?
____________________________________________________________________________
4. When a fire is started deliberately, what benefits does it provide?
____________________________________________________________________________

Part D: Complete the summary below with the information in paragraphs 7-9

Because there were 1- ____________________________________________, the fire couldn’t be

controlled as it had been planned. As a result of this, it began to threaten 2- ______________________

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_____________________________. Luckily enough, 3- _____________________________________
were able to get out of the town and nobody died. Even though the fire 4- _______________________
___________________________ local people were able to come back to the town. The Cerro Grande
was 5- _____________________________________________ New Mexico has ever witnessed as it
had hugely damaged the area and the budget of the region. Agents who were responsible for all this
damage admitted their faults and 6- ___________________________________
______________. Following the new arrangements, vegetation and animals were brought back to the
area despite the visible effects there even today.

Part E: Complete the main idea of the last paragraph using a proper word for each blank
Even though people who 1- _______________________________________ a controlled burn and
people who 2- ______________________ it have totally 3- _____________________________ views,
their primary 4- _____________________________ is to 5- ________________________________
the environment.

Part F: Find the words for the definitions below

1- __________________________________(Parag. 3): to cover or load with something in piles or
bundles
2- __________________________________(Parag. 8): to remove (persons or things) from a place, as
a dangerous place or disaster area
3- __________________________________(Parag. 9): to accept something as being real or true

102
 Skillful 3
Unit 6 Reading 2
The Economic Impact of Disease

PART A: Guessing Meaning from Context.

Find a word in the paragraphs mentioned below that matches the given definition.

1. becomes smaller (p.2): ________________________________

2. income (p.2): ________________________________
3. spending (p.3): ________________________________
4. harmful (p.5): ________________________________
5. very small (p.5): ________________________________

PART B: Skimming.
Skim the text quickly to write what the following names and numbers refer to in the text.

1. Ebola: ______________________________________________________________________
2. 200-500 million dollars: ________________________________________________________
3. SARS: _______________________________________________________________________
4. 50%: _______________________________________________________________________
5. 8,000: ______________________________________________________________________
6. 800: ________________________________________________________________________
7. 400,000: ____________________________________________________________________
8. Stoptober: ___________________________________________________________________

PART C: Comprehension.
Complete the following sentences with information from Paragraphs 2-4 of the text.

1. Many diseases, such as stress or muscular injuries may cause a loss in

___________________________________________________________________________.
Because tax payer money goes into the public health sector, __________________________
_______________________________________ may not get financial support.
2. List the negative effects of an infectious disease on economy.
a. ________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________

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PART D: Comprehension.
Answer the following questions with information from Paragraphs 5-6 of the text.

1. Why was there a decrease in tourism in countries not hit by the SARS virus?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which expenses were possibly prevented with the “Stoptober” campaign in the U.K.?
__________________________________________________________________________________

PART E: Summary.
Complete the following summary of Paragraph7 of the text. Do not write more than 4 words.

The Spanish flu caused a 5% (1) _____________________________________________ in the

population. This flu was different from the normal flu, as it not only affected
(2) _____________________________________________, but also
(3) _____________________________________________. The loss in
(4) _____________________________________________ affected the old and young people
negatively. As a result of this flu, there may have been a decrease in
(5) _____________________________________ and (6) ___________________________________.
The results for people were both (7) _____________________________________ and
(8) ___________________________________.

PART F: Reference.
Write what the following words refer to in the text.

2. “this” (par.3, line 3): _______________________________

3. “they” (par.4, line 7): _______________________________
4. “it” (par.5, line 1): _______________________________
5. “This” (par.6, line 9): ________________________________

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 Skillful 3
Unit 7 Reading 2
More Than Just Survival

PART A: Warm-up- Go to the link to watch the video and answer the following questions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vn_BMapo7g

1- What is common among the animals in the video?

____________________________________________________________________________
2- Why do you think they sing such a song?
____________________________________________________________________________
3- Do you know animals in your country suffering from a similar problem?
____________________________________________________________________________
4- How can this issue be solved? Discuss with a partner and make a list
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Part B: Scan the text and match the pictures below with the numbers

A B

C D E

1. 0,1%: _________________
2. 23. 000: _________________
3. 500: ___________________
4. 700: ________________
5. 300.000: ________________

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Part C: Write what the numbers in Part B refer to

1- ____________________________________________________________________________
2- ____________________________________________________________________________
3- ____________________________________________________________________________
4- ____________________________________________________________________________
5- ____________________________________________________________________________

Part D: Read paragraphs 1-2 and complete the summary below. Do not write more than TWO words.

Even though the percentage of animal 1- _________________________is shocking, there is still a

chance for us to prevent animals from 2- __________________________. This allows the ecosystem
to offer us a great deal of 3- ___________________________. Then why do animals become extinct?
4- ___________________________ and destroying the 5- ____________________________of
animals are the two leading reasons. Why do these reasons exist? Mainly because of the dramatic
rise of the 6- ____________________________ and their damage to the environment for 7-
____________________________.
Part E: Read paragraphs 4-7 and answer the following questions
1. What was done to stop the extinction of the Amur Tigers?
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What allowed the mountain gorillas to survive?
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the roles of bees in the ecosystem?
____________________________________________________________________________
4. What were the two outcomes of hunting the blue whale in the 20th Century?
____________________________________________________________________________
5. Which of the following options is not a benefit of eco-tourism?
a- Protection of species
b- Production of new species
c- Less environmental damage
d- Financial source
Part F: Find the words for the definitions below
4- _________________________________(Parag. 5): a plant grown for food, usually on a farm
5- __________________________________(Parag. 6): to make a problem, which already exists,
worse
6- __________________________________(Parag. 8): harmful and damaging
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 Skillful 3
Unit 7 Reading 2
More Than Just Survival

1. Which one of the following statements is FALSE according to the text?

a. The annual rate of extinction of all species is between 0.01% and 0.1%.
b. The number of blue whales hunted in the 20th century is 2000.
c. The number of the Amur tigers is 500 today.
d. The population of living mountain gorillas is 700.

2. According to the information in the first two paragraphs of the text, which one is NOT one
of the causes of animal extinction?
a. medicines
b. hunting
c. destroying the habitat of animals
d. increasing human population

Answer the following questions according to the information in Paragraphs 4-7

3. Which one was NOT one of the precautions taken to stop the extinction of the Amur Tigers?
a. Hunting other animals was limited.
b. Boars and deer were hunted instead of the tigers.
c. Their environment was protected
d. Natural preys of the tiger were protected.

4. What allowed the mountain gorillas to survive?

a. damaging the key parts of the ecosystem
b. listing them as critically endangered
c. conservation efforts of some individuals and charities
d. the fact that there were 700 of them

5. What are the roles of bees in the ecosystem?

a. protecting the habitat
b. ensuring food and water supply
c. disrupting the ecosystem
d. pollinating the crops

6. What was/were the outcome(s) of hunting the blue whale in the 20th Century?
a. It endangered the species and caused a reduction in phytoplankton.
b. More carbon dioxide was absorbed by phytoplankton.
c. Many hundreds of thousands of other whales were hunted from our oceans.
d. Carbon levels in the atmosphere were reduced.

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7. Which of the following options is NOT a benefit of eco-tourism?
a. protection of species
b. less environmental damage
c. production of new species
d. financial source

8. Find the word from Paragraph 6 that means “to make a problem, which already exists,
worse”.
a. reduce
b. endanger
c. absorb
d. exacerbate

108
 Skillful 3
Unit 8 Reading 2
Right or Wrong at Work

PART A: Warmer.
Look at the following photo and read the following situations. Which behavior is ethical and which
behavior is unethical at the workplace? Compare your answers with your partner.

Write “ethical” or “unethical” next to the following situations:

_______________ using the Internet to check your social media accounts

_______________ being punctual
_______________ choosing a professional outfit
_______________ lying about illness to avoid going to work
_______________ sharing confidential information
_______________ cooperating with colleagues to complete a project
_______________ claiming all the credit for a project completed by the team
_______________ lying to protect a colleague

PART B: Inference.
According to the information in Paragraph 2, which of the following behavior would be considered
unethical by the biggest number of people? Tick the correct alternative.

a. Lying on your CV about your school ____________

b. Not following all the steps to finish a project ____________
c. Lying to protect your colleague ____________
d. Lying to protect yourself ____________

109
PART C: Summary.
Complete the following summary of Paragraphs 3-4 of the text. Do not write more than 7 words.

A new employee can learn how to behave in the workplace by reading the
(1) _____________________________________________. It also helps the existing employees to
remember (2) _____________________________________________. When employees share
responsibility, they are more likely to (3) _____________________________________________.
When employing a new worker, a company should consider both the person’s
(4) _____________________________________________ and his/her
(5) _____________________________________. One way of having more motivated and loyal
employees is (6) ___________________________________.

PART D: Scanning.
Read the case studies quickly to match the people on the left with the unethical behaviors on the
right. Some people can be matched with more than one unethical behavior

___________ Employees of Company A a. tax avoidance

___________ Employee B b. bringing stationery from work to home
___________ Employee Y c. not completing the work hours
___________ Owner of Company X d. keeping presents that are worth above the allowed
limit
e. using the Internet to check social media accounts
f. favoring some companies for his/her own personal
benefit

PART E: Reference.
Write what the following words refer to in the text.

1. “this” (par.1, line 4): ________________________________________________________

2. “they” (par.2, last line): ____________________________________________________
3. “they” (par.7, last line): ___________________________________________________
4. “this” (par.8, last line): ___________________________________________________

110
 Skillful 3
Unit 8 Reading 2
Right or Wrong at Work

1. According to the information in Paragraph 2, which of the following behaviour would be

considered unethical by the biggest number of people?
a. Lying on your CV about your school
b. Lying to protect yourself
c. Not following all the steps to finish a project
d. Lying to protect your colleague

Answer the questions 2-4 according to the information in Paragraphs 3-4 of the text.

2. A new employee can learn how to behave in the workplace by _______________________.

a. limiting misdemeanours
b. reading the code of conduct
c. common strategies of the company
d. avoiding unethical behaviour

3. Reinforcing code of conduct helps ______________________________________.

a. to encourage people to act as a check on each other
b. to make multiple people responsible for a process
c. the existing employees to remember the company’s expectations
d. to encourage unethical behaviour

4. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. An employee’s values are not likely to make a difference as long as they can fulfil the needs
of their job.
b. When employees share responsibility, they are more likely to check on each other.
c. When employing a new worker, a company should consider both the person’s ability to
complete the given role and his/her values.
d. One way of having more motivated and loyal employees is praising people for their work.

5. Emre is working at the Istanbul branch of an international corporate company. Their

official office is in a big modern residence building but the General Manager of the Turkish
branch relocated Emre’s department to a rented apartment flat close to the main
residence since the main office building was too crowded and their department was the
latest addition to the company. Emre hates this place. He thinks it is not fair that only his
department gets to work at this old flat instead of the fancy, modern office. However,
since they are away from the manager’s eyesight, he takes this situation as an opportunity
to come to and leave work at flexible hours and to take long lunch breaks. He thinks he has
the right to behave this way since his department was not treated fairly and he always gets

111
 the necessary work done at the end of the day. Nonetheless, he could also do more if he
stuck to the company’s schedule.

Which case study in the text is similar to the situation mentioned above?
a. Employees of Company A
b. Employee B
c. Employee Y
d. Company X

6. What does the word “they” (parag.7, last line) refer to?
a. her children
b. supplies
c. bosses
d. witnesses

7. What does the word “this” (parag.8, last line) refer to?
a. owners paying themselves multi-million dollar bonuses
b. evading tax illegally
c. avoiding paying the maximum amount possible
d. employing lawyers to defend their situation

112
 Skillful 3
Unit 9 Reading 2
A Wireless World

PART A: Warm-up- Go to the link to watch the video and answer the following questions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-P2_rGFg18
1- How would people communicate in the past?
____________________________________________________________________________
2- Why do you think people need communication?
____________________________________________________________________________
3- How do you think communication could become faster?
____________________________________________________________________________
Part B: Scan the text and match the pictures below with the years

A B- Theory of Wireless Communication

C- Enigma Code Machine D

E F-Morse Code

1. 2007 ____________________________________________
2. 1941 ____________________________________________
3. 1805 ____________________________________________
4. 1864 ____________________________________________

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 5. 1914 ____________________________________________
6. 1995 ____________________________________________

Part C: How did the people below contribute to the history of communication?

1- James Clerk Maxwell: __________________________________________________________

2- Heinrich Rudolf Hertz: __________________________________________________________
3- Arthur C. Clarke: __________________________________________________________

Part D: Complete the following sentences from paragraphs 1-2

The delivery of a message between two destinations used to last 1- ____________________________

in the very old times, as empires expanded on 2- ___________________________________. When
wire began to be used in order to transfer a message, the main issue was that 3- __________________
___________________ was restricting communication. Even though it seems to be a recent invention,
communication without wire 4- __________________________________________. This has been
developed by some remarkable innovators and physicists who have improved it by 5- _______
______________________each other.
Part E: Answer the following questions with the information in paragraphs 3-4

1- What were the main issues in wireless communication before the introduction of FM radio?
____________________________________________________________________________
2- How did FM radio help the countries who fought in the World Wars?
____________________________________________________________________________
3- What role did the Enigma code machine play in the Second World War?
____________________________________________________________________________
4- What was the initial reason for developing satellites, such as Sputnik 1?
____________________________________________________________________________
5- What are the current purposes of using satellites? Write TWO
____________________________________________________________________________

Part E: What is the main idea of paragraph 5

1- Because we can use them to access the internet, smartphones are better than old-fashioned mobile
phones.

2- The development of the mobile phone, and it transformation into the smartphone, has changed
many aspects of modern living.

3- Most people would rather get rid of their PCs and laptops instead of giving up their smartphones.
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4- Smartphones have been playing an important role in business life as they have made everything
much faster and easier, such as banking.

Part F: Which graph below summarizes paragraph 6 best?

Development of the Internet

The speed of the
Internet

Years

Development of the Internet

The speed of the
Internet

Years

Development of the Internet

The speed of the
Internet

Years

Graph _________ summarizes the paragraph best because __________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________.

Part G: Find the words for the definitions below

1- __________________________________(Parag. 3): to see or overhear (a message, transmission,
etc., meant for another)
2- __________________________________(Parag. 5): having to do with the creation and
development of businesses.
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