1.

In the 20th century, the British and French were the nations that occupied most of
the African territories: France had the north-western area; Great Britain had few
dominions on the Ivory Coast and generally ruled in the south-east and north-east
of the continent. Germany controlled Togo, Cameroon and southwestern Africa
and Italy ruled over Libya, Eritrea, and Somalia. The Portuguese had Mozambique
and Angola; the Belgians had Central Africa. Ethiopia was the only independent
region at the time.
2. to compete for power-predominancy over other countries. To own several
possessions and trade in goods was the symbol of that power. West Africa was rich
in raw materials, such as peanuts, wood, hides, and palm oil.
3. During this time, many European countries expanded their empires by
aggressively establishing colonies in Africa so that they could exploit and export
Africa's resources. Raw materials like rubber, timber, diamonds, and gold were
found in Africa. Europeans also wanted to protect trade routes.
4. In South Africa, the colonial condition was different because the territory was
already occupied by the Dutch since the 18th century. the British had to contend
not only with a native population, but with a significant population of Boers who
felt that the land was theirs Competition between white groups over land and over
rich mineral resources led to war.
5. The colonial conquers brought schools and education, so the first generation of
African intellectuals recognized the gap between the theory and reality of
colonization. Young intellectual Africans hoped to create independent states that
reflected Western values.