A-Level Mathematics a Kory ; Ne Level Mathematics WY 2 The Complete Course for AQAA-Level Mathematics for AQA Mechanics 2 The Complete Course for AQA M2ener Cec ae About this book i Kinematics 41. Variable Acceleration in 1 Dimension Circe Diferentatng to find velocity and acceleration 45 Moments and Centres of Mass Inegating to nd velcty and displacement 46 4. Moments, Using the chain rule to find Moments 1 velocity and acceleration st Moment in equilibrium 8 J Avotvidstcobistatdalth Friction and limiting equilibrium 15 ands Dlinirelows 2. Centres of Mass — Particles Using vectors 54 Particles ina line 19 Forces 60 Particles in two dimensions 22 clfblyied Diterahiial eepeions 3. Centres of Mass — Laminas Applying diferent equations 6 Unie larsinas 26 Review Exercise — Chapter 2 7 Loader laminas and Bet eft eta Chel 6 ‘composite shapes » -— 4, Centres of Mass — Frameworks Frameworks 2 5. Laminas in Equilibrium Laminas suspended from a point 35 Review Exercise — Chapter 1 a Exam-Style Questions — Chapter}, 43Cro Work, Energy and Power 41. Work Done ‘Work done Gravity Friction and gravity 2. Kinetic and Gravitational Potential Energy Kinetic energy Kinetic energy and work done Gravitational potential energy 3. The Work-Energy Principle The principle of conservation ‘of mechanical energy ‘The work-energy principle 4, Elastic Potential Energy Hooke's law Elastic potential energy 5. Power Power Variable resistive forces Review Exercise — Chapter 3 Exam-Style Questions — Chapter 3 70 7 a 80 81 a4 86 89 95 97 103 107 110 112 Chapter4 Uniform Circular Motion 41. Horizontal Circular Motion Citculae motion Conical pendulums 2. Vertical Circular Motion Vertical circular motion CCitculae wires and surfaces Completing the cece Review Exercise — Chapter 4 Exam-Style Questions — Chapter 4 Rees Answers Glossary Index 5 119 128 11 136 ut 142 a 191 193About this book In this book youl find, | Learning Objectives Showing which bits of the AQA specification are | covered ineach section. | Explanations 1 Clear explanations for every topic, with los of helpful tips. Examples Plenty of step-by-step worked examples Po cael Exercises (with worked answers) Lots of practice for every top, with fully worked answers atthe Back ofthe booke Question Hints Occasional hints to pein you inthe right ‘rection, ——Review Exer Mixed questions covering the whole chapter, with fully worked answer Exam-Style Questions Questions inthe same style asthe ‘ones you'll get inthe exam, with ‘worked solutions and mark schemes, Glossary All the definitions you need to know for the exam, plus other useful words Practice Exam Papers (on CD-ROM) | ___g Two printable exam papers, with fully ‘worked answers and mark schemes,Published by COP Editors Sharon Keeley-tolden, David Ryan, Lyn Setchel, Jonathan Wray, Davin Weight Contributors Andrew Ballard, Jean Blencowe, Michael Coe, Barbara Mascett ISBN: 978 1 84762 8015 ‘With thanks to Janet Dickinson, Simon Litle and Glenn Rogers forthe proofreading. Groovy website: wovw.cgpbooks.co.uk Printed by Flanders Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne, Jolly bits oF clipar from CorelDRAW® rtocopying — i'l ge and semetines 2 it raughy- Lucky dead heap, easy and quick to oder more copes ofthis book fren CGP — jut al ws 0 0870 750 1242. Phew! Text, design, layout and orginal illustrations © Coordination Group Publications Ltd. (CGP) 2012 All rights reserved,—— Chapter 1 Moments and Cer 1. Moments : In M1 you sav that a force applied to a particle can cause the particle to accelerate ina staight line in the direction af the force. However, a force acting on a rigid body which is pivoted ata point ‘an cause the body to rotate about the pivot point Moments 1 A moment isthe turning effect a force has around a poi 1 The larger the magnitude of the force, and the greater the distance between the force and the pivot, the greater the moment. + Moments ate either clockwise or anticlockwise "You can use the following formula to find the moment of a force about a point Perpendicular Distance from the line of action of the force to the pivot Magnitude of Force Moment = © 0%, mote concisely: Moment = Fd 1 the force is measured in newtons and the cltance is measured in metres, then the moment is measured in newton-meties, Nem, ‘A.2 mlong plank is attached to a ship at one end, 0. The plank is horizontal, and a bird lands on the other end, applying a downward force of magnitude 15 N, as shown, Model the plank as alight rod and find the turning effect about 0 of the bird on the plank. <—2m > | ISN Use the formula Moment = Fa 5x2 10 Nm clockwise Learning Objectives: * Re able to find he moment of force bout a pot. * fe able to find he sum of moments bout a pont. Be able to find inissng distances and forces in calelations involving rip bodies in equilibrium Be able to find the conte of mass ofa non-uniform ro or Beam Be ableto solve problems involving "gi bodes held in Tinting equilib by fiction Tip: The line of action othe force i just the ‘ection thatthe force “ips Modeling the plank ea light roc fears that you dont have to womy about ts weight Tips The point Os the phot point Tip: Make sue you give a direction with your swore. wich ‘vay the force will use therod tun, Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of Mass aTips “Find the tuning flee means the same nd the moment Tips You can either find the component ofthe force acting perpendicular tthe Spanner as done in the ‘example, or you can find the perpendicular dstance tothe ine of faction ofthe force: 520N oe aN 2 om Moment = 203 0.2in60" Tips You could've resolved the fore ta find the component sting perpendicular thered, fs Example 2 Moment = 2508400 « 5 Dy 20N. 7 60? — Im A panner is attached to a bolt at a point, 0. A force of 20 N is applied at an angle of 60° tothe other end of the spanner, as shown, Find the turning effect about 0 ofthe force upon the bolt. + This time the fore is acting at an angle — resolve the force to find its ‘components, F, and P, acting parallel and perpendicular tothe spanner: ON F, + Facts through 0,50 its moment i zero thas no tuning eect), + Resolving perpendicular to the spanner, F, = 20sin 60", + Fis a perpendicular distance of 0.2 m from 0, s0, using the formula Moment = 205in60° x 0.2 46 Nm (35.1) anticlockwise ha v8 ‘A force of 25 N acts upon a point, 0, viaa light rod of length 5 m. ‘The 25 N force acts vertically downwards, and the rod makes an angle of 40° with the horizontal, as shown, What isthe turning effect of the force about OF + You need the perpendicular distance, d, between the line of action of the force and the pivot point (a ose, 5 x Seas 40" = 95.8 Nm G3 sf) clockwise ‘Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of MassFine 1g the sum of moments about a point 1 there are two or more forces acting on a rod or beam, then you ‘can fin the sum of the moments about 3 particular point. ® Ifthe sum of the moments about a particular point is zero, then the rod isin equilibrium about that point (:. it won't rotate about that point. | the sum ofthe moments about a particular point is nt zero, the rod will tur clockwise or anticlockwise about that point. ‘The direction thatthe rod turns (i.e. clockwise or anticlockwise) is called the sense of rotation, ‘The diagram shows the light rod AB. A force of magnitude 5 N acts vertically downwards at point C. A force of magnitude 4 N Acts at point, making an angle of 30° with the rod, as shown: WN ™s oa Tm im Te When youre fing te Sn of moment you ae SN Soy Uheobon frate clock or Siloti. a) Show that the od is in equi + Taking moments about (with clockwise being 1m about point the positive diretion), and finding their sum: i, Do fret Sum of moments = (5 x 2)~ (sin 30° « 5) ‘oF action of the foece fad stance fom the Poot ae perpendicular | toveach other 10-10. this term negative because =0Nm the moment is anticlockwise. * Total moment equals 210, so the rosin equilibrium about 4 by The rod is now pivoted at point D. Given that the forces acting fn the rod are the same as in part a), will the rod rotate cloclovise ‘or anticlockwise about this point? + Taking moments about D with clockwise being the positive diction), and finding their sum x 1) —(4sin30° x 4) 8 -3Nm ‘Sum of moment '+ The sum of moments is negative, so the rol will rotate anticlockwise CChaptor 1 Moments and Centres of MassTips The sense of rotation of the 12 N force i clockwise and the sense af rotation ofthe 7N fore is Aiilockwise Tips The sum of moments st be negative forthe beam to rotate aniloceise, 38 Clocks was taken a: the postive direction, Aight rod, 4B, of length 4 m, is pivoted at its midpoint. ‘A.12N force is applied to 4, at an angle of 45° above the rod, and a 7'N force is applied to B, at an angle of 60° above the rod, as shown: 7N RN Aas: 67 Ae B In I 4) Find the sum of the moments about the midpoint. + Taking moments about the midpoint (with clockwise positive) and finding thelr sum: Sum of moments 2sin A5® x 2) —(7sin 60" x 2) =(12VE-7V3) Nm 4.85.Nm (sf) clockwise 1) A force, Fis applied 0.5 m from 4, as shown below. - fee t ‘+ Taking moments about the midpoint (with clockwise positive) and finding thei sum: Sum of moments = (12sin45" x 2) —(7sin 60° x 2) — 1.5 2/2 - 7/3 1.58 “For the beam to rotate anticlockwise, the sim of moments must be negative: 122-745-158 <0 1s 2/E-705 us F> (073 — eA) + F323 NGsf) Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of Mass— the horizontal, A vertical force of magnitude 6 N acts at P anda horizontal force of magnitude 4 N acts at , as shown, The rod is pivoted atthe point X. 6N 4Moe L ery pr yam TT Given thatthe sum of the moments about X'is 3 Nem anticlockwise, find the distance between P and X. + Letalbe the distance between P and X. + First find the perpendicular distances from X tothe line of action of each force: (14 ~asint 5? 6N + Now take moments about X (with anticlockwise positive), and find their sum: ‘Sum of moments (4 x (14 — alsin 5°] (6 « deost 5%) S56sin15° —Adsint 5° — 6dcost 5° sin15° + Gcos15") B6sin5°— + Sum of moments 3 Nm, so: Bsn 5° — asin 5° + 6eos15°) = d= S6sin 15° —3 “Fain t5" + Geos 15" oam@ass) light rod of length 14 m inclined at an angle of 15° to “ips Rather than finding perpenciclar sdstances, you could resolve the forces ta find their components peapendicularto the rod “Tips Here, allomate angles and tigonomery de used to in the perpendicular distances — there fre plenty of ther ‘rays you cand it Tips You could take clockwise a postive Ifyou wanted —the sum of the moments ‘would then be 3 Nm. ‘Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of Mass aEtna Q For each EEE Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of Massa XN amie am 4 8 20N uN The diagram shows the light rod AB. Find the range of possible values for X, given that 4B roates clockwise about the point 0. Qa ‘The diagram shows the light rod PO. Find the range of possible values for d which will cause PQ to rate anticlockwise about the point O. 95 the diagram shows the light rod UY. the sum ofthe moments about 0's 0.5 Nm anticlockwise, Find the value of 6 7 7N aN = age BS aw J | R oN Qn: You cn ther ese forces The diagram shows the light rod RS, The 27 N force and the 9 perpen tthe force both act vettically. The 7 N force acts perpendicular to the rod. ted or jst caedte he Find the value of given thatthe sum ofthe mements about Oi, perpen diane 3 Nm clockwise Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of Mass aMoments in equilibrium + Arig body which isin equilibrium wl not move 1 Thismeas tha there isn estat fre in ay ection day forces acting on tbody wl ance each he ut = tao meas tat he um ofthe moments on the ey about any point seo. + 50, fora bay neq Total Clockwise Total Anticlockwise Moment Moment 1 By resolving forces and equating clockwise and anticlockwise ‘moments, you can solve prablems involving bodies in equilibrium. ‘Two weights of 30 N and 45 N are placed on a light 8 m beam. ‘The 30 N weight is at one end of the beam, as shown, whilst the other eight ia distance from the mip, The beam sain ‘equilibrium by a light, inexters with tension T attached at Mf, Find 7 and the distance d. 430N 45N forces ‘owns r= 30445 75N + Then take moments about Mf moments clockwise = moments anticlockwise) 45d =30%4 3 d= 120545 67 mG sf) Tip: The line of ation of Ppasss through 1M 50 the moment of about is ze0, BET caper + Moments an Cones of Mass‘The diagram below shows a light rod 4B, of length 10 m. Particles of mass Y, kg and M, kg are placed at 4 and B respectively. ‘The rod is supported in equilibrium by two vertical reaction forces of ‘maghitude 145 N and 90 N, as shown below: 2B 5mm Find the values of , and Mf, 4 As the cod is in equllibrlum, you know that ‘clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments So, taking moments about M,g> 10 = (145 « 2) +(60%7) = M, = 920598 = 9.387. 39 kg 3 sf) + You also know that there i no resultant free acting on the ro So, resolving forces vertically (forces up’ = ‘forces dow) 145490 = aye +e + M,+M,=235 £98 =23.979, + M,=23.979..-9.387, = 146 ig 856) Centres of mass 1 The centre of mass (COM) ofan abject the point where the objects weight can be considered to act | The mass of uniform beam is spread evenly along the length ‘of the beam, and so the cent of mass isa its midpoint ‘Midpoint, COM — SS me "© The cente of mass ofa non-uniform beam could be at any point along the beam. = When you're taking moments and resolving forces fr aheauy (Le. not light! beam, you need to remember to include the weight ofthe beam in your calculations. “ips tsa god idea to take moments shout a point where an unknown forces acting, the moment Df that fore about the poi wil be zero, Bnd it wort appeat inthe equation Tips Up unt om all the bears have been Tigh, so you havent ‘ede 0 worry about their weighs ‘Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of MassSi ‘A 6mlong uniform beam 4 of weight 40 N is supported at 4 bya vertical force X. iis held horizontally by a vertical wire allached 1 m from the other end. A particle of weight of 30 Nis, placed 2 m from the support. 3m eam og fam Find the tension Tin the wire and the force 2. Taking moments about 4 CClackise moments = Anticlockwise moments 80 x 2) [40x 3]= 57 ~YThise the weight of the 4s Pt8015036N Lbeamvacting at scone Resolving vertically T+R=30440 Re70-T=70-36 AN ‘A Christmas banner, 4B, is atlached to a ceiling by two pieces of tinsel. One piece of tinsel is attached to 4, the other to the point C; where BC= 0.6 m, The banner has mass & kg and length 3.6 m and is held in equilibrium ina horizontal post 12m, 96m 5 <—1am—> € 8) Modelling the banner asa uniform rod held in equilibrium and the tinsel as light strings, find the tension inthe tinsel at 4 and C. Taking moments about 4 (6g « 1.8)= 37, = T.= 141,12 53=47.08N Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of Mass+ Resolving vertically T.+T.= 88 = T,=8g-T,= 784-4704 =3136N ) The tinsel at 4 snaps and a downward force is applied at B to keep the banner horizontal and in equilibrium. Find the magi force applied at B and the new tension inthe tinsel attached at C + Draw a diagram to show the new situation: Nampa RO * Taking moments about: Ag x 12=F, x06 94.08 + 06 =156.8N + Resolving vertically 1, Be, =(8x9.8) +1568 =235.2.N I ‘A non-uniform beam of length & m and mass 48 kg is supported by legs attached at P and 0, 1 m from each end of the beam. {A gymnast of mass 60 kg balances on the beam, 4 m from P. ‘The reaction inthe support at? has magnitude 539 N. a) Draw a diagram showing the forces acting on the beam. ude of the Tips The beam is non uniform, so you don't Know exacly where its conte of mass. hast ‘rae the bear's weight acting somewhere on thebeam, Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of Mass imTip The pla i on the pint of iting about {othe reacton at R szew. Find the magnitude ofthe reaction at Q, add, the distance ‘of the centre of mass of the heam from P. + Resolving vertically: 539 +R = ABg + 60g 108-539 SI94N + Taking moments about? (60g % 4) + (48g x d)= 5194 x6 > ABigd = (5194 x 6) (60 9.8 x4) 3 d= 768.4 + (489.8) = 1.625 m The point of titing {fs rod is ‘about to tit’ about a particular point of suppor, then any normal reactions acting at any other suppoxts along the rod willbe zero. The tension in any strings supporting the rod at any other point will also be zero, a A non-niform wooden plank of mass M kg rests horizontally on supports at 4 and, as shown. When a bucket of water of mass ‘18 kg is placed at point C; the plank is in equilibrium, and is on the point of tilting about 2. Rams the value of Mand the magnitude ofthe reaction at 2 + Taking moments about 7,0, sothe moment (8g x12) +0 Me xo® Lette force also zr Ma (18x98 x 1.2) 19.808) 7 Kg + Resolving vertically: RyRy = Mee 18 OR, = 27g 4 18g > Ry =441N Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of MassQe @ or R 16N ie Be 4 m—a 25 | s 2N ‘The diagram shows alight rad held horizontally in equilibrium by ‘oo vertical stings. Find the magnitudes of the forces R and S, ‘The diagram shows a ligt rod held horizontally in equilibrium by two vertical strings. Find the magnitude of the force 44, and the distance 15m im, — 4 Th 4oNT Me ‘A uniform rod, 4B, of length 5 m, rests horizontally in equilibsium ‘on supports at C and D, as shown. the magnitude of the normal reaction at Cis 49 N, find 2) the magnitude ofthe nowmal reaction at D, 1) the mass ofthe rod A uniform rod, 48, of mass 9 kg, is hel in equilibrium by a vertical wite at Cand a support at D, as show. When an object, ‘of mass 3 kg is placed at B, the rod ie sll horizontal ane in ‘equilibrium, but ison the point of ting about D. Find the length ofthe rd. 28 Hint The re is tnior, 50 its weight cs halivay along Tena QU Hint: When the rod Isom the point of tting alot, the tension inthe wie tC wil be Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of Mass8 Hint: The reaction forces at Cand D are in the aio 4:1, s0 Roa cor Q6 Q 28 ‘A.uniform beam, 4B, has length 5 m and mas 8 kg Itis held horizontally im equilibrium by vertical ropes at B and the point C, 1m from A. 2) Find the tension in each rope, bb) When a particle of mass 16 kgis placed on the beam, the bear remains horizontal and in equilibrium, but i on the point of tilting about C, Find the distance of the particle from pes Tar 240N Am long non-uniform beam, AB, of weight 240 N, is suspended between two tees to make a walkway Its held horizontally and in equilibrium by vertical wires at C and Das shown. The magnitude of the tension in the wire at C is twice the magnitude of the tension in the wire at D 4) Find the tension in each wire. by) Find the distance af the centre of mass ofthe beam fom A. {A non-uniform plank, 42, of length 6m, is aid horizontally across a stream to form a bridge. 4 and I test on horizontal ground, and the midpoint ofthe plank rests on a rock proteuding from the water. {child of mass 36 kg stands on the bridge 1 m from A and a child of mass 25 kg stands on the bridge 1.5 m from 2. The centre of mass ofthe plank is at point X, 2.5 m from B. ‘The reaction at Bis twice the reaction at 4, and the reaction of the rock a the midpoint is four times the reaction at A. 1) Draw a diagram to show the forces acting on the plank, bb) Given thatthe plank isin equilibrium, find is mass, ©) State any modelling assumptions you have made, A painter of mass 80 kg stands on a horizontal non-uniform 4 m plank, 42, of mass 20 kg, The plank rests on supports 1 m from each fend, at Cand D. The painter places paint pots, of mass 2.5 kg, 0.2 m from each end of the plank ) He stands atthe centre of mass ofthe plank and finds thatthe reaction forces at C and D are in the ratio 41, Find the distance of the centre of mass of the plank from 4. b) He uses up all he paint inthe pot near 4, and discards the pot. He then stands onthe plank at a point between D and B, and the plank ison the point of titing about D. How far he rom Bt Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of MassFriction and limiting equilibrium Friction * You should semember rom Mt that fa hody sin contact wih 2 rough surface, tena fctinal farce wil at beswcen the Bary the ssfac to oppose meton fr pote msi +The frtonal force can ake ange of values — when he bod son the point of moving, the frictional force will reach its maximum value, This value is given by the formula: Fur Fis the frictional force, 1s the coeicent of fition between the body and the surface, and R i the normal reaction ofthe surface an the bod * When the bod ison the point of moving, iis said to be in limiting equilibrium’ "If rigid body cess in contact with a rough surface, then 3 frictional force will act between them, parallel tothe surface, inthe opposite ditection to any potential motion, A normal reaction force will ako act on the bod, perpendicular tothe surface. ‘Ladder’ questions ‘Ladder’ questions, wher aig body ress at an angle against the ground and a wall, are common in M2 * ln these questions, you'll need o consider the normal reaction ofthe ground, the normal reaction of the wall ane any fictional forees which may be acting, a well a the weight of te ladder and anyother bodes * You! then have to resolve forces and take moments to find any unknown frees ordstances. In these questions, its often a good idea to resolve forces parallel snd perpendicular to the ladder before taking momen + The question wil el you whether the ground and wall ‘ne rough or smooth tis les you knowr wheter you need take fiction into account in your caleulations * There are four possible combinations of surfaces for ladder questions F tip " Ns we Peer} . . eae 5 remain af, B & Bor force will actin the | be [ws Semese | wie” aan oa th ' The most common of these scenarios is rough ground and a smooth wall, but you should be fariliar with al he situations Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of MassTips Vis the normal reaction atthe wal, iste normal reaction atthe grand, The wall issmoot, so there temo frictional force ‘he ground iru, sothare fea frtional force beeen iad the ladder Tips The painter stops when the ae so the point of slipping — ies when isin Timing, cequlibum / A ladder rests against a smooth vertical wall at an angle of 65° to rough horizontal geound. The ladder has mass 4.5 kg and length 5x m. ‘cat of mass 1.3 kg sits on the ladder at C, 4m from the base, The ladder is in limiting equilibrium. ‘Modelling the ladder as a uniform rod and the eat asa particle, find the coefficient of friction between the ground and the ladder. + Draw a diagram to show the weights ofthe ladder and «at, and also the forces acting between the ladder and the ground, and between the ladder and the wall: — Ne + Taking moments about the base ofthe ladder [NsinG5? » Si = (4.5gc0865° x 2.51) + (1-Bgc0s65* x 41) 4.531.) = (46.593. + 21,536.00 > N= (68.130,,)8-+ 531.) = 15.034... N + Resolving vertically R=13e+ 45g 56.84N + Resolving horizontally a Fev ONE The ladder i in limiting equilbxium, so F Fuk x 15.004... = wx 56.88 > n= 15.034... + 56,84 =0.26 2 dp) ‘A uniform ladder of mass 11 kg and length 3.8 m rests against a ‘smooth vertical wall, a an angle of 58° to rough horizontal ground. ‘The coefficient of friction between the ladder and the ground is 0.45. [painter of mass B3 kg begins to climb the ladder. He stops when the lade is on the point of sipping. How far up the ladder is he a this point? Draw a diagram to show whats going on: ve + Resolving vertically: R= Mg 83g=921.2N + Resolving horizontally: P=N + The ladder isin limiting equilibrium, so #= Rt Pape N=045 x 921,2.=414.54N ‘Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of Mess+ Let be the painters distance from the base ofthe ladder Taking moments about the base ofthe ladder: Nsin58* x 3.8 = (11gc0s58" x 1.9) +(83gcos58" x3) 414 54sinS8° x 3.8 = 108.538... +(491.036..38 > v= 1227351. £431.086...=2.85m(3 86) Bodies supported along their lengths Rather than leaning against a wall, a rigid body may be held in equilibrium by resting on supports at points along its length. You can solve problems like this just as before, by resolving forces and taking moments You need to know whether the ground and supports are rough or smooth, and you should also remember that the normal reaction at a support will always act perpendicular ‘othe body. a ‘A uniform rod, 4B, of length 3.3 m and weight 10 N, rests with 4 on ‘ough horizontal ground. The rod is supported by a smooth peg at C, where AC= 2.4 m, in such a way thatthe rod makes an angle of 28° withthe ground. A particle of weight 25 N is placed at B. Given that the rod isin limiting equilibrium, find the magnitude of the ‘normal reaction, at the peg and the magnitude ofthe frictional force, F, between the rod and the ground, + Draw diagram to show the forces acting on the rod tips the pg is smoot, 8 sa there i 0 fritional foyce at C. The nonnal reaction a CN acts N porpendicar to the rd ‘The rr ison the point 4 of slipping to the ley wed in the digram, othe retinal force at A acs the igh + Taking moments about 2.AN = (10c0528° x 1.65) + (25e0828° « 3.3) Seal The rod weight act ats 364NG sf) midpoint, 1.65 rom 4 * Resolving horizontally Chapter Moments and Centres of MassaEacenn a 1 Co, 3gN ‘unio faker of mass 11 kg and length 7m ress agninst ough terial wal, atan angle of 60" to smooth, horizontal ground, 2 Showa, A horizontal ore of magnitude 35N isappled wo the base ofthe lads, Keeping tin iting equilviu, with he add on the point of sliding up the wall, Fn 2) the magnitude ofthe normal reaction ofthe wall on he ladder, 1) the tonal force between the wal andthe add, © the coofcient of fcton between te wall andthe ladder @ Lin ain A.uniform beam, 48, of mass 1.6 kg and length 1.5 m, rests with 4 ‘on smoath, horizontal ground. The beam is supported by a rough pegat C, where AC= 1.1 m,so that it makes an angle of 20° withthe horizanval, as shawn, The beam is onthe point of slipping. Find a) the magnitude ofthe normal reaction ofthe peg on the beam, 1b) the magnitude ofthe normal reaction ofthe ground on the beam, the magnitude ofthe fictional force between the peg and the beam, 1 the coettcient of rction between the peg and the beam, Q3_Auniform ladder of mass 10 kg and length 6 m rests wth one end on rough, horizontal ground and the other end against a smooth, vertical wall, The cocficent of friction between the ground and the ladder is (03, and the ladder makes an angle of 65° with the ground. Ail of mass 50 kg begins to climb the ladder. How far up the ladder can she climb before the ladder slips? Q4 Auniform ladder of mass 9 kg and length 4.8 m rests in limiting equilibrium with one end on rough, horizontal ground and the other fend against a rough, vertical wall. The nocmal reactions a the wall land the ground have magnitude 22 N and 75 NY respectively. Fin 4) the angle thatthe ladder makes withthe ground, ») the coefficient of friction between the wall and the ladder, ©) the coefficient of friction between the ground and the ladder. Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of Mass,2. Centres of Mass — Particles Inthe fast section, you saw how to use moments to find {Learning Objectives: the location ofthe centre of mass of a non-uniform rod. = Beabletofind the | Here, youl see how to use moments to find centre of mas ofa | ‘group of partiles ranged ina line * Be ble to find the the centre of mass ofa group of particles. Particles in a line ccente of mass ofa | ‘group of patceson | * Remember — the weight ofan object is considered! to act tits ‘plane | centre of mass (COM. = Its often convenient to model an object as a particle (point mass) the position of the particle wil he the centre of mass ofthe object, ‘=A group of objects also has a centre of mass — this is the point at ‘hich the total weight of all the objects can be considered to act. 1 In this case, the group of objects is modelled as a group of particles. {© The cent of mass ofa group of particles isn't necessarily inthe same position as any one ofthe particles. ® If group of particles al lie ina line, then the centre of. ‘mass ofthe group will ie somewhere on that line. 1 Just as with rigid bodies, you can find the centre of ‘mass ofa group of particles using moments. The momento particle's weight about a pat is given by the formule: eee eet when youre calculating | trom younecd'o” | Weight, Horizontal Distance wethe perpendicular | mma) ™ rom the particle tothe point schon al onc te prin As wept cs eal downwards, | isa fovzotl Moment Particles in a horizontal lr 2 1 The expression forthe moment of a particle's weight about a point can be iter as mg, sire x the horizontal distance from the point tothe particle, 1 The moment ofa group of particles in a horizontal fine about ‘point onthe horizontal line can be found by adding together all the individual moments about the point — E mes. 1 This has the same effect as the combined weight of the particles (mg) acting atthe centre of mass ofthe whole group (¥) Tips isthe horizontal ser Eimgs= = Emo canceling the 0 simply Wane neon Yee mene {ou ned to lam Bout tconre of Lx = Fm | Myosin is mass ofthe group of | pee * Use this simplified formula to find the centre of mass, 5, of group of particles in a horizontal lin. Chapter Moments and Cones of Mass HETip: The:- POs > (18) +Q)+( > (8-107 ¥= (93) + So the centre of mass has position vector F = (~9-8), ard cowtinates(, F) = 0.5, 1.5 ‘The diagram shows the positon ofthe centre of mass (COM) of a system of three particles attached to the corners of alight, rectangular lamina, Find m,. + First ofall, pick your origin — the bottom-left corner looks as good as| Anywhere —anel define all yur pesitions fram this point nQ) = @) +m) > a(4) +m,($) +2(8 = (8) + (Gin) + (8) = (35) «ont 10) (Gs 33) = (33°95) 35) «18-40, 42) + Use the top row to solve form, 6m, +12 3m, +30 “ips eases to write the pales postions be column veto these are just ke ‘coordinates standing Upright = (3) hon adding column vectors, add the horizontal and vertical components separately, Tips A lamina i fat body whose thickness can be ignored. This laminas igh, 0 it also has negligible mas. Tips You can check your valve of using the bottom ren of the vector esuaton fm 32 = 3.5m 435 ‘Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of MassA particle of mass 0.4 kg is placed at the origin a particle of mass 0.6 kg is placed atthe point (3, -2), and a particle of mass 0.2 kg is placed at the point (1,5). At what point musta particle of mass 0.8 kg be placed for the centre of mass of the four particles tobe at (-0.6, 1.377 + Write down the values you know: 44.2 (8) m=06.4,=(3) (2) -m=08,n=(6) 4 and bare constants ‘Rat you ned fi Use the formula Ee = Fm: ing omg mg, ting, = Hn, +m, em, +m) > 0.4(9) + 0.6( 3) +0.2(2) + 0.0(f) (28) «10.4 +06+02 +08) Btn QI Find the coordinates ofthe centre of mass ofthe following group of| particles: a particle of mass 2 kg atthe point (3, 1), a particle of mass 3 kg at the point (2,4), and a particle of mass 5 kg at the point (5,2). @ ft [fe Psy 3 2} + hy 1 a oTr?rs 4s 6 Find the coordinates ofthe centre of mass of the group of particles shown above Q3_A particle of mass 3 kg is placed at (1,2), particle of mass 4 kg is placed at, 1), panicle of mass 5 kg is placed at (3,6), and 8 particle of mass I kg is placed at (0, 1). The centre of mass ofthe group of particles is at (1.9, 2.4). Find the value of M, Chapter 1 Momenis and Centres of MassQu 9 6 qr a8 Four particles are placed on an s- and y-coordinate grid as follows 3 kg at 2, 1) 4 kg at 4, 0), Mf kg at -4, 0), and M, kg at (0, 8). The centre of mass ofthe particles is atthe origi, 2) Find the value of, by Find the value ofa, A light rectangular lamina ABCD has lengths 4B = 8 em and BC= 10 em. A stone of mass 200 gis placed at 4, a stone of mass Q5 Hints Don’ jut ind 250 gis placed at, a stone of mass 300 g is placed at and a the postion ofthe COM Stone of mass 250 g is placed at D. the question ass for Find! the distance from the centre of mass of isalstance from the loaded lamina to the point Four panicles are placed on an +- and y-coordinate grid a follows: 2.5 kat 3, 1), 2 kg a -2, 4), 3 kg at (4,3), and 1.5 kg at, 3), ‘A fith particle, of mass 1k, i to be placed on the gril so thatthe centre of mass ofthe five particles is at (0.65, ~0.8) Where should this particle be placed? Aight wie is shaped into a rectangle, ABCD, where 4B =:30 em and BC=20.m. A patlcle of mass 9 kg is fixed tothe rectangle at the midpoint of side 4B, a particle of mass 6 kg is fixe to the midpoint oF BC, a panicle of mass 12 kg is fixed tothe midpoint of CD and a particle of mass 3 kg is fixed to the midpoint of 4D, 2) Taking to be (0, 0), D to be on the postive x-axis and # to be on the positive yaxis, find the coordinates of the centre of mass of the system, by A particle of mass A kis atached to 4B in such a way thatthe ‘centre of mass ofthe system lie onthe ine EF, where F and F are the midpoints of AD and BC respectively. Find the value of foam 06m 1.2m a ‘The ight uapeziumshape lamina, ABCD, is shown above Fsthe midpoint AC and the midpoint BD. 2) Taking da th org, ind the coornates of Fad F bars of mass 0.5 i 0.75 ky, 0.25 kg and bicatlached o£ F Cand D epoctveh Find the coordinates of te cen of mass othe oa lina, © Apariceof mas gs atch a in such awry that he » Carte of mas fhe sytem es on A. Fn tue of sxuatono AC hp 4) Find the new coordinates of the centre Serta tons mas the loaded lamina ‘ons ft Q8.) Hint: Find the Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of Mass =3. Centres of Mass — Laminas Learning Objectives: ‘A lamina isa flat body whose thickness can be ignored. In this section, youl lain how to find the postion of a lamina’s centre of mass * Be able to fn the conte of mass of Sondrishessuey Uniform laminas Sede = the mas of uniform lamina is spread out + Halle o tod he evenly across the area ofthe shape Cente of mans 1 The cente of mass of a unitrm lamina always les ‘compost shape on the shape’ ines of syrametry iit has any). nade up of standard ee ‘For shapes with more than one line of symmetry, the contre | of mass is where the lines of symmetry intersect: Pe ie - Find the coordinates of the centre of mass of a uniform rectangular lamina with vertices A(~4, 7), BQ, 7), CQ, ~3) and D(-4, ~3). + Sketch the lamina Tips The doted lines are | an) \2.7 the tines of symmetry of the rectangular lamina The lamin’ centr cof mas is atthe pont ‘were the dete lines D Ic Te) + Call the coo ‘+ ¥ Is the x coordinate of the midpoint of AB (or CD) nates ofthe centre of mass (F, F (4222-4 + ¥ isthe coordinate of the midpoint of AD (or BC: +s So the required coordinates ae (1, 2) BEE) chapter 1 Moments and Gentes of MassEa QI Auniform square lamina has vertices 4(1, 2), tI, 5), C4, 5) and ‘Did, 2) Find the coordinates of the centre of mass ofthe lamina. Q2_ AGS, 5) and BID, 3) are points on a uniform circular lamina such that AB isa diameter ofthe circle. Find the coordinates ofthe crcle’s centre of mass 3A uniform lamina in the shape of a parallelogram has vertices #2, -1), FU, 3), G6, 3)and HB, 1). Find the coordinates of ts centre of mass Q4 The centre of mass of a uniform rectangle is 6.5 em from each vertex ‘The length ofthe shorter side ofthe ectangle is 5 em, Find the length othe longer side ofthe rectangle. Loaded laminas and composite shapes Loaded laminas * You may be asked to find the conte of mass of loaded lamina ie. lamina with particles attached to * To do this, fist ind the centre of mass ofthe lamina * Then madel the lamina as being replaced by a patie of the same mass, in the position of its centre of mass. * then you can use one ofthe methods fo finding the centre of mass ‘of group of particles in a plane from pages 22 ancl 25, ao Tm ‘The diagram shows a uniform rectangular lamina, OPOR, of height 9 m, ‘width 14.m and mass 10 kg, A particle of mass 3 kg is fived tothe lami atthe midpoint of PQ and a particle of mass 7 kgs fixed tothe la At R. Find the coordinates of the centre of mass ofthe loaded lamina relative to 0. By symmetry, the centre of mass ofthe unloaded lamina is atts centre, (7,45) m. So imagine the lamina asa particle of mass TOkgati7, 4.5). + Combine this with the other two particles — 3 kg at (7, 9) m and 7 kg at (14, 0): m— and use the formula for the centre of mass of particles in a plane, 3 Hint The COM ofa parallelogram is where the diagonals intersect each athe Tip: Youve seen loaded laminas before — en ample 2, page 23 — but thore {he lamina was light Here, you need 10 take the amina’s mass Ingo aceountin your cleulations. Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of MassTp Tiss the formula from page 22, Tip: In this example, the two laminas overap— the cee is on top of the rectangle Chapter 1 Sot = FE mn > me, me, +m, = Pom, +m, +m) a 105) +3(8) +7('8) =70043.47) (2) 4 So the centre of mass ofthe loaded! lamina isa 9.45, 3.6) m. Composite shapes + Accomposite shape is one that canbe broken up into standard parts, such as squares, rectangles and icles, * To ind the centre of mass ofa composite shape, fist break itdown into its individual parts, and inthe cente of mass ofeach part individually + Once you've found the individual centes of mass, imagine replacing each pac with » particle ofthe same mas inthe position ofits centre of mas. * You can then find the centre of mass ofthe group of ‘paticles = this gives you the centre of mass ofthe entire composite shape. 1 ifthe individual parts are made from the same uniform material, then the ‘mass of each part wll be in proportion to its area. This means you can use the shapes’ areas rather than their masses in your calculations @ ‘Asin forthe ‘Rising Sun’ restaurant is made from a uniform circular {amina attached to a uniform rectangular lamina made from the same ‘material. The dimensions of the two laminas are shown in the diagram. ‘The line of symmetry ofthe shape is also shown, Find the location ofthe centre of mass ofthe shape in rel n 600. First split the shape up into a circle (4) and rectangle ‘+ Asoth bits are made ofthe same material the masses of 4 and B ae in proportion to their areas, o you can say: nar 36 these are just the areas, in em, fof d and B respectively. mp2 15 7 = 105—— Moments and Centres of MassThe shape has a line of symmetry, so the centre of mass ‘must be on that lin, directly below the point + Find the vertical postion ofthe centres of mass fof both 4 and B individually + By symmetry, yy the position of the centre of mass of A, is atts centre — Le, 6 em down from 0. ' Again by symmetry y,, the position ofthe centre of mass of 8, Isatits centro — ie. [6 + (7 +2)] = 8.5 em down from 0. ‘+ Treat the shapes as two particles positioned atthe centres of mass of each shape, and use the formula for the centre of mass of panicles in a vertical line: m= FEM mY My (86x x6) + (105 « 9.5) = 736% + 105) 1676.08... = (218.09..37 7.69 em(3 sf.) Fim, +m) oF + So the centre of mass ofthe whole shape is 7.69 cm (3. vertically below 0 on the line of symmetry. 10 0 AA square and a rectangle are cut rom the same uniform lamina. They are fied together as shown. Find the coordinates of the centre of mass of the composite shape. + Call the square ancl the rectangle + A and B are cut from the same uniform lamina, so the trasses of and B are proportional to their areas m,= 10 x 10 = 100 m= 15 x 40 = 600 + Bysymmetry, the centre of mas ofA sat its centr, So the s-coardinate ofthe centre of mass of 4 isx, =5, and the -coordinate ofthe cent of mass of 4 is p,= 15 +5 = 20. ‘Theeefore, the cenve of mass of 4 isat (5, 20) + Similarly, the centr of mass ofB is at its centre, ie. at 20, 7.5), Tips Use symmetry where your can — but make sure you explain ‘what you've done, Tips This the formula from page 20, CChapler 1 Moments and Centres of MassAsin the previous example, teat the shapes as two particles positioned atthe centes af mass of each shape. * This time though, use the formula forthe conte of mass of particles ina plane: me = Fm nye, +mgty= Him, +m) soo) + (22) = 00 0 (2 500) 250) (sco) (sae) = Frank 6500 }* (9.285. + Sorthe centre of mass ofthe wile shape is at (17:9, 9.29) (3 84.) EX QI Aino squave lamina of mass 4.5 kg has vences A(1, 1), Bt, 7) 7, 7) and D7, 1). Particles of mass 4 kg and 1.5 kg are fixed 0 the points (5, 4) and (2, 2) respectivly. Find the coordinates ofthe centre of mass ofthe loaded lamina, 2 Auniform circular lamina of radius 12 units andl mass 6 kg is centred at (10, ). Particles of mass 7 kg, 10 kg and 6 kg are attached tothe laanina at the points (4,3), 2, 0) and (1,6) respectively. Find the coordinates ofthe centre of mass ofthe loaded lamina. QB_A uniform circular lamina of mass 0.8 kg is centred at (1,2), ‘A second uniform circular lamina of mass 1.2 kg, centred at (1,1), is attached tothe first lamina Find the coordinates ofthe centre of mass ofthe resulting ‘composite shape, 13 om 3 Orem “* ‘Two rectangles are cut from the same uniform lamina, The rectangles measure 4 cm 5 em ane 2 cm x 3.cm, and are fixed together as shown in the diagram. Find the coordinates ofthe centre of mass of the composite shape relative to 0. Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of Mass5A uniform rectangular lamina has vertices A, 2), B17, 2), C17, 7) and ‘DAI, 7). Auniform circular lamina of radius ¥ unit centred at (4, 5) is attached to the lamina a) Find the coordinates of the cente of mass of the resulting composite shape, given thal the rectangle and circle are made {oom the same material The composite shape has mass 6.5 kg, Objects of mass 2 ky, 2.5 kg and 3 kg are now fixed to the composite shape at points 4, Cand D respectively bb) Find the coordinates ofthe centre of mass of the loaded composite lamina 6 Sem son] tow rem OF em A etter F is cut from a uniform sheet of card, as shown above, Find the distance ofthe centre of mass of the leter from the point 0. a ‘A uniform circular disc of radius 4 em is attached toa uniform Circular disc of radius 12 cm, a8 shown above, P isthe centre ofthe 12 erm-adius dise, and Q isthe centre of the 4 em-radius disc P lies on the circumference ofthe 4 cmadus disc. C's the centre ‘of mass ofthe resulting shape. 4 and B are points on the edge of the shape such that 4, Q, P, Cand B all lie on the same horizontal ine Given that the two discs are made from the same material, find the distance AC: Chapter 1 Moments and Genites of Mass EEELearning Objective: * Be able fn the cee of mas of 3 framework, Tip: You kao that he conte of mas ofeach Side at its mipoint because youre tld that the framework is male from a uifor wie, so its mass is spread evenly long ts lengt, 4. Centres of Mass — Frameworks ‘A Framework is made up of rods fixed together ora wire bent into '& particular shape. Io this section, you'll earn hen to find the entre of mass ofa framework Frameworks Imagine bending a wire coathanger into something shapely, or fixing a load of rods together. These shapes are called frameworks. Ina framework, there's nothing in the middle, so all the mass is within the wires or rods that make up the shapes edges Finding the centre of mass of a framework is similar to finding the centre of mass of a composite shape: ‘= Imagine each side ofthe framework as a separate rod —even if isa single wiee bent into shape — and find the conte of mass of ech rod individually, Hae rods oF wires are straight ancl uniform, the centre of mass of each one is at the midpoint ofthe od, Next, imagine replacing each rod with a partile of the same mass inthe position of ts centre of mass. '= You can then find the centre of mass ofthe group of ‘particles’ = this gives you the cent of mass ofthe framework, Ifthe rads oF wires are made from the same uniform material, then theie mass will be in proportion to ther length, This means you can use the shapes lengths rather than their masses in your calculations y 2 ‘The diagram shows a uniform wire bent into the framework ABCDEP. 8) Find the coordinates of the centre of mass of the framework. * The centre of mass ofeach side of the framework is at is midpoint. Write down the position vector ofthe centre of mass of each sides (8) ten= (8) Chapter 1 Moments and Centres of Mass1 The mass of each side is proportional to is length: “ps You kotha te Men = 2 ‘mass of each side is ged proprtna oi ength Ercnae eich sie * You've now got the equivalent of a group of 6 particles, reno eer opal inthe formula from page 22 } Ye = FE yay Myc Meher * Moe + Mask FM Hag + Me Mey Mag My mg) (sts) +5(%°) + 2(8) +208) + (085) +307) = (Gr 5e24203 490 E253 8 14,2079) T7541 304104047543 > F95(88)= G8) + So the coordinates of the centre of mass are (3.2, 3.8) 08 by A particle withthe same mass as the whole framework i attached to the frame at A. Find the new centre of mass ofthe system. +The system consists ofthe framework with COM at 3.2, 3.8) {Grom par a), plus the particle at 1). As they'e the same mass, you can call each mass “pe You oly really Using the formula 3 me = FEM: interested inthe masses ‘of each at ofthe Me + Mate 2F system relative peach | , er Callig the equal > (32) + (I-28 tastes’ isa good G8)+()-2 ‘ayo singe ‘leat | 448) =) So the coordinates of the new centre of mass are (2.1, 2.4) Chapter Moments and Contes of ass SEEN