EXPERIMENT : Flower a A flower is 4 Apecialized sheot ia onich +he Jeave ___llare modified into terol structures - 4 lo is 0 lat he four types 64 floral stroctores. _ Ancomelete Cmeerfect) Hower: It is one in mote floral Stroctures aye mais Sing. FE “The _essential parts of 4 Mower ace those 4a ar directly ] concerned with reproduction. The stamens and cavpels ace tke ssential pacts. - Tne non- esse nal Caccecsory) parts are the helping parks Jishich either protect the reproductive pathy st -the : f\ower or make the Mower attractve for pollinakea. . These include sepals and xhe peta s. i. + Dh U3 Seg iw v Trea = __|structore jit is _enown Os _bract. 1k may be giteh like i. ordaniry reaves ovat ime@s +they are colovted | eg cs __|Boug ainwiltea A\ 4\ewer which Covtaias both Stamens and Cavpels ___|lis cated a bisexval or hermaghvodite Mover L a Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT; {No a fleas —setich sas—enly_ctanen MS_or paly carpel __|A_ on gah n ont +n stam i a0 \ {| WAC | A onisexoal lou: Wi Ataing only tn = \ kate So FSS oa, beth mate and female ve pvodutkve ___| orgaas ore _obsenk if catied a neuter teven Ga. Roy Rovets of Son flower, The atvargement of Stee. Hover. on the twig iS callea ___llia Vlorescence. _ see ee os | eeeret General Stroctore of Floral Parts: __lthe Hora Spayhe ae Supported by the stalk the —ipedical. The Hp of the flower stale May be expanded || do Serm a Cup -Shaped 4halamoc, 4. tt Calyx Csepals): The sepals m ° fo ov fused Caam osepatovs) Sometimes as _in Mibiscus |4nere may be a Second series of Sepals called —repiitpals or _epicalyn. Sepale are vsvalty green but in some cases they are brightly coloured called petaloia leg. Gulmonar Crea) lea anne Gt. ee era aaa and when green trey perform photocynthesi Scanned with CamScannerai ___|| Function: The petals aitract asects for pollinaHon they also protect +he Stamens exrenuents Padeat eee = Coreg Coetels): te petals may be fee Cooly petatous? I i mo aad tue pisHis especially when +he petals form ube || Audrocium C stamens) + The numbers of Stamens ia aitferenr Hower vary Each stamen nun i fue regioas = Ho teag ditamest and a bitebed anther attached +o itS end. Each Stamen lobe has tio pollen geer Sacs — peestaiaing golem grains. when folly matore tne eollen |sacg faptvre to sibevate pollen grains. The pollen : —graias are gene ral ow ad 4 aifteren —| sWapes and sizes Gynoecium C pishis /carpels)=Each carpel comsists [pt _4nvec =sh a va. The Sig ma is ihe terminal lennb -lipe eact | covered with pepilae. \4 serves as qa landing piace tor pollen avriag goliaghion “The Shy le is he tubular slender stalk which connects +he Sigma +o +he ovary The ovary is __| woll basal H om + on yma s ‘ if +h Oty Mo. i nombey or divided info Several chambers eath cost aining. a nombeyr ef voonded podatec suits. |The coswion or Swollen 1egion in _the svary giviag 1 Origin o Ane ovvlos 5 No. Scanned with CamScannerPOUL IMATION. Vinats is__the transtee ot pollen grains from the — lan Kher ko he Sigma. when the pollen et the same Hever dais on *re | oriqua tt is_callea Avtogamy, when he pollen of another Hover st the same point Foallg om Khe s¥ig mo it ig called Gei \ohea the pollen of a howe, ef another plant of the Same Species fallg onthe stigma iets called kMeqgam | Self gollinaton: is the troanster of golien 4rom the anther te the stigma of the came Howey or ke tne stigma ot another tlowey of Same plant. | Cross pollination. is Yue kvans fey of police from the anther ot ane flewer of on 2 an ne stigma ot a tlower lot anetiner plavt pot of the same species Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT La Se\E - pottination J Cross - pollination lig veamived Me eeternal_agenty or agent] nt Cwind water,insect Vis alwayt re quired [Male ard temate _parkt Ruthers aad stigmas matvre materg ak the samel ime at aitterent times. 3. _ || Preserves parental characters Doge not pirtsevue parental | 1 chovacteys | | Heo varehans are OFF se ing are healhiey impossible, hence young 42 adapt environmental jones caanct adagt to changes Changes in @avivenmental —eondition Seeds produce ore poorer Seeds groduce better are io aa lity. abundent and viable. | a [Mneve is ne wastage of Polen has kobe produced in igelien grains. Fven a Narge apantities to ensore — [serail grant ty ic sofficient chances of ¢ollinaton which means a lot of wastage eolten. __[Flewers need to be large [The process 16 pneconomical for land Shooy.Scent aad necter Ahe plant as the lowers have # eed Wot be yrodveed. _| be Large, Coloured, and sceated, js) Hew varities aac not Heo varites aie poss 7Ple | possible Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT: Winat on, Pollina Hon brought ebovt by wind is Called ane mopnity. Suc Mowers are called anemognilus. PolWinahon brought about by water is called ley hyarophily. ___| Such Fowers are called hydro philous. Movers | Sone Wevers ate potiinated by birds = orsishe phily | €.g. ®igon ia, Caana | __|| Ele pho phity is WMaghon afkected b sak. leg. Paft lesia. NATURE FAVOUTS CROSS~ Poti n ATION Gindaranp jand gynoecivm):in many bisexual flowers yne antiers _jlaad shgna marute at aiftercnt times. Lunisexuality: The Hovers may be ¢ither male ar female and hey made may be porne on Sepevate plants. Dicho gamy Coitkecent aimiag ok matiraton of androcieom Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT: ee i | Date ato ie ay Kis Salvia. hen the Stigma of dhe Hower matures “tartice haa the anthers it 4 pnderge ‘tocthey growth. \ Herkeqga Nanical lia some Flowers the _pollen cadres “wreath the Stig of the | game Mower. e-g. thood Cove ts “age stigna ta spans'y __Hewers. t 5 i FERTILICATION LFATE of POLLEN @RAINS AFTER POLLINATION A_matore gollen proias is a cel] with double wall an outer exiae and the ner iatae. it¢ noCleut—hasalteady ldivia o tuo - ay —nucieoS. At this stage -the pollen is Hans ferred to tne How _cpolliagtion). Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT : ie jhe poll@n grain has em Stigma of the correct Hodktih ced 4o_germinate. A pollen tube grows ET UR, by_breaking throush ike exine . The pe and style by i$s gluing cael with the help of enzymes and reaches jhe evary where if enters +the pvule smrough. a_minote pois called micro pyle Meanwhile +he tobe nucleus has been beeping close 4o_4he Hp of he elongating.polien tue bet attey Sometime. The geneva tive noclevs divides idto two sperm avclic (male /female gametes ) sight te ihe stark ot he Jovmation of the pollen ube . Finally, two male nucle; are ais charged. ints ihe ovole. LNENTS el THE pv@Lle Prior to pollination some changes have taken place in ahe evovle . it gets surrounded by two layers or 2mbryo sac. which contains Some spetial sets of cells amd nuclei One ef these is Qn egg or eg nucleus tocated just af [dhe- microgyie- There are two free avclei (polar nuclei) ok 4h n : olar muclej fuse ints Siagie secondary nucleus. just prior to fertilisaticn, After the hwo male noclei_of the pollen +vbe have _ | beew discharged inte the ovvle one of them fuses with ashe Secondary aoclevs ( the one formed by the ll fveinw of the two polay nociei’) and forms the Scanned with CamScanner 4ic J EXPERIMENT: pe foes Oseerm nocleos. this is called triple fusion as st volves the fusion of three noclei- The endosperm : nvclevg Grows into the endoSperm ot +the- seed. The other wate male nucleus unites with the egg mvclevs forming she feytisied £49 Ceygote) which _____|l\atey develops iako the embiye The focion of the male wuclevs with +he female Mucleys is called keykilisat ion. Dovble Fertilisation E |Fevtilisation in an ovvle occurs in two sets of styocters P _||- Kivstiy between one eperm nocleus and the fused Hpolar cells and setondiy between the other sperm nvclevg and the taq nucleus. Such fertilisation is __lealted aovble feytilisation é ate of Floval Pavts after Ferdilisabion. ; Ovary- fvoit Ovule- seed Placenta - stalk cf the seed | Hilom - Hilom Pp Micvo eyle = micro pyle Br looser integoment= desta | \aner integument = Ae gman ___ Secondary nucleus = endosperm __|l Fag cot > embryo 7 Scanned with CamScannerJ er: Froit Development 3h 19 14 u The stimvli of fev titisation brings considevable —changes_ im a Hower. After! Aertilis ation ovary becomes fruit and jovvle becomes seed. Thus, frei i$ a matured and rigened ovary develoged aktey bert lisation. STROCTORE of A THPICAL FRUIT —|Fousit worl develops prom an ovary wall seeds dene lop prom om eMule Frvit pall is bnowh as gericarp - In_many Crvits pericavp is AttFeventiated inte three layers. \1_bn puter epicarp » 21A_ middie meso carps 37 An _ianey endocarp - se © wit = develops from the evary is called “the troe Proilt Enample: mange, onanae etc. __|| Eleval pay’ ike cal hal a ayticipate FALSE FRUIT Te {wit ia which along with the ovary | other 1 i _lthe formation of froik .Then the rare is called’ false droit : &gy Apple, Pine apple - I Sometimes ihe frvit is formed without fevtilisatior Ca pvocess bnown as Parthenocarpy) s such a frit is _ eee an Partheno- carpic fruit and is seediess Eg: | Grapes, Banana, Scanned with CamScanner