ean ang Coe ord AS 4100-1998 Australian Standard™ Steel structuresSte Sects. was appellee Cotte Sans Asa cn Ap 95 od pid ‘This Ausaian Sunday was prepared ty Commitee BDV! ‘The following meets ae epesentd on Commitee BD: ‘Assocation of Consuling Engineers Australia “Aun Comtction Servins ‘Asa Inte of Sel Cansrcion ‘AUSTROADS ‘Bulking Mamgeent Autor. WA. Buresf Stee! Maufacirers of Ausraa (CSIRO Divison of Bulg, Contain and aging Confection of Ausra ty Iason of Engines, Ausaia Meal rales Indus Asoc of Ausaia [New Zealand Heavy Engiesng Reseach Asotin Pubic Works Deparment, NSW. allvasofAustaia Comite sive of Now Soot Wales Univesity of Queen Usiveaty of Sydney Welding Tecnology Ini of Aus ena edo Nip at ein ce ca Boe FESS ei ccm ny ee da a ps ea oe lf Sean Seren niarereae tee remain tamer Fria spi. a nn a fue cb ty ny Sips te nachoman rr et Scepwatenrae geetng ante gin ha ae ter Set mt Reese eter ange sey chen enemy rememAS 4100—1998 Australian Standard™ Steel structures Seuss PUISHED By STANOAROS AUSTRALIA (STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTHALIA) THECRERCENT HOMEBUSH ASW ENOPREFACE, “This Sandard was prepared bythe Standard Asuras Commitee BVI Sel Stctes, to ‘peace AS 4100-190, ‘The objet of ths Sundari provide designers sel ractares wih peiScatons for sel structural members sed for lon-earyngpupones in buildings and ee oct ‘This sew elton of the Sundar incorporates Amendments No. 11992, No. 2—1993, 1No.31098 and drat Amendment Na. sued for pbc comment as DR 97347. Dra ‘Amendmcat No.4 was pt poblsbed separately as a ren sip. Amendment No, 11982 ees he following major changes: (2) Swen of sees complying wid AS 1163 and ASINZS 1596, Table 2.1) (©) Shearbockling capacity for siened web. (Clase 5.1152.) (Bening bucking copay. (Clase 5.134) Amendment No. 21983 incades he flowing major changes (@)_Stearand bending inracon metho. (Clase 5.123) (©) Minima ar for the design of intrmatste ranevere web sitfeners. (Cla 5.15.3.) (6) Section capacity of members sibjet combined actions. (Case 83.) (©) Soengi sessment of aban weld. (Clnse 97.27) (Fatigue, Seetion 11) Amenden: No, 3-1983 aces the following major changes (2) Compresive bering action onthe edge of woh. (Cau 5.13), (©) Section capacity of members sijet combined actions. (Clase 83.) (©) tnplane nd ou plane capacity of compression members. (Cawes 84.22 snd 8441) (@) Strength asessmeat of aba wed. (Cans 97.2.7) ()- Barhquke (Secon 13) Amencnen: No. ices he follwing mo changes: (2) Swengts of sete complying wth ASINZS 3678, ASIN7S 36701 al ASS 3690. Ciabe21) (©) Minimom ee diane of fasteners (Case 962) (©) Permissible sevice temperatures scoig to stele ad hckness. Tale 104.1.) (@) Stel ype elatoaship to tet prate (ale 10.4.4.) (Welding of concencally traced frames for setae of earthquake Design Ctsgary D and (Clase 13342) “The ters normative’ and ifomatie ve bees used in his Standard efit mpiaion of the append which hey apy. Anarmate” appends san inal pa of Sada wheres a “informatie” appendix sony fr information a guidance.‘CONTENTS SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL LL SCOPE AND APPLICATION . 5 12. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS. ce — 13. DEFINTIONS peceeseeeen 8 1A NOTATION «0... ee " 1.5. USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS OR METHODS 221 16 DESIGN... ee a 17 CONSTRUCTION seen 2 SECTION? MATERIALS 2.1 YIBLD STRESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH USED IN DESIGN 0... 22 STRUCTURAL STEEL . 23. FASTENERS: ceseeeenee 24 STEEL CASTINGS . geoe SECTIONS GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS. 31 DESIGN... 32 LOADS AND OTHER ACTIONS caeon 33 STABILITY LIMIT STATE «.soressesee : 34 STRENGTHLIMIPSTATE «00... . 35 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE. : 36 STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES BY LOAD qastag eee 2 37 BRITTLE FRACTURE 2 Bs FATIGUE 2 2 a ee a 2 2 essee 3.10 EARTHQUAKE ....... ae 3.11 OTHER DESIGN REQUIREMENTS SECTION4 METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 41. METHODS OF DETERMINING ACTION EFFECTS .. 3 42 FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION ASSUMED FOR STRUCTURAL. ANALYSIS — 43 ASSUMPTIONS FOR ANALYSIS, — 44 ELASTICANALYSIS,.....cccsssssseee coe 45. PLASTICANALYSIS....... Serer 45 MEMBER BUCKLING ANALYSIS a (7. RAME BUCKLING ANALYSIS ..SECTIONS MEMBERS SUBJECT TO BENDING ‘$1. DESIGN FOR BENDING MOMENT 52. SECTION MOMENT CAPACITY FOR BENDING ABOUT ‘APRINCIPAL AXIS... 7 53. MEMBER CAPACTTY OF SEGMENTS WITH FULL LATERAL RESTRAINT evsenusavvnnstess 54° RESTRAINTS... 55 CRITICAL FLANGE ‘56 MEMBER CAPACITY OF SEGMENTS WITHOUT FULL LATERAL RESTRAINT ee 57. RENDINGIN A NON-PRINCIPAL PLANE. : 58 _ SEPARATORS AND DIAPHRAGMS ...... 59° DESIGN OF WEBS seseesnnnnnnnnnen ‘S10 ARRANGEMENT OF WEBS. SL SHEAR CAPACITY OF WEBS - S12 INTERACTION OF SHEAR AND BENDING |... 513 COMPRESSIVE BEARING ACTION ON THE EDGE OF A WE S.M4_ DESIGN OF LOAD BEARING STIFFENERS 5:15. DESION OF INTERMEDIATE TRANSVERSE WER STIVENERS 516 DESIGN OF LONGITUDINAL WEB STIFFENERS SECTION 6 MEMBERS SUBJECT TO AXIAL COMPRESSION 6 62 63 6a 6s 66 SECTION? 1 12 7a 14 1s DESIGN FOR AXLAL COMPRESSION NOMINAL SECTION CAPACITY .... [NOMINAL MEMBER CAPACITY LACED AND BATTENED COMPRESSION MEMBERS. RESTRAINTS DESIGN FOR AXIAL TENSION... NOMINAL SECTION CAPACITY DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES . [MEMBERS SUBJECT TO AXIAL TENSION ‘TENSION MEMBERS WITH TWO OR MORE MAIN [MEMBERS WITH PIN CONNECTIONS. SECTION & MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED ACTIONS a 82 a4 GENERAL DESIGN ACTIONS. a SECTION CAPACITY «0.20.00 MEMBER CAPACITY 4s 45 ase Py searsasss a Ba ESE SER ssagPage SECTIONS CONNECTIONS 91 GENERAL, Peer 9s 92. DEFINITIONS = en 98 93. DESIGNOF BOLTS .. *» ‘94 ASSESSMENT OF THE STRENGTH OF A BOLT GROUP eee 95 DESIGN OF A PIN CONNECTION .... a 96 DESIGN DETAILS FOR BOLTS AND PINS 108, 97 DESIGN OF WELDS 104 98 ASSESSMENT OF THE STRENGTH OF A WELD GROUP a) 99 PACKING IN CONSTRUCTION .... 4 SECTION 10. BRITTLE FRACTURE 101 METHODS . us 102 NOTCH-DUCTILE RANGE METHOD i 103 DESIGN SERVICE TEMPERATURE sevens us 104 MATERIAL SELECTION : us 105 FRACTURE ASSESSMENT ooo... eoccneneeee HB SECTION 11 FATIGUE, LL GENERAL... eosseeenseee 112 FATIGUELOADING ‘i 113 DESIGN SPECTRUM. coca 114. EXEMPTION FROM ASSESSMENT con DETAIL CATEGORY ...... Berea FATIGUE STRENGTH . "EXEMPTION FROM FURTHER ASSESSMENT PUNCHING LIMITATION . 4 SECTION 12 FIRE 121 REQUIREMENTS coma oe 10 122 DEFINITIONS 0... cess 37 123 DETERMINATION OF PERIOD OF STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY Po 124 VARIATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL WITH ‘TEMPERATURE. eee se HB 125. DETERMINATION OF LIMITING STEEL TEMPERATURE... 138 126 DETERMINATION OF TIME AT WHICH LIMITING TEMPERATURE IS ATTAINED FOR PROTECTED MEMBERS pee 127. DETERMINATION OF TIME AT WHICH LIMITING TEMPERATURE 8 [ATTAINED FOR UNPROTECTED MEMBERS 0. sos 1a 128 DETERMINATION OF PSA FROM A SINGLE TEST i129. THREE SIDED FIRE EXPOSURE CONDITION... wa 1210 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS .... boson Ma SECTION 13 EARTHQUAKE TAL GENERAL... cose ee) 132. DEFINTIONS eer : us 133 DESIGN AND DETAILING REQUIREMENTS 5 134 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR NON-BUILDING STRUCTURES ........ 47 [SECTION 14 FABRICATION 14 GENERAL. : - . us 142 MATERIAL : us 143 FABRICATION PROCEDURES «0.0.0... a 144 TOLERANCES cocceeenennene tones BH SECTION 15. ERECTION SL GENERAL... 7 136 182. ERECTION PROCEDURES 0... 136 153 TOLERANCES ...ccccccsseee 19 154. INSPECTION OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS ..... coven vee 6S 183 GROUTING AT SUPPORTS... 163 SECTION 16 MODIFICATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES V6.1 GENERAL... 168 162 MATERIALS ..... coon 164 163 CLEANING Senna 164 164 SPECIAL PROVISIONS... ae etal SECTION 17 TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR ELEMENTS VDL GENERAL. cescseeseeseesesseese 165 112. DEFINITIONS cose 16s 173. TEST REQUIREMENTS ees 16s 7A. PROOP TESTING 00... ia) 175. PROTOTYPE TESTING coon coe ee 6 11.6 REPORT OPTESTS ........00 166, APPENDICES ‘A. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS -.--..00.csces00 167 1B SUGGESTED DEFLECTION LIMITS ea) (© CORROSION PROTECTION ..-.-..00s0csc0serse 10 D__ ADVANCED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. im E_ SECOND ORDER ELASTIC ANALYSIS ......0ssccsesssssessssen eevee IB F MOMENT AMPLIFICATION FOR A SWAY MEMBER 2178[BRACED MEMBER BUCKLING IN FRAMES ELASTIC RESISTANCE TO LATERAL BUCKLING ‘STRENGTH OF STIFFENED WEB PANELS UNDER COMBINED ACTIONS S ‘STANDARD TEST FOR EVALUATION OF SLIP FACTOR INSPECTION OF BOLT TENSION USING A TORQUE WRENCH Page 15 aad 188 189‘STANDARDS AUSTRALIA ‘Australian Standard Steet structures SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL. 1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION {LAA Seope “Tis Standard sts out minum requirements forthe design fbiabn,eetion, ‘nd modieaton of sel workin scr in accordance with teint tts exign method. “This Standd applies oiling, seuctures and canes constructed fs. “This Standards ntended to apy aio orostway. allay, and pedestn ridges. However, he requiements given this Standard may vot away be suicient for ridge ppicas, in these CSreustanes the speciteton ofthe retant Authority shal be se “This Standard dos ot ppt the allowing souctures and materi: (0) Stel elements estan 3mm thick, wih the exepsin of sections complying wth AS 1863, and packers. (0) Steel members for which the aloe ofthe yell ses wed in design (exces 450 MPa {)Cold-frmed members ther tan hose complying with AS 1163, which shal ke designed in cordance with ASINZS 400, (Composit steel conrete embers, which shal be designed in accordance wit AS 7327 NOTE: The prc pcp f dese, fan. ec, a won eo his Sins ny be ape oc red seats mem o selialy Memnes e 112 Applicaton “This andar wil be referenced inthe Bung Cade of Aust by way of. BCA Amendment No, 30 be bls by 1 Jay 199, thereby superseding the reise, ‘AS #100199, which wil e wit 12 months Fm the tof pblication of is don. 112 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ‘Te dosimens refered tia his tana elite in Append A 1.3 DEFINITIONS For the puoi ofthis Sandan, thedfnions below apply Definitions pecullar to pariolr Clause or Section so ive in at Cause or Section ‘Acton te case of es or deformations ina soci ‘Aetion efecto load fete iter oreo bending moment doe tations toads, ‘Athoriey— body baving sary powers to cont! the design and erection of sve. Bearing-ype connection connection effete sing ether sag ight bolts or highsrenth als tihteed finde a specied minima bol esion, in which th design eto inser By ‘earn te bolts an bearing onthe coneciedpre tthe stength i se. Bearing. wal ystem—see AS11704. Brae fame—see AS 11704, raced menber—ove fc which the tava placement fone en of te member elatve othe others eectvely proved Buling frame rsem-—see AS 11704.{Capac factor factor so mil the nominal capacity to obtain he design cape Complete peneraion but weld at weld a which fasion exists between the wel and peat ‘mel doughnut he compete depth ofthe joint Concentric braced frames AS 1704, Constant ses ange fatigue in—bighes constant ses range fr cc detail categry which Ting craks ae nt expected o propagate (ev Figure 11.5.1). Caro itor each deta category, he highest variable ress range which docs oot equ ‘onsderaton whe caryng ox cumulative damage caleulions (ae gues 11.6 1a 1.62), Design atone or desig a efect—the action oud fet computed fo he dae stent oF design loads. eign ction or design ood —thecombinton ofthe non sions ola nd the ad factors, ss pci i AS 17D, AS 11702, AS 11703 or AS 11704 Design capac the producto te nominal opacity ad the apa facto. Design ife—period over which stv o strstr ements equed wo perform nti wiboat Epa Design resistance eec—the resistance effect computed (rom the loa and design capacities ‘contating towards he seal terete Design spectra ofthe ses spect from al ofthe nominal oun events expe ding thedesign ie eta caegory—desigaton piven toa priclar dtl ince which of he S-N aves be ‘edith fag sessment Discontinatp—an bseceof mae, casig ses concention Drip—see AS 1170, ual stem—see AS 170, Ducliy—s2e AS 11704 arhquake design category—e2 AS 11704, Earthquake resisting sem—see AS 1704 Berrie braced rame—see AS 11704 Exposed rca mas rath a ft rice expo the fe tbe mas Fasipec—danage cad by rege Pcatons of tess leg to gral cacking ofa seta ‘Fasgue loading—stof wna! oading events describes by the dstribaton ofthe lads, tec ‘magritdes ud the numberof plcaon of cach nominal losing even. Fatigue svength—te sess age deinen Cla 1,6 fr ach deal egy eis 1.6.1 and 1162) varying with be amber of sess cycles, Fireexpoure condition (8) vee sided fre exposure condition tel member incorporate in or in cmc with & once or mascry or or wal ©) foursided ir xposare condition a sel meres exposed fe on sides. Fire protection sysen—ihe Gre poecion material and it method of stachment othe sel member Firsresisonc level (FRL)—the fresesisancegraing pid fr srs adequny oly, in ‘minus, which is oguzed ob tune inte saard ets.‘ricion pe connecion—conacction effected wing high-tngth bok ighene to induce a Specified minimum bot ension such tha the estan clamping ction tasers the desig heat ‘eres at he serviceability limit state ating in he plane of the common cota ue by the ‘ction develope betwee the cout site Paleninng— td of stalin an sn ola cae wh Cas 15248 [Geometrical senders ratio the geometrical sleneres ai (ake a te ecive length (specifi in Clans 6-32, vided by the au of gyration (7) compited forthe gross econ oo the relvaat an Incomplete penetration ut weld but wed ia which te dep of penetration sess han he complete depth of the jit. ‘n-plane loading —oating for which he sgn forces and bending moment ae ine ple fhe connection, that the eign ation elects inde nthe connection components tse fees only. Immermedite moment reiting frame—see AS 170. engi of compression member—the tesla) fan ial faded compresion meer, taken as the length cenevo-ceae of intersections wath supporting member, the canleveed length in the cae of ree tandns ember Ui stte—any iting codon beyond which the Stace cesses fai intend fenton. ‘oad externally apie ere Miners smaion—comolaive damage caksation sed onthe Pumgret- Mine summon or csuivaene Moment resising fame sstem—see AS 11708, [Nomina action oF lad—an acon oad, specif in Clase 3.2.1 oF 32.2. [Nominal eoparig—the capacity of » member or coasecton computed wing the partes specie inthis Standard. ‘Nomina loading event—te loin sequence othe Struct or stra lems [Nom-pfseers—fsteners which do not allow ipo occur bewees comected pistes or members ‘the serviceabiliy limit tes thatthe oil aligment and lave postions are manne, Ontnary moment revising fromesee AS 11704, Outof pane loadine—loatng for which the design forces o bending moment ei een ction effers noma the line ofthe connection. Pere of sacar adequacy (PSA) fire} ie (mints, forte member tach he ait state of seuctural adequsy athe stderr tt. Pinan uoueadd fastener manufactured out of round ba, Plastic inge—a yelng rove with sia elas rotation whic forms in meer wh the ase momene reached. Prequalified eld preparaion—a jot preparation preuaifed inten of ASINZS 155. Proof tinge application of est load a ote, sb ste, meme oF onto ascenai the racer caratrtis of oly ta one unit nde es Protoxpe(e}—1 est specimen representing ase meme and is fhe prseton ym which subjected tothe sundad re est, Protrpe eine application of ws las to eo more srace obser ‘connections to asceraln the stctual chaacesics of at clans of ste, brace, members or connections which re sominally data tthe uit ete.Prone frce—aona tensile fc developed 2 esl the lexing ofa comnetoncompontat Jina connetion subjected fo tease fore Extra tension force rues the const peso between the component an the base, an beading in pat of he conipenem deveope a yng fre ear te edge fhe connection compet ‘Sean (i a member subjected bending) lent between ace rose setion which te ‘oly o patil resaind. othe length between an ues en andthe adjacent aon ‘wih uly pry setained. Sericeabiliy limi stte—a limit tt of secepable in-service condition ‘Shear walla wall designed ores terl fre paral oe ple ofthe wall S.curve—curve defining the lmiing relationship berween the amb of res cyl ad ste range fora etal sep ‘Sg he ighiness fa bolt ceed by fem pacts of spat wench or bye filet ‘ofa person wing a standard poder spanner ‘Space frame—see AS 11704, ‘Special moment resisting frame=see AS 11704, Stbiliylimi sos inl ste eoresponding to the loss of atic equliviam ofa sacar comidred ai body Standard fire test—the Geese est specie i AS 15306, ‘Stabe aio te fie prosection temo rein in place asthe meer delet under oad daring fie est. ‘Strengths sot—2 nt sae of olpse o ks of tcl ineriy, Sires eele—ooe eel of ses defined by ses ejele counting. Sie eelecuming method any roa mated vedo Mey Invi esc en the ‘sree history ‘Sires range—slpebrac ference between two extremes of ses, Sires pectran—bisoram of the sess cles produce by 2 nomial lading event. Sacral adequacy (ie}—the ality ofthe mente expe ote add res toc te est oad specie a AS15303 Say member—one fr which the tansverse isplcemeat of ox of th member relat the ‘tern nat eflectvely preven Tens srength—tbe minim wtimate strength in sion specie forthe rade of seta the spproprte Ausvalia Standard. ‘eld sess—the nim yield sues in teasion pci forth rade sel inthe ppropi ‘Nonralin Sundar 14 NOTATION Symbols wot inthis Standard listed below, ‘Where noe-mensona ratios ar involved, bth he momertor and deomistr se expres in ‘ental unit ‘he dimensional uns for length and sires in all expressions o egeons ar tbs taken as niles (m) and megspascal (MPa respectively, alse peifelly noted etherwise A spenarpted paced after a symbol dents a design ction effet tothe sips bal er the Seng iit state A = area rsesction A 1 minor dameteraea of bots defined i AS 1275 as tMfetive re of ros-seton; or 1 area enclosed by allow sectionAe won of mend plate ae flange are at res ro sction Me = poss areata figs Ain = flange are minim cos set; or lesser ofthe fnge fective reas An et aes of ange Ap 1 ossareaofacroeseton An ec aea of coset: oF ‘= som ofthe ntact ofthe flanges andthe gross are fhe we Ao * plain sank aren ofa belt Ay cross ection ae fin A tensile stress rea of bol as defined in AS 1278; or wea of sien o fees in connet witha ngs oF = cea of an interest we tifener S ros sectional ae f= we oF effective sear rea ofa pag rst weld = minimum distance om be ee of ol to the edge of ply mensred i the “zig ofthe comport force plas half he Bol diameter os = length of untreaded portion ofthe bol sank conained within te gip a length of deadpan of he bl contained within the sip ane = our square incesons of Manges 205 ‘diagonal dimensions of box econ wt or ese dimension of web panel; oF {= clear wie ofan clement ous rom the face os appring plas element or = clear width of supored clement beeen aces of suppring pate cements yb. rn by = bearing Widths defied ia Clause 5.13 4 = distance fom he sf bearing 10 the ed ofthe member oe 2 effcive width of pla element as steer otstand rom hfe of eb & = wih of Mange Ye stance from mis plane of the web tothe nearer edge of the Mange oF & be bu te cla distance bereen th webs = sf bearing length web depth reste and Keser eg lengths fan ange secton CxCu,Cu = factor given ia Tble HS and Paragraph HS o ‘pependcular sti o cent of mangle etn from the face loaded Fegof the ance mn ‘= factor for unequal moments4 « ae ep of eset or depth of preparation for incomplete penton bt weld: maximum cross-zcsona dimension of member lateral tance between centoidsof he weds or fstener on tens eph of ection a cl cros-eton = effective cade diame of cir allow ton; or facto dein Append 1 © diameter of fasune (bt opin) oF sistance between Mange eacids depth of section st minimum cose seton ‘= veal son depth ncatingoat-of que dnersions or = overall seston deph of segment or = outside diame of rar hollow section ear tansvere dimension of «web panel: or = depth of dopet web patel ins ens = distances of he extreme fires fom the neural kes lear depth beween flanges ignoring filets or wes ‘ie te cle tance fromthe neural asst the compression Ange eps of preparation fr incomplete pene but welés at width of web ‘Youn's modus of ticity, 200% 10° MPa Eat, 20 degrees Casas respectively ccenticy: or 1 eb off ete dmeston; or Astance erwen amen plat and la beating sien ‘eccences of compression sd tension anges (Chie £46) = sco in general fore road = toa design oa on a member berwse supports exgn fre norma a web panel = design ce parle oa web panel ‘ague stongth comes for thickness of atrial nconecedfaigue sea del catgory reference fatigue strength tn cycs—nocmal sre comet deta eteporysfetence fatigue srength—pormal ses = comected dtl enapoy reference fig ength—aee tres dea ctegory reference fatigue sagt tn yces—aher se "eile strength din desis inmate strength of bok ‘ening of ply = nominal ease suengh of wed mea4 GD ff bn bn be ; He fa Su £ oe eld srs se indesign yl stresses of tel at 7,20 degres Celis respectively Yel res fa pin sein design 1 Yield ses of sifener used in eign lea cuegory fae strength t constant ampitae fp Kimi 1 corrected deta category fie strength at constant ampliude age iit = deal category ait sength at ex-of Kini = corrected detail category aioe strength atu of Knit sign suss range design sess ang or lading event erage esgn shen ses ina web maximum design shear sess ina web quialent sgn sess ona web panel (Appendix 1 shear moduls of easy, 80 10 MPs; or = nominal dea load = rectangular cena axis or angle parle othe and leg = verical distance baween ps of beams = etetve thickness f fire protection materia = thickness of fe proton materia = sory height = second moment fre of crossecton = second moment of ae of compression ange shou the secon minor pis yanie = Fol member ne cnsieon = Fotareseaiig mente ota p of ities ora sage leer aoa ronson oii a 1 tom rao ni nl be of tne * onion conn oration = PERTH, detection anpieton fir confi edn ped to aclig eet fr apie eee tase avo, member ecient ite fo aor for menbers objet ll compen fuer diet yes = lal gt fle eng orrE he 4 ty {actor fr partion eetive length facto fo resraiat pant ater oat fective eat actor fora reining member: or ‘eduction factor to account forthe eagth of bed or weld Ip pice ‘rio edo cle ya dpn exposed vurfaeaea to mas ao = twist resin festive eat aor oF = correction factor for distro of force in teson member ‘aio fat with of we a) 0 hikes (of ton 1 repesio coefiets (Seetion 12) sano = member length -= sepmeat ors segment length length erwecn points of effective acing or esti 10 pr dere elie acto for torsion end esa defined in Clause 5.145 ‘sear baling cutie fora web factor define ie Appendix 1 = moving factor a aeount for conditions athe fa end of bear meters ‘i of smal o lng bending moments teen of a member oF ao fend momen! o fie end moment ease of elas siffess of sional end esti sed in Appendix monosymaner Seton constant = factor defined in Appenix 1 Index used in Chase 8:34; oF = factor fr tansvene tifener rangement ris of compreson member riffs to eed retin tithes wed Chase 4833 s seneton | = deviation rom nominated mension: oF "= measured tal eneason of bt when tighened ‘= mmi-span deflection of a member reson from teers loading peter with th en bending moments = mid-span deletion of members frm raniver loading ogee with ‘only hose end bending moments which pede «mi spn defen In he ‘Sime dretion the ansves load ‘utof Naess of ange plate evan fey evan from ‘easainal displacement ofthe tp eave otha tom fora ony height evan from veal ofa web a support = cat aes fs web -= standard deviation ‘moment ampifeion fate for atrsced member * momeat amplifaton fro, taken a the reser of andy ‘moment pif factor for plac design "= moment amplicon ator fr asway member compression menber fico eid in Chase 63:3 compression meer imperfecion factor define in Clase 6.3.3 ange of preparation ofan incomplete penton bt weld Pim 314139) slendemess to; or atc beklng oa factor*e lating fos factor he = plate element slenderess bes plat element deformation slender iit dy > plate leet plasty hendemes iit 6 = plate leet yield senderes init de = elastic bekling lod factor fra member = tatic backing lad factor for the soe enderconsidertion de = modified compresion member senders » Sectige senders hp = section plastic lenders Kimi bey Seaton ie sleneres iit " sip factor - ‘mean va fhe lip ator y |= Poisson's, 0.25 e = sto of dein ail ore in a reseinng metro he lac back ad for ‘imemerof ng Appendix) or Io, « = copay fstor 1.5. USE OF ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS OR METHODS 154 General This Standard stall ot be intespreted soa © preven the use of materi oF ‘methods of desig or consineton nt speifically refered to six povided he eres of Secon 3s complied with 1.52. xing structures Where the suegth or servicebily of en exiting saci tobe raat he gencralpiciples ofthis Sandal may be ape. The acta prperies ofthe ‘macrialin the sous be wed 16 DESIGN 1.641 Design data “The following desin dua shal be show nthe dain: (@)Therefrece mmr and dat of ee of applicable design Standards wed (©) The nominal loud (©) Thecomason protection ifappicbe, (@ Thesiresesistance eve if pide (@) These grades we, 1.62. Design detalls Toe devvngs specication, o bot, fo sts member sd ste shall, incase as appropriate fllowing (0) Thesize nt designation ofeach member, (©) The mmbe, sizes and categories of bots sd in the connections. (©) Thesizes, pes and caepvies of welds we i the comnetons, Oger with he evel of ‘visu exatation and other noo-dstitve examination ree. (©) Thesizeso the comestion components, (©) Thelocaons and dis of panned jos, cnnetins an spices. (Any const on constion sso inthe design.(e) Thecamberof ny members () Any other reqsiremens for febvcsto, cretion and operation. 1.7 CONSTRUCTION All ste! sont, designed in scordance with his Stand, hal be consouced to ensure hr all he requirement ofthe design, as contained inthe dawings ed specication, ae satsSECTION 2 MATERIALS 2.1 YIELD STRESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH USED IN DESIGN 2.1 Yield stress The yield sess sein design (shal exon ht ve in able 2.1, 212 Tensile strength The tensile strength usd indesign (sal at exceed tt given in Tebie2t 22 STRUCTURAL STEEL 22.1 Australian Standards Except as otherwise pemited in Case 223, ll staal eel omig within the scope of this Stndad shal before avian comply withthe requirement of the following Standart, 8 apeopiae ‘ASIIGS Sutra see oo sections, ASINZS 1594 Hoole steel produc ASINZS 3678 Stecuralstet—Hot ole pts, oops and sas ASINZS 3679 Suu eet ASINZS 3679.1 Pat 1: Hotrod brs and sections ASINZS 3619.2 Pat 2: Welded vections 222 Acceptance of tees Cerf mil st reports ores ceria by he mil shall ‘onsite sfieent evidence of compliance with the Sans refeme oaths Stair, 223 Unidentified stel_f unidentified steel is wed, thal be fe om ute npertections, andl be eed oly whee te paral ysl popes of the ela wed wil ot ‘veel afc te suengih nd service ofthe srt, Une fl est acdc with ‘AS 301i made the yield tess ofthe steel sen design) shal te taken a wt exci 170 Ps, ad ese strength aso in design i) sal be ae a na exceedng 40 MPa 23 FASTENERS 22.1 Ste ols nuts and washers Stel ol, tad washes al comply wih allowing Sandu, appropriate AASINZS 1110180 metic precision hexagon bolt and sree ASINZS ILL 180 metic hexagon commercial bol and sews ASINZS 1112 ISO meric hexagon sus, cing thin nts, lo ts and cas us| [ASINZS 1252 High sueagih sel bole with esocaed nuts aad washers for stuctrat neering [ASINZS 1559 Ho-ipslvasized sto! tots with eto mus and washer for tower sonsrvcton 232 Equivalent high strength fasteners "The ue of ther igh eng teers ving spect features in lie of bolts wo ASINZS 125? shall be perited proved that evden of their ‘spivlence thigh stent bol complyng with ASINZS 125? an lnlaton in scone with (hs Standard eva ivan fastest stall meet te following requirments @ The chemi composition and mechanical properties of equivalent fasteners al comply vith ASINZS 1252 forte relevant bot, sand washer componet (©) The ody diameter, ead rn besring ars, thir eure ef eqivalet fatenery all ‘sot bles tan tose provided by aol and nu complying with ASINZS 12524 thesenominal mensions. quent steers may die in ter dimensions rom ose specie in ASINZS 1352 (©) Themethd of wesioning an he inpecton procedure for eulaen fener my fein aul om thse specified in Cases 525 an 54 verpectvely proved thatthe mim fastener eason sot es tan he minimar bot enson pivenin Table 1525 0d he tensioning procedure is abe wb checked. 233 Welds All welding consumes and deposed weld metal shall comply with AASINZS ISS41, excop that whee requied by" Clase ILLS, they shall comply with AASINZS 158838 234 Welded studs. ll welded sos stl comply with and shal beast in ora with AAS 15542, 235 Explosive fasteners All exlsve fseners hall comply With sn hall bisa in cordance with ASINZS 1873 236 Anchor bolts Anchor os sal comply with thr the bol Standards of Chase 23.1 or ‘hal be mansfcred from rds comping wih este Standards of Cause 221 pve habe ‘hreads comply wih AS 1275. 24 STEEL CASTINGS All scl casings shall comply with AS 2074TABLE 21 ‘STRENGTHS OF STEELS COMPLYING WITH AS 116, ASINZS 158, [ASINZS 3678, ASINZS 3679.1 AND ASINZS 3679.2" Ty. Thicke of ‘setsuntird | Form | set grate | Tata? | viktere | Toe reg frente vas a xo 2 at at | Geren | Gane mooie fess iD = Ed ee ten © “ oie)TABLE 21 (cominued) ‘Sadar Sitges | “mtr | vate | Teese xs oe Fae <1 Fa seen | a 40 = waste | 20 mn Touma)TABLE 21 (comimued) Tama stsuntrd | Form | Sere | "ata? | yields | tee sregt ‘80259991 [nts |e oa see | a0 “0TABLE 21 (cominuad) ssedstndart | rm | Satgrde | Tmt’ | vides | Tone treat eas soceeim | 0 = aus sa 129. 30 0 ou ism 20 0 neo 90 0 40 We Fos comping wah ASNZS 5002 we mans fom bad ol 1 Fer gn ps ald nt nt eg agprmteh of rtl rde HAID Fr pc ‘temas 2 pe 2 Che 1.1) de pei eye (wd indin cn 450SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS |3M_DESIGN 3.11. Alm “The aim of suc design to povie structure whi i stables adequate ‘segs services snd arabe, ad which sti ter Sestnes such a covey sd OF Asc sable if it dos na overt it ori oughout its tended ie ‘Asractare as lequate sre nd ie serviceable the probes of sca fae nd of ost ‘of erviebily thoughout i intended i ar accepably low. ‘csr is dabei withstands the expected wear a deterirtontoaghout its ned ie ‘witout he seed for nd mannan 3.12 Requlremests The sitar and its component members and connections shal sti the ‘Sesgn regiments fer sabi, stength, services, bale actress cathe in aecordance wi the procedores vein thie Sunda ssppropraie 32 LOADS AND OTHER ACTIONS ‘321. Laas The design ofa sroctarefor the sai, srength and sevice init ates stall ‘secon! forthe acon effects del ring ram the folowing loads: (Dea, ive, win, snow and earthquake load specified in AS 1170.1, AS 11702.AS 11703 sad AS 11704 (©) Forte csign of rane, any evant oss specified in AS 1418. (For the design of fixed patfoms, walkways, sturways and ladder, any seven Jods speciedin AS 1657 (Forth design of fits, any slevant loads specified in AS 1735 (©) _Otner specie loads, as equi 1 Forte dx of igs, psf ia SAA HB772 er SAA HBTZ a ppl, be 2 Formmbistey bulges, 0 ao Ca 324 ‘322 Other ations Any action which may signicamly affect the sbi, strength or ‘ecvcabily ofthe stare, including the flowing, sal be aken to ace oun (@)Foendtion movements (©) Temperate change and rains (©) Aualstonenine. (Dynamic ete. (© Consoucios losing. 323 Design lead combinations The design loa combinations forthe sabi, tengh and ‘erica Lat states shal be tose pid in AS 1170. ‘NOTE: oe i eds, conti cil SKA MIT? we SAA HBT a 124 Notional horizontal ores For mul-sorey bling strats ony, tin hrizonal Fares, each eat 0.002 ines the woul design vertical lode plied at aoe lev sal be applied at hat for lvl. These ional arlzoaa orcs shal be consdeted 02 in coin with only the eign ded and ive loads fom AS 117.1 forthe sng nd eerie Tit Stes. These noes! horizntlferce hall ot be inclade fo the silty int tae‘33 STABILITY LIMIT STATE. The state a whol day pr of sal deine to Prevent isaility due wo overtuming uplift orig as follows: (@) The lon determined in sconce with Cisse 3.2 sal be rbdivided ino the components tending wo caus instability an the components ening resist nay, (©) Tie design actin eet) stall be cle fom he components ofthe ols tending to nae inability, cormbined in accordance with he load combinations forthe eng init ‘Ste specified in AS 1170. (©) The design resistance eff shal be altel a 8 times the pr of te dead lad eding to est te nsabilty pus the design capacity (QR) of any elements conning wowards resting the inability, where @ capacity factor which shal ot exceed te apropte Valse given a Table 3. (©) The whole or part ofthe sacar hal be poponioned so ts he design reste eet is notes than he design action effet 34. STRENGTH LIMIT STATE The sre and is component members a coonetons ‘shall be designe forthe strength int sate as follows: (2) Telos and acon shal be determine in acordnce with Cases 3.2.1 and322 an the ‘rng iit tt design lod hall be determined in acordance wilh Cases 323 and 528 (©) The design actin effects") resuing from he sueagth Kimi sate design bus shall be lesermined by an analysis in acordace with Secon 4 (6) The design capcty (4) shal te detennined from the nominal capacity (R) éetermined from Sections Swe 9, as appropriat, where the capacity Tctor() sal not excel the spproprae Value given iTable 3.4, (© Attmeniers and conecsons dhl be roporioned oth the design apc (Qh) tess tha the designation effet (5), ie Ss Oh TABLE 34 ‘CAPACITY FACTORS (6) FOR STRENGTH LIMIT STATES Peony =— eave Meh ij wean 1 ea iter a pt sree 09) Santee sn a Mente a oars memo wae oo Seer pty ces a ener sje! nl enon nara om Meer combi soe mance jas ro ‘coyTABLE 3.4 (continued) Dn ect oe Game | Cpt nt tt onion shred eson oan 0 Sy arae sae 0 =H) nbwine se a ‘Wie comsion Srmpey | mm eine ela RS dy the eflecive section mvs) shal be euleled eter slows of) ("fr he etecsiv cross section determined by ening rom ach flat compression semen the ‘idl inetces of he with comsponding fo. For a section whose lenders is dtrmined bythe ae cleat fra at plate came with ‘mam compression tan unuppred ge and er sres rtenon a the ote dg ad wich ‘sisfies), > hy te effective secon modus (2) sal be calcul slows (9) orci hollow sections which sti, > hy the eet Section alas sal be ken athe lester of—For elements wee Be >I in which e's the deformation slenderocss lint given ia Table $2, ‘neal deformations may occur unde service ong. £5246 Elastic and plate section modal For sections without holes or fo sections with oles that ecuce eiter of the lange ress y ut nove tha 100-085) te eae ad plastic section modull may be acted using he gros Seton For setons with oles that reduce iter ofthe Hang ares by more than 100{1~Uf0.8f0]% ‘hela and plastic section modu shal be called using eter (aly times the vale forthe gross section in which Ay isthe sum ofthe at reef the fing and th ross ea ofthe wed, and Ay the goss fea of he section: of ©) thesesctin ‘When net reas are alted any deoctons for fastener hoes halle made in scsdance with Clase 9110 3. MEMBER CAPACITY OF SEGMENTS WITH FULL LATERAL RESTRAINT 5:1. Member capacity The namin! member moment capacity (My) of «segment wth fll Iselin sal be taken a he nomial ection moment apa, (ee Cate 52) the etal Seton (se Clase 5 3.3) A seamen a member objected to beng is the length betwen actos wich te ful or prallyresrained (ee Clauses 542.1 and342.2),of the lng betwee a umesained dG Clase 54.1) andthe adjacent cras-seeon which sully r pally rested £32. Sepments with fl Intra restraint 321 General A sopment ma be conridre 6 hve fl ser] esa i satis oe ofthe folowing clauses: Chasse 322, 53.23 of Case 53.24, ori 8 nomial member moment pact (Mf) eaealated in accordance wit Chase 5.6 noes tha he oma ection moment pacity (Mf) (bee Clause 52) tthe eral seein (ce Clase 5.3.3) $322. Sepments wit continuous lateral restraints sient wih continuo kal estrits ray be considered wo have fl aera esit, provided ht — (a) both ends az fully or partly resid (see Canes 542.1,5422,5.3.,0n0 5432) te (©) thecominuous restraints ac athe cal Hang see Cause SS), an sais Clase 5.43.1 5323 Sepmens win imenmedate treat resrams A segmeat with item Ler ‘estas te Clases 5.4.2 and 543.1 which divide te segment int a seis of aa-sepments maybe considered to ave fl lateral esa, provided that (a) both ends are uly pail restrained (ae Cases 42.1,5422, 543.1 a 54.32), (©) the fength(D ofeach sb-segmentsatses Clause 5.3.24; and (©) thelneral restraints cathe ciel lange (te Clase 55), and sty Cle $43.1 5324 Segments ih el or para straint a bok ends A segment with lpia resins bth ends (ce Causes 5.421,54.22, 543.1 and 5.4.3.2) may be coaidered hare fl er ‘estan provided its lagi () sass 0+ sy /(39) ‘tte segment is ofeqa flanged secon, £5 00+ she) (e) ‘ifthe segment i anequl flanged channel;fecal (=| VUE) te come i hw 4 = a0 + 15006 ( ) (22) ‘tte segment of estanglar or uae blow feqws vonnl/)] 02) Ihe sagt isthe sion where = seaofcrsesction by = the ange width and web depth respectively ‘by = the greater and lee le ents, respectively = the distance between flange cenide ‘ky the second moment of ae ofthe compression lange boat the section minor y-xis y= the second moment of area ofthe section shou the section moe picpl yi a i a a = theradas of gyration about the minor principal aie 1 thethickness of an ange section 2, = theetlecive section modus (see Claus $2) © = lly “Therto By shal be taken 2 oe of the followings apcopie @ 10 (©) -08 orsegmens with uansverse loads er (©) thera of the mallet he lager end moments nthe leat) potive when-he segment is bean reverse curvatire and negative when Bet in single curr) fr spent witht seiner lads 533 Crideal section “The crcl section in segment shall Be taken the rose seton which as te ages valve of the ati of the desi ending moment (87) tbe nominal econ easy in ling (ne Clase 52). S54 RESTRAINTS S441 General A cross-section may be considered to be ly ply, tonal or leraly "estaaed ifs restraints sats the appropiate eqiements of Clase 342 Resin gains ltr efecto, wit rotation, of lateral aon my be considered © be effcsive if they sty the appropiate euiremens of Clase 543 “The members nd consectons of restrain systems hl be designed ona the pot fret and tenling moments pelied in Clase 543, together wth any ter foes or ten mots hich my act simlaneoaly, fom the points whee the Frese Bending mores ate srchoge oration poi Any cross-section of 1 member which dots not satis any of Clases $42.1 10 SA.24 shal be ‘omidre oe nested, for example Figure 4), ales he member capacy im teding [sdtemiaed by te method of design by buckling eae ee Clane 56.4).No erin! tnge restr, no twat rest FIGURE 54.1 UNRESTRAINED CROSS SECTIONS ‘542 Restraints ts eresection S21 Fully esrained Acros-secton of member may be considered ob falls rsraned if either (2) the result oF support ffeively prevents ata defeton ofthe coe flange (ice {Classe 3), and eecvely grevets twist rotation of the seston, a fx example Ia Figue 5.42.(a: or partly preven twist roution ofthe sectn, at for example Ja Figue $42.10) (©) the resins ce suppor eflectvely prevents Intra defeton of some ee pois in the ‘rosvacaion, and effectively prevent twist rotation ofthe sc, st for example in Figwe $42.10) (a) Cre! tage resent, lective wie rst FIGURE 5.4.21 FULLY RESTRANED CROSS SECTIONS$422 Partially rexrained A cosesecion of 4 member may be considered to be partly ‘esa if the resto sap elestvely prevent ater eflasion of some it i he ros-soction ete tan he esl ange and ply prevents wet oan ofthe setion, a fo ‘ample ia Figure 542.2. limr=': Non-ritest ange retrain, para wish censint, 8: Groat fogs FIGURE 54.22 PARTIALLY RESTRAINED CROSS-SECTIONS $423 Rowton retrained crose-sestion of member which my be conse oe fll ‘or pray resined ay be considered to be rusia retained when he etal sport ‘Provides sgt etait gant eral ton othe eel lange ie Clee 5) tf Plane of bending, as for example in Figure 523, Tiss FIGURE 5.23. AOTATIONALLY RESTRAINED CROSS-SECTIONS. 5424 Loteraly restrained cross-section of segment whose ends are fll partly esaied may be considered toe tery erated wie the esr ellectvely pews aera ‘election ofthe cia flange (see Case 33 bas intocve in preseting wit oto of the Section, 8 for example in Fgue 542.4. Cros-secins in member segments ith one end ‘arestaied shall at be conser oe tery ested.FIGURE 5424 LATERALLY RESTRAINED CROSS-SECTION. 543 Restraining cements S431. Resin apn tera deflection The ter esti stay rose-section conde 10 ‘be fly, purty of erly resuaaed in ers of Classe 5.2 stl be designed to tanec ‘tansvese eating thecal flange (se Cla 5.) el 10 0.025 mes them fee inthe etal anges fhe adjacent sepmentorsobsepment exept whee the eta. he lost spaced than required ensue ta M equals by ‘When te resins ae mare closely spaced, then a lesser free may be designed fo: The actu seraagenent of sais be sumed tbe equivalent of ens wich wl ese hat [MP eas, Each equivalent estan shall co>espond fo an appropiate Up of heat ‘esas. This group shal the be desigoed as whol to wafer the tanner fre of 1025 te ‘he maximum force inthe ral Manges of he equivalent adjacent segments wobsegment 54.32 Resin agains is ition tool esta a cotton may te deemed to provide effective restraint pans wis otatn is designed to alerts re egal 0 {0.025 ties the maxima force inthe eal flange fom any Unrest age the trad ‘A torsional result at cross-section may be deemed to provide pat reset gn wit ‘otaion if tis able to peoide am elt reat agin tis roto without rcs lip Flexible element sch af usiffened wes nay form part of sch a ein roi th hey te connected in soch away aso prevent ational sip. Any resrao a cros-section which permis routing ip hil be deemed te net in ‘esta est ton renin Pang HS ot Append $433 Paral strained mombers When aseriesof parallel members is eae by alin of "estan, each esaning element sal be designe owapster a wanevene ore gal fe sm of (0.025 tines the lange fre rom the comectd member and 0.0125 tines the um ofthe lange forces in the comected members beyond, eXcep tht no more than seven members ced Be comics S434 Resin apanst lateral roation A station rtaint a » crosesoction which considered be lio pul) restand (ce Clauses 54.1, 54.22 and S23) maybe deemed {provide resin’ gaat nea tion oat of he plane of ending proving i est sie Inthe plan of ration is compare with the coresponding ffs of he eine member, [NOTE Gc nthe ee ofthe iff of tales oe ane ol cigs nin Parga 8.2 0f Append ‘A segment which has ul tera etait ee Cans 5.3.2) maybe deena 1 provide rotations! ‘esa an adjacent segment which i lateral comnoogs with |A sepment which des nt have fl steal esa shall be assumed to be unable to provide ‘oxcoa estat oa jac! segment neste member stance i determined Wy te method Of dign by buktng analysis in secordance with Clause 5.645S CRITICAL FLANGE ‘S81. General The crcl ange t sy cross-section ithe flange which ia he abienee of ay ‘estan a tha section would deft the father daring buckling ‘The ctl ange may be detemined by an elaic buckling aolyis (se Cane 64) or as speciedn Clauses 8 3.250855 ‘$82 Segments with bath ends restrained The rit Mange at any section of «segment ‘esained mt bth eds sal be the compression flange. ‘853 Segments with one cod warstrsined. When praviy lu se dominant the cal Mange ‘of segment with on end urestaied shal be the top ange, ‘Wen wind ons are dominant thecal Mange sal be the exterior Hangin tha of extra esse or inca ston, nd shale he interior Naage in these fina ress extra ‘86 MEMBER CAPACITY OF SEGMENTS WITHOUT FULL LATERAL RESTRAINT ‘61. Seymentflly or partial restrained at both ends S611. Open ection wit equal flanges, For open section wit equal Aspe, the flaming ll ‘econidere (3) Segments of constant cross-section "The nominal member moment capacity) sll be ‘lett a fellows: My oamM, = M, S610) here (Gq = moment modification ft (0, asendraess eduction factor -M, = the nominal ectoe moment capacity tein in aconlance with Cause $2 forthe poss secon. ‘The momest modiition for) sl be take a one of he following 10, (i) value obenine from Table $6.1; Gi) an LIM 22s [ve + 0s) + a] vere Mg = maimum design ecing manent segment 1S. = desi being moments que prin of te sept Mi = design bending moment tthe pi of be segment or (i) ava hid fom elas bling nas in accntance wih Case $64 cept ht for sub-segmens formed by intermediate Inter rsa in segments ally or {tly etait a th eds, the sub segment moment dsbuon sl be ued tea ef {he sega! moment dsb whee using Gi) Gi). ‘Te sleedemes reduction factor (shal be determined oll: wal -] ss{in which fg sale taken ashe (A) Maa My sore Me the ference bockling moment oe (@) the value dterited fom an elatic bacling analysis in accasce ith Clase 564 “The reference buckling mowen(M,) shal be determined as foloms: 56110) E.G = theclasic modal (se Clause 14) section const (ee Case 14) te effect length determined in acordace with Cause 5.63. NOTE: Vales fd Gane oJ and gvenin Praga pedi (©) Segments of varying erosion The nominal member moment apaciy iM al be ‘etermined in accordance withClase 561 a) nd sing eter (he properties ofthe minimum cos eto: (i) the properis ofthe ria ers-sesion st pei in Chase 53:3, provided hat ‘he ate of, dteaned in secordnce with Ce 561) rd, belo t {sed in Equation 561-2) by muliplyng i bythe redoton for (i) a = 10-1241 hee n= Werte mene = 03 er apered enters ‘anf + (0440 3 feose( © )] ow ie = te flange as Be minis snd ral onsen, eae dnd, = te wetin th he minim sd ree ee sons eae 1k the leah of te eget over wich he cession ec 12 kgf te egret or (Gi) the method of design by buckling analysis sce Chase 5.64), ‘36.12 eects with unequal flanges The nominal menber moet capaci (My) sal be ‘etemined in accordance wath Clas 61) exept tat the reeeace buckling oe (,) Sal be determined by ug ether (©) themshod of design by busing analysis (see Clause $6.4, oom‘encore meth i emt ge © meon{(2)-1] i 1 = the distance between flange centiids ey the second moment of area ofthe compression Mage shout the son minor ‘ail an or foorrin-an ster cin of sacs es Referee 61 pedi Te aes au pore shen ae ange compensa epee here alr thages cmprac ‘$613 Angle sections The nomial member momeat capacity (Mo an angle secon sal be etre accordance wit Clase 5 61.1) ting foal SGA Hollow sections The vomiaal member moment capscity (My of 4 rectanglr hllow ‘section al e determine in accordance with Cause 5.6.11) eng fy aa 0, ‘5462 Segments unrestrained at one end ‘The nomizal member momen cps (i) of & Segmeat unrestrained atone cd and tthe ter ead bth — (@) fully peialyrexsanes and (©) leery comiauous or esrined agin ter oaion shal be determined using ethee— (gusto 561.10) an 5.61.10) with Mag gual to he vale of Me snd from Bquation 5.6119), andthe appropri valve of ev in Table 563-00 Mow, = My here the slendernes redeton factor (0) shal be deetine floes = fehl where, isthe nominal section moment capacity dtemind in accoface with {Clase 3.2 forthe gress setion and My i detente yan elas bcklng ays In secorane with Clause 5.8TABLE 54. MOMENT MODIFICATION FACTORS (gq) FOR SEGMENTS FULLY OR PARTIALLY RESTRAINED AT BOTH ENDS eat ‘Seam segment ‘Moment ditebution | meditation | Renae z ae | a fre sgm anal femacoe oP ee 2s | osstac phedt 1 F007) |. Et | csoatte forte 125.0356 |0¢Aqco 138.0368 | o¢fnet 112-0108 | osfcor 1 Boy 125:3.5fm | 07 sone eer tene. |sneaee] (——) 0 Jw a 100TAMLE 542 'MOMENT MODIFICATION PACTORS (ag) FOR SEGMENTS UNRESTRAINED AT ‘ONEEND Mentor wamest | ment aarauton | Moment motetion “ “ eas ‘S63. Eective length, The efecsive length (of semen or su-segment sl bedtemined ss folow: k= khkt where 1 = atwist sain factor given in Table $6301) 1 = aloud aight facto given in Tble 5.630) 1 = laura retation esti Factor given in Table 5630) sd the length (shall be aes ether— (@) the segment eet for segment witht intermediate eins, lor enpents wets ope ed, ith wih termediate lateral reruns or (©) the sabsepment length, for sw-segment formed by itemeste Ines rari (66 (Clans $424 and 43.1) na segment which fly opal retried stbrh ends ‘he teraction etait at (sal ony take a es anu wes effete rtatonal ‘estan, complying with Clase 54.3.4, at atone or buh ends of sepmet whi i fll, Parl festa at both nds The teal aos resi fcor hl be eken a nity fal Segments which areal’ a ne eo