Lecture 14 - Exception Handling

Lecture 14:
Exception handling
Dr. Fadi Alzhouri
Concordia University
Created by Rose Gomar, presented by Fadi Alzhouri

Textbook (Copyright)
“C++ How to Program”, 10th edition, by Harvey and

Paul Deitel Print ISBN: 0-13-444823-5, Chapter 17.
11/21/2022 2
What we learn in Lecture 14
• Exception handling
• Try and catch block
11/21/2022 3
Introduction
• Exception
– Undesirable event detectable during program execution
• Code to handle exceptions depends on the type of application
being developed
– May or may not want the program to terminate when an
exception occurs
• Can add exception-handling code at point where an error can
occur
4
Exception Handling in C++
• Four mechanisms to handle exceptions within a

program
– Use the predefined function assert
– Use the try-catch block
o Use primitive types.
o Use the C++ built-in exception classes
o Create your own exception classes
5
try/catch Block template
• A template for a try-throw-catch block may look like this:

try
{
// statements
throw “exception”
// statements
}
catch (type exception)

{
// exception-handling code
}
6
try Block
Statements that may generate an exception
are placed in a try block.
try
{
// statements
Exception must be thrown in a try block
using keyword throw.
// statements
}
- The try block also contains statements that
should not be executed if an exception occurs.
- If an exception is thrown in a try block, the
remaining statements (in try block) are ignored
7
catch Block Specifies the type of exception it can catch

{
Contains an exception handler
}
⋮
⋮
If no exception is thrown in a try block
• All catch blocks are ignored
• Execution resumes after the last catch
block
If the heading of a catch block has an ellipsis (three dots) in place of parameters
• This block can catch exceptions of all types (e.g., int, double, object)
8
catch Block (cont.)
• catch block (cont.)

• Can have at most one catch block parameter
• catch block parameter becomes a placeholder for the value thrown (i.e.,
thrown value stored in the catch block parameter)
catch (int x, int y){
catch (…){
catch (int) {}
9
Multiple Catch Blocks
try
{
// statements
// statements
}
{
}
{
}
⋮
• Program searches catch blocks in the order they appear after the try
block and looks for an appropriate exception handler.
• If the type of thrown exception matches the parameter type in one of the
catch blocks:
• Code of that catch block executes
• Remaining catch blocks are ignored
10
try/catch Block (cont.)
• For try/catch to work, the exception must be thrown in the try block
• General syntax:
throw exception;
– expression is a constant value, variable, or object
• Object being thrown can be a specific object or an anonymous object
• In C++, an exception is a value
11
Example: try/catch Block
When num2 is zero, the try

block throws an exception
to the catch block.
12
the exception is caught

by the catch block.
13
Normal case
14
Exceptional case
15
Example 2: try/catch Block (cont.)
Output: Division by zero condition
16
Example 2: try/catch Block (cont.)
17
try/catch Block (cont.)
• In the previous example, if within the n loop, n is evaluated to be

greater than 9 an exception is thrown
• When throw is executed, the remaining statements in try
block are ignored and every object created within try block is
destroyed
• Then, control is passed to the corresponding catch block
• The program execution resumes after the catch block (in this
case: return 0;)
18
Example: Multiple Catch Blocks
• try block is followed by one or more catch blocks
19
Example: Multiple Catch Blocks (cont.)
20
Example: Multiple Catch Blocks (cont.)
21
Catch any Throw
• We can also define a catch block that captures all the exceptions
independently of the type used in the call to throw
• In this case, we have to write an ellipsis (three dots) in place of
parameters in the heading of a catch block
try
{
// statements
}
catch (...)
{
cout << "Exception occurred";
}
22
Multiple exception handled by one
catch block
23
Order of catch Blocks
• Catch block can catch:

• All exceptions of a specific type
• All types of exceptions
• A catch block with an ellipsis (. . .) catches any type of exception
• If used, it should be the last catch block of that sequence
• Be careful about the order in which you list catch blocks
24
Catching Exceptions
- when an exception is thrown, it can be caught and handled in the try-
catch block as follows:
try {
statement1;
statement2;
statement3;
}
catch (type1 exVar1) {
handler for exception1;
}
}
...
catch (…) {
handler for any exception;
}
Next statement;
25
Trace Catching Exceptions
try {
Suppose an exception of type1 is
statement1;
thrown in statement2
statement2;
statement3;
}
}
}
...
catch (…) {
}
Next statement;
26
try {
statement1;
statement2;
statement3;
} The exception is handled in this
catch (type1 exVar1) { catch block.
}
}
...
catch (…) {
}
Next statement;
27
try {
statement1;
statement2;
statement3;
}
}
}
...
catch (…) {
The Next statement following all
}
catch blocks is always executed.
Next statement;
28
try {
statement1; Suppose an exception other than type 1
statement2; and type 2 is thrown in statement2
statement3;
}
}
}
...
catch (…) {
}
Next statement;
29
try {
statement1;
statement2;
statement3;
}
}
}
The exception is handled in this
...
catch block.
catch (…) {
}
Next statement;
30
try {
statement1;
statement2;
statement3;
}
}
}
...
catch (…) {
The Next statement following all
}
catch blocks is always executed.
Next statement;
31
Order of catch blocks
32
Exception handling and Functions
• Exception handling enables the caller of the function to process the exception thrown from
a function.
• The callee detects the exception and throws it.
• The caller catches it and handles it.
int fun(parameters){ The callee throws

statement4;
throw exception;
statement5;
}
int main() {
statement1;
Try{
statement2;
fun(arguments);
statement3;
The caller catches it
}
catch (…){
}
33
Another example of try/catch
34
Exercise
• Can you throw multiple exceptions in one throw statement?
• Can you have multiple catch blocks in a try-catch block?
11/21/2022 35

Lecture 14 - Exception Handling

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Lecture 14:

Dr. Fadi Alzhouri

Created by Rose Gomar, presented by Fadi Alzhouri

“C++ How to Program”, 10th edition, by Harvey and

• Four mechanisms to handle exceptions within a

• A template for a try-throw-catch block may look like this:

catch (type exception)

catch (type exception)

• catch block (cont.)

catch (int x, int y){

When num2 is zero, the try

the exception is caught

Output: Division by zero condition

• In the previous example, if within the n loop, n is evaluated to be

• Catch block can catch:

int fun(parameters){ The callee throws

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