Sry Ne Sve ceommgamonti 0390 Ss Neon "S'o masin Yo Algebras of Intermediate Growth* AA. Kirlloe, M. L Konteteh, and A. 1. Mole ‘We investigate finitely generated associative algebras and Lic ages in which the dimension ofthe mth term ofthe natural filtration grows faster than any polynomial inn but more slowly than any exponential term c" As example, me ‘consider associative and Lie algebras generated by two general vector fds on the ra ine Part 1. Preliminary investigations 1.1. Let 4 be an infinite-timensional algebra over afield K. We suppose that Ais fitely generated and denote by, the space of those clement hat may be ‘writen in the form of a polyaomial (of degree at most n) of generator. Henceforth, 4 wil be iter an associative algebra witha unit ora Lie algebra, Inthe former ease, we wll et Ay K, and i the Inter ease, Ay ~ (0. “The essential feature of i thatthe sequence a, = dim 4, isan increasing sequence. The numbers a, grow polynomially for many important examples of algebras, ie, a, ~ on a n>, “The number {is sometimes called the Gelfand —Kirilo dension of the algebra Aan denoted by Dim 4 (.[9). Simple verification shows that Din 4 is independent ofthe choice ofthe generators in (ualke the eoeicientC, which may vay). et ah ao SR ny Sn pi 9.8Examples, 1. An algebra of regular functions on an algebraic fine variety X. In this cise, Dim A = dim X and c= (1) deg X (of. (7D, 2, The enveloping algebra UU) ofa fit-dimensional Li algebra G. Here Dim U6) = dim 6 3. The subalgebra generated by principal vectors corresponding to simple soon the contragredient Lie algebra (cf. [8 In this ease, Dim A = 0, 1, F => Ta recent years, inerest has grown ia algebras 4 for which Din is aii ‘The exterior Li algebra with K generators and is enveloping algebra (which s ‘isomorphic to an exterior asociative algebra with I generators or a tensor algebra over a K-dimensiona space) i an example of those algebras. In these aes, the mumbers a gfow exponentily (in the case of Lic algebra, m-th in the ease of an associative algsbr, 4 ~ ‘Algvbras for which the numbers a, grow more slowly than any exponential function e",e> late of particular interes. We wil call them algebras of imermekate grow. (The concept of an algebra of subexponential growth wat ‘troduced in somewhat dierent setng (1) The contragratintalebras of infinite growth for which the asymptote weight maliplicty has been r= cently calelated (4) would appear to Belong to this class (ef. Example 3 shove) 1.2. Suppose that V = @it.g¥* isa graded vector space over a fd K, The rae San re w is called the Poincaré series of the graded space V. This definition may be ‘generated naturally n two ways, Fir, we may consider Po be a space with Increasing filtration: Warachenerehovek With such a space we may associate canonically the graded space BV =@z cyt where ge V=1)¥s 5. By definition, we st (0) = Pv) Second, we may consider, semigraed spaces With these spaces, ‘we may absciate formal power seis of variables specified by Equation (1), ‘where denotes the multndex (k..4,) 22118 the set of variables (Gages tgand isthe monomial #1 ‘We How peesnt certain (well-known) fats about Poincaré sere The relations Prann PtP Pren=Pry Pry oe ALotneas oF eraaroiare Grown 139 are self-evident from thee, there immediately follow the equalities Pry Phe Pray Pe)! o where 71) = 5-0 7) is a tensor algbea over ¥- The relations between Py and Py) and between Py and Py is more complicated. Here S(V) = @ i=» 5%) i a symmetric algebra over and NU )= @ 5. M0) is an exterior algebra over V. That inf PH =Eatky', Pay =LMBW, In Paw Lab, thea Hi) = Zarrahidy, ah) = Ea ati, o ‘where the summation extends overall tral divisors ofthe mult-indesk. To rove Equation (4), note that by vite af the relations SHOES OSU), NB) ZAIN) the coefcens Hh) and c(t) depend linearly onthe sequence (a) therefor it {ssuicient to check (4) in the ease of «one-dimensional space V- Equations (4) may be inverted andthe coeficients ak) expressed in tems of 1h) oF «(Inthe case of a symmetic algebra, the ext formula ae the form Zeno ° 1.3, The expt form ofthe relation between the growth ofthe sequene an) and the behavior ofthe sum ofthe seis HO~ Fae in a neighborhood of r= 1 will alo be useful to us. If.) grows polynomially and if) ~en, the Funton fe) wil be rational and wil havea unis pole fof order 41 atthe point ¢=1. AL this point, the principal term of he scompostion of fx equal to fr a “The next case (in terms ofthe order of growth) was investigatd by Raman jn (8, Here if the sequence a(n) grows as feywhere O-<2.<1, then at the pont ¢ )CL~ OF. More precisely, Fbas an asymptote of the form lim infin — 9 = 8 o where = a/(1—a) and B= (14 nar -04500-, In particular, iin tn) ~ A/a, then Inf) ~ 142-0. would be of interest to obain more exact and more exhaustive information about te correspondence between the growth of a(n a6» andthe growth off ast ‘That a) exhibits intermediate growth i equivalent tothe assertion that /() possesses circle of covergenge of radius 1 and an esenal singularity atthe Point I. "The following assertion is consequence ofthis act. “Theorem 1. A Lie algebra © of infinite growth as intermediate growth if and only if ts eneloping algebra UC) possesses this propery I fact natural flration such that Hr UG) =5(6) ‘may be defined in U(). Inthe ease of infite growth, the sequences {a()} and {t)} connected by Equations (4) and (5 satis, as may be easly verified, the bounds abn) 5 Hn) $ const af Therefore theses Po) ad In Pon) (that is, Pg) a8 wel have the sme radius of convergence, 1.4. One too forthe investigation of infinite dimensional algebras i consider tion ofthe corresponding quotient rings. Let us suppose that an algebra possesses ration (4,} such thatthe corresponding graded algebra gr 4 does ot contain any divisors of © and has intermeiate growth, Its out that in this case iam Ore algebra (ef. [3), ie, any two nonzero elements x and yin ‘A save a nonzero common right (and lft) multiple In fac, tus consider the right ideals x4 and yin A fx andy donot have ‘common right multiple, these evo spaces wil intersect ony at 0. Therefor, if Sed and ye Ay then xy a +d) © Ay and om) = a(n) + ae —D, where a) = dim 4,. Hence, the lower bound ze reer found, where ¢>0, This bound contradicts the claim that 4 isan algebra with intermackate growth (and consequently li I (n/n = 0). “Thus, algebras of intenmedate growth without 20 divisors possess a quo- tent ring. From Section 13, i follows that a Lie algebra of intermediate growth Js emboddd in a Lie quotient rng (the quotient rng ofthe enveloping algebra). “The study of such quotient rings promises to be of great interes. Part I Lie algebra generated by two general vector fils on ‘he ral ie 21, Suppose that Veet R? denotes a Lie algebra of smooth vector Beds on the ‘eal ie, We let L(x, ) denote the exterior Lie algebra with generators x andy. Every par offs, € Vet R° spesies a homomorphism of Ls 9) int ‘Veet R such that 9, 4(2) +6, and @()) =. Let (1) be the Kernel of his hhomeomorphisn. We set = nf. 7). We wil say that the Bel Gand me are In general poston if I) =I ay be vere thatthe lds & = dd nd nu) didh are in general poston if the functions 140), 4"). ate lgebraiclly independent Lemma 1. The ideal I coincides withthe intersection ofthe idea In) sch that = did and oem aia In fact, any nonzero field € may be locally reduced to the form di by an appropriate selection of coordinate. The eld may be approximate locally in the C*-topology by Held of this Tor. The lemma is proved (Our goal in the scond part of the article is to investigate the algebra w= Ls, nL ‘The algebra L(x») is igraded (by depres relative to x and 9): Us,9) = @y, Ls, 9)". Ris clear that is homogeneous ideal relive otis bigrading and, consequently =OM, a= @ we 22. Let us fix am integer (20. The space L*= @, Lx 9) generated by ‘monomials ofthe form Ky = (ad 9nd ylad 99-1 ad Cad 99, »2 A-A Kuo ML Kocrsrnen AN A. Mote where () denotes the stk, of nonnegative iatges. We wll denote the sum ky thy tk by emma 2. The lina combination ny aM belonas to Mf and only ft es for any substitution of the form satisfac, she an ey be hgh of inde! parotes Ire Te xrsin is homopacou plana non of dpi. Pirate enh taney telson ert fe opal an ny dimensional subspace. Now we need only resort to Lemma 1 Lemma is prove. iy means ofthe standard transformation of «polynomial function of degree ‘10. symmetric near form (polarization), i may be proved thatthe premise ‘of Lema? isequivalent tothe asertion that the coeficent faa," inthe ‘expression obtained ater the svbittion described above, vanishes. This co- ‘ficient may be ealeulated explicily and has the fem E,Eooriei-eaioion(s$ 2) te te eh thay heh y= nthi) Gat o ul) iNa BPC aw te Sm dose te nl pr ne pct C3 ot 4 sbi ame ebm smn} Zod ow neh api of hp Zino yi ting wie) Smt, “n ‘The preceding line of reasoning may be summarized as follows. ‘Theorem 2 The Kernel of he mapping coincides wth he ace re Or “Thus, the mapping x species an isomorphism ofthe space onto some subspace of Sym CU...) We denote this space by KI is graded in a natural way by degree relative to the Set of variables, Obviously, the resulting bomorphism between Mand ‘Kis homogeneous mapping of degree deg P=/—1 Ora 223.__Let us now study the structure of the space K;- We denote by J the ideal in Ci. ---+4) generated by the I! polynomials pul) =plo —@€SID, Theorem 3. The following equality sified K,= Symp J, «ay Proof, By definition, Ke the linear hull of polynomials of the frm Sym pat) and, consequently, is embedded in Sym J, To prove the converse embedding, rote that every element Sym J; has the form Som Eps =¥. Symp, Us = Sym por-"U, Symp. shah 11 temains for us to prove that the tinea hull ofthe polynomials qa, eondes with CU, ..-, 4], This is immediatly evident sf we introduce the change of Variables y= dics = A goes yt By ine y= Corllary. Suppose tha 9, g2>---. 9 8 8 bass ia Cd, 38 a module ‘exer Sym Ciy,---0 4s} Gee (3). The space K; 18am heal in Sym C---3) enerated by te elements of Sym pq. == 24, We let Ry denote the radial of the ideal J. From general theorem of alebratepeomery (se (7). it follows that, is a homogeneous ideal ie, Rem Ory Rt, and that for large enough k we have R} = J? ‘Our hypothesis is that Rady as ive, that J {a radical idea146 A.A Kontos ML Kowrsevcr aso AT Mots Let us investigate the ideal Ry Suppose that X= p(C) is the common zero set ofthe ideals Rand J. This set may be deserted explcly. Tht i, we denote by &; the set of those points belonging 10 2" which posess the following properties. (@) All coordinates take values fom the set 0-1-2, 3-4) (6) the sum ofthe coordinates i es than 2 “The points E, will be called admissible seis. Every such set (yy ---.4) eterna point of the projective space (iy: 4y:-.-'4))€ pO), which we wl also call admissible, ‘Theorem 4. The set X lth 2 2 coms of all the adie points; moreover, al these points hae multiplicity 1 Proof, Fist note certain extemely simple properties of admisible ets 1. Every admissible set contains at east two unis. 2 If oo admissible sets are proportional they are equal 4. The number of admisble sets equal to the number of monomials of epee at most (2) invariable, Le, C3} 4. Aran te oy tf pains fans say ni cine ae Phe ro) Se Sutest pe stvine son ots el Te ft mo peri steve, Te It wo flow fom te curva sss Men an te ef mnogo most (2 in I variables Le, with the st (6,,---,,) we may associate the ‘monomil aptape apn Let us now prove the theorem, We first snalyae the case = 2, The ideal J is enerated bythe ingle penerator 2, ~ y= pi). The set, consists ofthe single oat (Dt hc he rion of he ere sw md, moro, = Ry. * Suppose that > 2 and that & = (6...) isan admisible st. We must verify that ,4@) = 0 forall © SU) and that the diferent dp, (4) generate the cxthogonal complement ofthe wector & UW & = Cy) 8.20 sdisible(J— 1) st, then, bythe indotve hypothesis (8) ~0,since the fist (02) factors ia, (ef Equation (9)) ‘when multiplied tpether yield p,». But if this se snot admissible the oly ‘way this canbe so is if condition (b snot satisfied. However, this is posible nly if = 1 and Yi &, = 2. In this case the lst factor in the product (9) vanishes. That i (2) =0 Now suppose tha the vector y= (j,....}) i orthogonal to ll dp, 48), Let 1 prove that it is proportional to & We frst astume that 4” xyyoss ay) 8-9 adasble (— Ise forall @© SU). Then Ard) = des MEY MB) °° Bay) Ss while the last factor does not vanish, since Ly) +°°°+ 89) 22 and yy © 1 BY the inductive hypothesis, the vector 7” is proportional to”. This te vectors y and 4 become proportional when any coordinate i discarded. IF 1'>2 this possible ony if they are themselves proportional. In esece, his line f reasoning proves the assertion required inthe case in which the vector has at least we coordinates no eal to 1 (Discardng them in this case res in admisble sets") Tt remains for us t0 analyze the casein which al the coordinates of & other than one coordinate are units, and the sum of the ‘coordinates is equal to 2. Suppose that 4, =1. Then the set” i not ‘admis, In eis case, AB) = 1 AE Mdggy °° May) ~ Bay) where the ist cofactor is nonzero, as we wil prove tlw. Tati, the vet 2 possesses the property that rain = B= Ya Hence it follows that yan & are ‘Proportional. It remains for us to verify that x; contains oly admisble points Seppose that 4 e., Representing p,m the form ofthe product ofp and (aust oo + Bay yan) His lat that either 4” i proportional to 2a Mimisible set oF the equality 63) =Si uf sais If > 2, the later ‘equality cannot hol tre for all» ¢() if 0. Therefore, by replacing by ‘proportional vector we may assume that 8° B,_,. Lat us consider the set 3° ‘thats obtained by replacing one ofthe unit coordinates in 6 by the coordinate Ziqy Ifthe Bist case of the above altermatie i satisfied, then 3” will be proportional to an admissible set and wil ier from 4” in ony a singe ‘coordinate, Hence, it follows that 6” is an admissible set, and therfore is admissible in In the second cate, the equality, Say 1+ ban holds, whence & i Hkewise admissible. The theorem i provedA.A Kimtov, ML Kosteevien ANo A. MoLEV 28. Let us introduce the bilinear form <> in the space 4) = Clay... Ae sexing (PQ = PO BO sy= aan a ‘Carly the subspaces 4} of homogeneous polynomials of degree kare prise ‘orthogonal relative to the form (14). The monomials Z*(V/! form an ortho- normalized basis in A, where the maltsndex k runs through all nomnepative intepervalved vectors such that Jk =, and k! denotes kK! Tis oem nay also be specified by the equality r= [ roem-niines “ ‘An important property of this form is described by the folowing simple {Lemma 3. The operator for maliplction y 2, andthe operator for diferent tion with respect toi ar adit “Theorem S. (a) The space J orthogonal 0 J consis of al polmomial soins 4 of the sytem of equations (6) Pelé 0, 0 ESD: (8) the space Rj orthogonal 1 Ris generated by the monomials Geli) BE, OL2 BER 09 Proof, Since the spaces J} and. Ré are invariant under dilatations, itis sulicient o verify the aserton ofthe theorem for homogeneous components of A. Assertion (a) follows at once from the defniton of the ideal J; and Equation (14). To verify assertion (b), note thatthe valve of @ homogeneous polynomial q of degree & at the point may be writen inthe following form, ‘ing Taylor formula: = ea0e = asud The hypothesis 13) is consequently equivalent tothe following aston: Ecery polynomial solution of the systom (C)) i @ near combination of the ‘monomials (1 12, this assertion assumes the following form: Ecery polynomial solution of the equation (2x ~ éy)q=0 isa polynomial in G49). This s obviously tre, Avorenas or Ierennroare Geom 7 1F1=3, it is necessary to investigate the solutions of the sjstem Go) {O8= BO +89 = 208 Yer aaxer + ~ ay =. In this case, it may also be simply vered that al the solutions of degree kare ‘generated by the menomials Coty O EDO HAE. “Theorem 6 The family of monamlls (16) ls nary Independent 'k 2 21—& ‘An equivalent formulation is as fellows: Yk 221-4, any function on E, may be obtained by @ restriction of @ homogeneous polynomial of degre k: Proof, Since the fonction 4, +--+ is everwhere nonzero on Ey itis sliient to analyze the cae k= 214, We will construct explicly a polyno rial of degree 21~4 that is nonzero only at a single (moreover, atanly Spied) point € ofthe set. Without los of generality, it may be assumed ‘tht th coordinates of # are not increasing: 6, > €,2 "2 6, In parteular, 4,=;=1 (et. Property 1, Section 24), Let us consider the following poly- ‘mia of degree (12) BAR) = Ch y= AN, + Ba $A 8) oy 40, ‘Lemma 4. The polynomial is nonzero ony a the poms ofthe set E, such hat ands root. Inthe course of roving Theorem 4, we established thatthe last factor ofthe polynomial p,, i equal to 0 only on those admissible sets that become admissible when the coordinate ae carded, Tati, 8 nonzero ony on ‘thse sets that remain admissible when J,4)-,,--.2y ate dicarded. The oaly admisble2et (1,1). The lemma is proved ‘To complete the proof of the theorem, it remains for to construct @ polynomial of degree (/—2) that equal Oat al points of of the form (1 1edy.-.-4)) other than the point, and isnt equal tO at this pont. We sl od tn the form ag ad aoe EA, weer poof eps a mx 12 (2) va, TeMi A.A Kimutov. ML Kowriewon ano A.1-MoLE® conditions imposed on r may be stated inthe following way. Suppose that is ‘collection of nonnegative ateger-valued ets such that, 2, =F. Then the festiction of 7 to , may be aonaero at ony a single ted post. That this ‘condition i satisfied follows from the next assertion, Lemma S. The restriction ofthe space of homogeneous polyomils of degree | ln Tears 10 the st, i an omorphism of near spaces. “To prove the aseton, note that al th dvivatives of a polynomial of degree at most may be calculated successively in terms ofits diflerence derivatives at ‘he point 0, whe the latter may be expressed in terms of the values of the polynomial on E, 226, Nom, using the results of Section 25 and hypothesis (13) fom Section 24, ‘ve may obtain an exit forma fr the dimension ofthe space ‘Let p49) denote the number of patiions afm into an (unordered) sum of k postive integral terms. We set, wi Ho)= 5, r pk+1- D+ pik+1—D= we +I=D. CD, From Theorems 2 and 3, it follows that the desired dimension is equal to dim Sym J} I hypothesis (13) vali, it wil be equal to im Sym R7~1 ae tthe Sym] foo mm lon a CSE Rls is tbs 0) by Tene 6 2 oe see aan ey eel be mone ots ee © pom, “Ths th gut ih 1 find sume he frm nibs Fp) Now we eth sinplcmbintri ety Po)=nin—B) os ALosneas of IeanepiaryGuowne 1 ‘whence i follows that when k 2 wes D=plk+i-D= FE ok +i) Zam, =F pth since po) = (0) when j 2m. Moreover, Equation (17) s proved when > Since either side of the equality is alleed sf & and Jaze interchanged, the formula has been proved completly Let us eaeulte the generating function fo(x.») of the binary sequence ay, = dim rom the identity (8) it may ealy be proved that S,rowtr= foo 0» ‘The righthand side of (17) may be represented in the form Erwsrned puso" E usp Multiplying this enpression by xt and summing over and I we arrive atthe Err -nalsro where ralem Sate Fat Fah aye pate yea Salo) (ete-e rye-wr)) eo — Suppose that ay = Ta srondh+ The function gq(f)= aye? may be obtained from fa,» if we set150 A.A Kimio¥, M.L Kontsevon Avo A. MOLY Finding the values of the indeterminate form in Equation (20) by means of LHpitas rue, we obtain ould) =2/0e —* — Hesse ane es wee, * hig To--9 [la=o9 | Tara Cth e-™)} wom = Ee ft te ‘Substtating this inthe expression obtained above, we arve atthe equality alt) = PPO 42M ~ 2H en where M0) = E05, aen, and d(n) denotes the numberof divisors of. We finally have enterinD-2 8 dlyetn, etre + that i, a, = 2pln — 1) ~ phn = 2) ~ pln ~ 3) + pln — 9) + 2p — 6) dpe T)-+4pln 8). whereof) the sum ofthe divisors of and te) isthe number of divisors of & at) MabNet—n, [ALOERRAS oF IranntptarsGaowns 151 Using Ramanujan’s formula (8, we obtain the asymptotic expression 1 = am gerne) co) Without using the hypothesis (13), aly the following wether aseton may be obtained mann fh nom Part HL Associative algebra generated by two general vector eds on the rel line 234. ‘Suppose that and are ewo vector feld from the space Veet A that are in general postion (ef. Section 21), ‘We are interested in the dimension of the homogeneous components of the space = A, fn). where AC) i fee asovative algebra with genera tors x and y and /(;1) is the kerel of @ homomorphism of A(x, 9) nto the lgebraof dierential operators on the real ine: +.) The space sis bigraded by the depres of ¥ and yy and p= ju". Our problem is to find the dimension ofthe space x" We introduce the notation Gils... ] t0 denote the space of homo: geneous polynomials in the variables xj... of epee f, whete Coals] the space of polynomials of degre at most ke Inthe cae =|, the dimension of the space x~ may be easly calulated Airey. We therefore set 2 Tn the same way as Section 22, it may be proved thatthe dimension of"? ‘oincides-with the dimension of the space Sym(p(e Cats dD, where So Osiees oot) and d= dl Hs. d) (ay dna Hd) toot +a, ‘tay be asmed that dis an independent variable) and the projector Sym acts ‘only onthe variables, For the sake of convenience in Further calculations, we may set d= 1, and it Pe Sym(s)CaaleD, P= Sym(ACIGED, —A62) =H, 0 ‘Using the methods developed in Theorems 4,5, and 6 of Part 2 and sppiving them tothe study of the ideal 7%, we may abtin the following bound onthe dimension of the space I aim 15" (900) + 469 ~ wt. 2)1S A.A Kao, ML Kowrsencn AN A. MOLY ‘Let us decompose the polynomial Pha) = (ort Dias tat Dea stay bay ED taeto HDD Into homogeneous ters Pha) pls) pled 4 FPA Lemma 6. ik 21-2, Symp Cals = Sym Cabs For the proof, see Lemma 2in (6) Since the dimension ofthe race ofall homogeneous symmetric polynomials of degre (+1) of arabes sequal t p(k +1), then, sing the selevident epreseatation Piven the fllowing inequality may be obtained: dim V'2 dim 4 p(k 4), ELS. a9) Considering /*2 separately, we Bad that from Lemma dim 22 = dim P*="5" px), ‘Using Equation (26) and the fact that dim is symmetric with respect to the Indices Kand | we obtain the inequality in'2"§ (i) +n0)-40 Comping wt 25s whoring ton Tae Te dein of ep maps gr he Meme daoe 12nG yes nl er rd ce cl jf dim 0 =" (p+) — 0. References 1) A.A. Bowen Dic rap th beget ot of coe he Gb-Safoh ‘eee So 83-3 pah Ma Nak ALotneas ov Ieremsrpiare Grown 153 Dota, Gigs al de Li Chap 56 Maton New Yo Sibert or te i ie 17 Kaa Rn in i ay Si nro Te rae Sn ere ped Lr of le ont: Mah USSR 268 {1-1 (okay pt nn eR SO, Sra 8 9 BO). IRL Molt" of te Rd Kani formal Rasa Mah Sone OO, {itty ris Ure Rant I BE 8-186) nt Mtns ney Cg epi Yrs rn, 18 IRS ti ans Head mb, ten Mh