3GPP

About - 3GPP is an engineering organization that develops technical specifications. These technical
specifications are then transposed into standards by the seven regional Standards Setting
Organizations (SSOs) that form the 3GPP partnership .

3GPP, or the 3rd Generation Partnership Project, was initially formed in December 1998 when the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) partnered with other standard
development organizations (SDOs) from around the world to develop new technologies (or more
specifically, technology specifications) for the third generation (3G) of cellular networks.

3GPP was heavily influenced at the start by existing 2G TDMA-based GSM standards. At the same
time, another group in the United States formed the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2),
which intended to develop global specifications for 3G systems based on the evolution of the 2G IS-
95 CDMA standards.

1. 3GPP develops technical specifications, not standards.

2. There is no “Mr. or Mrs. 3GPP” — 3GPP is a member-driven organization.
3. 3GPP work is done in a distributed, piecemeal manner with limited overall end-to-end
supervision.
The 3GPP production of specifications and studies (TRs) are contribution-driven, by member
companies, in Working Groups and at the Technical Specification Group (TSG) level. The
Technical Specification Groups in 3GPP are:

 Radio Access Networks (RAN)

 Services & Systems Aspects (SA)
 Core Network & Terminals (CT)

The major focus for all 3GPP Releases is to make the system backwards and forwards compatible
where possible, to ensure that the operation of user equipment is uninterrupted.

The 3GPP TSG Core Networks and Terminals (CT) is responsible for the technical co-ordination of the
specification work done

TSG CT – Core network terminals

CT1 – User equipment specs , core network protocols

CT3 – Interworking with external networks policy and charging controls

CT4 - Core network protocols

CT 6 – Smart card Application aspect

A RAN provides access to and coordinates the management of resources across the radio sites. A
handset or other device is wirelessly connected to the backbone, or core network, and the RAN
sends its signal to various wireless endpoints so it can travel with traffic from other networks. A
single handset or phone could be connected at the same time to multiple RANs, sometimes called
dual-mode handsets.

The 3GPP TSG Radio Access Network (RAN) is responsible for the technical co-ordination
of the specification work done in the following Working Groups:

 RAN1 – Radio Layer 1 (Physical layer)

 RAN2 – Radio layer 2 and Radio layer 3 Radio Resource Control
 RAN3 – UTRAN/E-UTRAN/NG-RAN architecture and related network interfaces
 RAN4 – Radio Performance and Protocol Aspects
 RAN5 – Mobile terminal conformance testing

he task of the RAN AH1 group is to act as a focus to ensure a proper flow of information and
contributions between 3GPP and ITU-R. ITU R?

ITU-R Its role is to manage the international radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbit
resources and to develop standards for radiocommunication systems

3GPP TSG Services and System Aspects (SA) is responsible for the overall architecture and
service capabilities of systems based on 3GPP specifications. Consequently, 3GPP TSG SA
is responsible for the cross 3GPP TSG co-ordination.
SA is responsible for the technical co-ordination of the specification work done in the
following Working Groups:

 SA WG1 – Services
 SA WG2 – System Architecture and Services
 SA WG3 – Security and Privacy
 SA WG4 – Multimedia Codecs, Systems and Services
 SA WG5 – Management, Orchestration and Charging
 SA WG6 – Application Enablement & Critical Communication Applications.

Next G Alliance
The Next G Alliance is an initiative to advance North American wireless technology
leadership over the next decade through private-sector-led efforts. Alliance for
Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) the Next G Alliance is an initiative to advance
North American wireless technology leadership over the next decade through private
sector-led efforts with the initial focus on 6G.

The Next G Alliance is a broad initiative that addresses the full wireless technology lifecycle
from research to commercialization, and engages with diverse ecosystem consisting of
operators, vendors, hyperscalers, research groups, academia, and government. Next G
Alliance stakeholders span corporate and government leadership/policy makers to application
developers in vertical markets, research scientists and engineers, and others.

The 6G Vision Framework addresses the diverse Next G Alliance stakeholders needs at three
levels:

 National Imperatives: Encompasses the societal, economic, and governmental

factors that drive each objective toward achieving future North American wireless
leadership. To set a bold and clear vision, the change that will be realized with 6G
compared to 5G is outlined, including the unique North American needs and
leadership opportunities.
 Applications and Markets: Includes key markets and use cases enabled by realizing
the vision as well as co-dependencies with adjacent industries and groups.
 Technology Development: Identifies new technology areas that are needed to
achieve success of each objective and explains why these objectives cannot be
achieved with 5G technologies alone. Key performance indicators are also identified
to establish success criteria for technology objectives.

ORAN
O-RAN ALLIANCE has been founded in February 2018 by AT&T, China Mobile, Deutsche Telekom,
NTT DOCOMO and Orange. It has been established as a German entity in August 2018.
‍
Since then, O-RAN ALLIANCE has become a world-wide community of mobile network operators,
vendors, and research & academic institutions operating in the Radio Access Network (RAN)
industry.

O-RAN ALLIANCE’s mission is to re-shape the RAN industry towards more intelligent, open,
virtualized and fully interoperable mobile networks. O-RAN specifications enable a more competitive
and vibrant RAN supplier ecosystem with faster innovation to improve user experience. O-RAN
based mobile networks improve the efficiency of RAN deployments as well as operations by the
mobile operators.

The O-RAN specification work has been divided into technical Work Groups (WG), all of them under
the supervision of the Technical Steering Committee. Each of the WGs covers a part of the O-RAN
Architecture. All WGs are open to all Members and Contributors.

 WG1: Use Cases and Overall Architecture Work Group

It has overall responsibility for the O-RAN Architecture and Use Cases.  WG 1
identifies tasks to be completed within the scope of the Architecture and Use Cases
and assigns Task Group leads to drive these tasks to completion while working across
other O-RAN Work Groups.

 WG2: The Non-Real-Time RAN Intelligent

Controller and A1 Interface Work Group

The primary goal of Non-RT RIC is to support Non-Real-Time intelligent radio

resource management, higher layer procedure optimization, policy optimization in
RAN, and providing AI/ML models to Near-RT RIC.

 WG3: The Near-Real-Time RIC

and E2 Interface Work Group

The focus of this WG is to define an architecture based on Near-Real-Time Radio

Intelligent Controller (Near-RT RIC), which enables near-real-time control and
optimization of RAN elements and resources via fine-grained data collection and
actions over E2 interface.

 WG4: The Open Fronthaul Interfaces Work Group

The objective of this WG is to deliver truly open fronthaul interfaces, in which multi-
vendor DU-RRU interoperability can be realized.

 WG5: The Open F1/W1/E1/X2/Xn Interface Work Group

The objective of this WG is to provide fully operable multi-vendor profile

specifications (which shall be compliant with 3GPP specification) for
 F1/W1/E1/X2/Xn interfaces and in some cases will propose 3GPP specification
enhancements.

 WG6: The Cloudification and Orchestration Work Group

The cloudification and orchestration WG seeks to drive the decoupling of RAN

software from the underlying hardware platforms and to produce technology and
reference designs that would allow commodity hardware platforms to be leveraged for
all parts of a RAN deployment including the CU and the DU.

 WG7: The White-box Hardware Work Group

The promotion of open reference design hardware is a potential way to reduce the cost
of 5G deployment that will benefit both the operators and vendors. The objective of
this Work Group is to specify and release a complete reference design to foster a
decoupled software and hardware platform.

 WG8: Stack Reference Design Work Group

The aim of this WG is to develop the software architecture, design, and release plan
for the O-RAN Central Unit (O-CU) and O-RAN Distributed Unit (O-DU) based on
O-RAN and 3GPP specifications for the NR protocol stack.

 WG9: Open X-haul Transport Work Group

This WG focuses on the transport domain, consisting of transport equipment, physical

media and control/management protocols associated with the transport network.

 WG10: OAM Work Group

This WG is responsible for the OAM requirements, OAM architecture and the O1
interface.

 WG11: Security Work Group

This WG focuses on security aspects of the open RAN ecosystem.

 SDFG: Standard Development Focus Group

SDFG plays the leading role on working out the standardization strategies of O-RAN
ALLIANCE and is the main interface to other Standard Development Organizations
(SDOs) that are relevant for O-RAN work, for which SDFG also coordinates
incoming and outgoing Liaison Statements.

 OSFG: Open Source Focus Group

 The biggest task that OSFG has accomplished was the successful launch of the O-
RAN Software Community. As most of open source activities are happening directly
in the O-RAN Software Community the OSFG remains in a dormant mode.

 TIFG: Testing and Integration Focus Group

TIFG defines O-RAN’s overall approach for testing and integration, including
coordination of test specifications across various WGs. This may include creating
end-to-end test & integration specifications; profiles to facilitate O-RAN
productization, operationalization and commercialization; approaches to meet general
requirements; and specifications of processes for performing integration and solution
verification. The TIFG plans and coordinates the O-RAN ALLIANCE PlugFests and
sets guidelines for the 3rd party Open Testing and Integration Centres (OTIC).

 nGRG: next Generation Research Group

The nGRG focuses on research of open and intelligent RAN principles in 6G and
future network standards.

3GPP O-RAN ALLAINCE NEXT G ALLAINCE(NGA)

 3GPP is an engineering  O-RAN ALLIANCE has  The Next G Alliance is
organization that been founded in an initiative to advance
develops technical February 2018 by North American
specifications. AT&T, China Mobile, wireless technology
 These technical Deutsche Telekom, leadership over the
specifications are then NTT DOCOMO and next decade
transposed into Orange. through private-sector-
standards by the seven  It has been established led efforts.
regional Standards as a German entity in  Alliance for
Setting Organizations August 2018. , O-RAN Telecommunications
(SSOs) that form the ALLIANCE has become Industry Solutions
3GPP partnership. a world-wide (ATIS) the Next G
 3GPP is also community of mobile Alliance is an initiative
developing various network operators, to advance North
technologies for 6G in vendors, and research American wireless
all three working & academic technology leadership
groups . institutions over the next decade
SPECIFICALLY through private sector-
WORKING on OPEN- led efforts with the
RAN development. initial focus on 6G.
 The NGA has
discussed a roadmap
and future scope plans
for the development of
6G in North American
region

Why is there a need for O-RAN?

3GPP defined the eNodeBs (used in 4G LTE) can coordinate in a peer-to-peer fashion over a new
interface called the X2. It extended it to 5G and named it the Xn interface.Today all the 5G
deployments are 5G Non-Standalone (NSA) Deployments. This means that the 5G RAN is used to
access the network by working in conjunction with the 4G LTE access network and the EPC, also
known as 4G Core.if the X2 Interface is not open then the operators will have to deploy 5G by using
the existing 4G LTE vendors resulting in the fencing of the 5G network. The operators will have to
come up with innovative and feasible solutions where they break the 4G dependency by either
providing a new chunk of 4G Spectrum or use an existing chunk to the new 5G vendor.But such cases
cannot be implemented due to a lack of resources.That is why we need Open RAN even when 3GPP
interfaces are already open and standardized.The Open RAN unfolds the multi-vendor RAN system
and introduces more software into the telcos’ networks it helps in reducing their cost and diversifying
their supply chains. This is why the O-RAN constantly demands interoperability and requires
validation.

, ML
techniques provide the replacement of heuristic or Brute Force Algorithms for optimizing
localized
tasks and can also present adequate solutions that the existing mathematical model are
unable to
obtain. Currently, the ML algorithms are being deployed and trained statically at different
management layers, core, radio base stations, and mobile devices. The dynamic
deployment is
envisioned to yield enhanced performance and utilization.
non-parametric Bayesian methods

, the Kernel Hilbert

Space-based solutions have shown encouraging results in generating improved data rate,
which is
10-100 times higher in comparison to the ones shown in the 5G wireless networks,
simultaneously
being computationally simple and scalable with lower approximation error. Federated
Learning (FL)
is an alternate distributed ML algorithm which enables mobile devices to collaboratively learn
a
shared ML model without data exchange among mobile devices

Following are the ML

algorithms which help in addressing all the aforementioned issues.
i. Supervised Learning
ii. Unsupervised learning
iii. Reinforced Learning
iv. Federated Learning
v. Kernel Hilbert Space
vi. Block Chain Technology
vii. Cognitive Radio
viii. Symbiotic Radio.
ix. THz Technology
x. Free Duplex
xi. Index Modulation

Cognitive Radio
The most widely accepted key technology to empower dynamic spectrum allocation is
cognitive radio. Based on the interaction with surrounding environment, and also based on
the
awareness of its internal states such as, hardware and software architectures, user needs,
spectrum
use policy, cognitive radio can autonomously and dynamically adapt the system
transmission
strategies, bandwidth, transmit power, antenna beam, carrier frequency and modulation
scheme. AI, and also its capacity to facilitate Dynamic Spectrum Allocation (DSA
consistently and periodically observe the environment

https://www.ericsson.com/4927de/assets/local/reports-papers/white-papers/6g--connecting-a-
cyber-physical-world.pdf

https://tsdsi.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/6G-White-Paper-12-Pages-Digital.pdf

https://cdn.codeground.org/nsr/downloads/researchareas/2022May_6G_Spectrum.pdf

https://cdn.codeground.org/nsr/downloads/researchareas/20201201_6G_Vision_web.pdf

https://www.ericsson.com/490d1a/assets/local/reports-papers/research-papers/high-band-
testbed-concept-description.pdf --

http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/isbn9789526226743.pdf

https://d86o2zu8ugzlg.cloudfront.net/mediatek-craft/documents/MediaTek-6G-Vision-White-
Paper-EN0122.pdf

https://hellofuture.orange.com/app/uploads/2022/03/White-Paper-%E2%80%93-Oranges-vision-
for-6G-%E2%80%93-March-2022.pdf

https://typeset.io/papers/6g-white-paper-on-edge-intelligence-2cjqmvvku3
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