Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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PRASANNA KUMAR REDDY
ACT TEST TIPS:
The ACT is a widely used college admission standardized test. It has four
mandatory subject tests: English, Reading, Mathematics, and Science. There
is also an optional Writing test which some colleges require.
General Tips
• Answer the questions you find easiest first. Come
back to the others later.
• Don’t spend more than a minute or two on any
question.
• As you work on a section, keep track of how much time remains. (It’s a
good idea to bring a reliable watch.)
• Answer every question. There is no penalty for guessing.
• Be careful to mark only one answer choice per question.
• Write in the test book in any way that will help you.
• Consider all answer choices before you choose one. Use the process
of elimination to narrow your choices.
• Consider the writing style used for each section. The correct answer
choice will be the one that works best with the writing style used.
• When asked a question about something that is underlined, consider
how the underlined portion fits with the rest of the section.
• Examine each answer choice to see how it differs from the others.
• For items that include “No Change” as an answer choice, choose this as
your answer only if you are sure none of the other answer choices are
correct.
• Reread the underlined portion with your answer choice to be sure it is
correct.
• Work out the problem before looking at the answer choices. When
done, choose the answer choice that matches your answer. If none
match, redo the problem.
• Don’t overly rely on your calculator. Some
problems are best worked out manually. Some
don’t even require calculation.
• The questions focus much more on reasoning than on calculation. If
you find yourself doing complicated calculations, you’re probably on
the wrong track.
• Make sure your answer choice makes sense. A calculation error can
lead you to a wrong answer choice.
• Check your work.
• Given the complexity of the passages, it may help to make some simple
notes as you read them.
• Cross out irrelevant information.
• Don’t be overly concerned with any technical terminology. Technical
terms usually have little to do with the correct answer choice.
• Be watchful for conflicting viewpoints in some of the passages.
These tips can help you get the most out your knowledge, skills, and
abilities when you take the ACT.
Building Vocabulary: Using Context Clues to Learn Word
Meaning
When authors write, they often include context clues to the meaning of
words they use but think that some of their readers may not know. The
context clue is usually presented in the sentence or paragraph in which the
word occurs. Sometimes a visual such as a picture is provided.
Here are six types of context clues used by authors to help the reader
understand the meanings of words. An example is
provided for each.
The people of the town were warned not to eat the tainted fish. The local
newspaper published a bulletin in which readers were clearly told that eating
fish that had a disease could be very dangerous. This was especially true for
fish caught in Lake Jean.
After seeing the picture of the starving children, we all felt compassion or
pity for their suffering.
John Fitzgerald Kennedy, our 35th president, improved human rights and
equal rights for all people. He was a very charismatic president. People were
attracted to his charm and enthusiasm. His personality was described as
magnetic.
What is a prefix?
For example, take the root word “purpose.” By adding the prefix “multi” to
“purpose,” the new word “multipurpose” is formed.
Every prefix has its own meaning. When added to a root word, a prefix
changes the meaning of the root word to which it is added. The root word
“purpose” means “an aim or a goal one wishes to achieve.” The prefix “multi”
means “many.” The new word “multipurpose” means “designed or used for
many purposes.”
Learning to identify prefixes and knowing their meanings are great ways to
expand your vocabulary. An expanded vocabulary will increase your listening
and speaking comprehension. It will also help you communicate more
effectively when writing or taking tests.
Here are some more prefixes and their meanings. You can add these
prefixes to many root words to form new words and expand your vocabulary.
1. When you see a prefix whose meaning you do not know, look up its
meaning in a dictionary.
2. Write the prefix and its meaning where you can refer to it easily and
often.
3. Review the meaning of these prefixes from time to time.
4. Form words by adding these prefixes to root words.
5. Use these words when you speak and write.
Watch your vocabulary grow!
Many pairs of words sound alike or nearly alike, but each has a
different meaning. For example, affect means to influence
something, while effect means the result of something. Words
like these can be easily confused with each other.
You must be careful to use the correct word from a pair of such
confusing words when you are writing and speaking. If not, you
may express something different than what you mean to express.
Here are some word pairs that are commonly confused. Learn the meanings
of each of the words so that you use them correctly.
Ascent – to climb
Assent – to agree
Cite – to document
Site – a place
Coarse – rough
Course – moving from one point to the next
Faint – weak
Feint – a movement meant to deceive
Forth – forward
Fourth – an ordinal number
Here – at or in a place
Hear – to receive sound through one’s ears
Loath – reluctant
Loathe – greatly dislike
Waist – the part of the human body between the ribs and the hips
Waste – to use or spend carelessly
Weak – without strength
Week – a period of seven days
Most essay test items are not presented in the form of a question.
Instead, they are often presented as a statement that includes a
direction word. The direction word tells you what you should do
when you write your answer to the item. Look for the direction
word and be sure to do what it tells you to do.
Here are the direction words that are most frequently used by
teachers when they write essay test items. The meaning of each
direction word is provided and is followed by an example of an
essay test item using that direction word. Get to know what each
of these direction words tells you to do.
Compare the forms of government found in the United States and in China.
Contrast – Contrast tells you to show how two or more things are
different.
Explain – Explain tells you to provide facts and reasons to make something
clear and understandable.
Summarize how Thomas Edison’s inventions have made our lives better.
Trace – Trace tells you to present the order in which something occurred.
Recognizing these direction words and knowing what they tell you to do will
help you do well when taking an essay test.
To become a flexible reader, you need to know how to select and use a
reading style that is consistent with your purpose for reading. There are
three important reading styles you should learn to use. Each has its own
purpose. Knowing when and how to use these three reading styles
will make you a flexible reader. Read to learn about the three
reading styles used by flexible readers.
Study Reading is the reading style used by flexible
readers when their purpose is to read difficult material
at a high level of comprehension. When using the Study
Reading style, you should read at a rate that is slower
than your normal reading rate. Further, as you read you
must challenge yourself to understand the material.
Study Reading will often require you to read material
more than once to achieve a high level of
comprehension. Sometimes, reading the material aloud
will also help you improve your comprehension.
Skimming is the reading style used by flexible readers when their purpose is
to quickly obtain a general idea about the reading material. The Skimming
style is most useful when you have to read a large amount of material in a
short amount of time. When using the Skimming style, you should identify
the main ideas in each paragraph and ignore the details in supportive
sentences. Because you are only looking for the main idea in each paragraph
you read, a lower level of comprehension is to be expected than when using
the Study Reading style.
Before you begin your next reading assignment, identify your purpose for
reading. Decide if you are reading for a high level of comprehension, trying
to get a general idea about what you are reading, or looking for specific
information. Then use the reading style that is appropriate for your reading
purpose.
Good Listening In Class
It is important for you to be a good listener in class. Much of what you will
have to learn will be presented verbally by your teachers. Just hearing what
your teachers say is not the same as listening to what they say. Listening is a
cognitive act that requires you to pay attention and think about
and mentally process what you hear.
Listen with a Purpose. Identify what you expect and hope to learn from the
class session. Listen for these things as your teacher talks.
Meet the Challenge. Don't give up and stop listening when you find the
information being presented difficult to understand. Listen even more
carefully at these times and work hard to understand what is being said.
Don't be reluctant to ask questions.
Triumph Over the Environment. The classroom may too noisy, too hot, too
cold, too bright, or too dark. Don't give in to these inconveniences. Stay
focused on the big picture - LEARNING.
Your learning style is your strength. Go with it whenever you can. When you
can choose a class, try to choose one that draws heaviest on your learning
style. When you can choose a teacher, try to choose one who's teaching
method best matches your learning style. When you choose a major and
future career, keep your learning style firmly in mind.
Making an Oral Presentation
When making an oral presentation in class, you must know your subject well
and convince your audience that they have something to gain from listening
to you. Here are some things you can do to make an effective oral
presentation.
Don’t read your presentation. Talk to your audience. Use your notes as
prompts as needed.
Use visual aids. Supplement what you say with visual aids such as handouts,
charts, transparencies, and slides. Make sure that everyone can easily see
the visual aids. Don’t use visual aids that are so complex that the audience
will spend its time trying to read them instead of listening to you. Visual aids
are supplements to what you say, not replacements for what you say.
Maintain eye contact. Shift your eye contact around the room so that
everyone feels that you are talking to them.
Actively involve your audience. People can only listen so long without their
attention wandering. Making your presentation interesting will help you to
capture and keep your audience’s attention for a while, but you must do
more. Build in some simple and quick activities for your audience so that they
are actively involved in your presentation. Ask questions that you are
confident your audience will be able to answer.
Use your voice effectively. Vary the tone of your voice and be careful not
to talk too quickly.
End on a high note. Leave your audience feeling upbeat about what they
have just heard.
There are only so many hours in a day, a week, and a term. You cann
change the number of hours, but you can decide how to best use them
To be successful in school, you must carefully manage your study time
Here is a strategy for doing this.
At the beginning of a term, prepare a Term Calendar. Update it as the term goes on.
Here is what to do to prepare a Term Calendar.
• Record your school assignments with their due dates and your scheduled tests.
• Record your planned school activities.
• Record your known out-of-school activities.
Each Sunday before a school week, prepare a Weekly Schedule. Update it as the
week goes on. Here is what to do to prepare a Weekly Schedule.
• Record your daily classes.
• Enter things to be done for the coming week from your Term Calendar.
• Review your class notes from the previous week to see if you need to add any scho
activities.
• Add any out-of-school activities in which you will be involved during the week.
• Be sure to include times for completing assignments, working on projects, and
studying for tests. These times may be during the school day, right after school
evenings, and weekends.
Prepare a Daily Organizer
Each evening before a school day, prepare a Daily Organizer for the next day.
Place a √ next to each thing to do as you accomplish it. Here is what to do to
prepare a Daily Organizer.
• Enter the things to do for the coming day from your Weekly Schedule.
• Enter the things that still need to be accomplished from your Daily Organizer fro
the previous day.
• Review your class notes for the day just completed to see if you need to add any
school activities.
• Add any out-of-school activities in which you will be involved the next day.
Your Weekly Schedule should have more detail than your Term Calendar. Your Daily
Organizer should have more detail than your Weekly Schedule. Using a Term Calendar,
Weekly Schedule, and a Daily Organizer will help
Math Tips
If the ones digit is 5 or more, round to the next highest ten (68 rounds to
70).
If the ones digit is less than 5, round to the next lowest ten (33 rounds to
30).
If the tens digit is 5 or more, round to the next highest hundred (384
rounds to 400).
If the tens digit is less than 5, round to the next lowest hundred (427
rounds to 400).
To the nearest thousand
To tell what percentage one number is of a second number, divide the first
number by the second. Move the decimal point of the resulting quotient two
places to the right.
Divide the numerator by the denominator. Move the decimal point of the
resulting quotient two places to the right.
6 = 6 ÷ 15 = .4 = .40 = 40%
15
0.792 = 79.2%
Measurement Units
Length
Inch (in): The distance between the knuckles on your index finger is
approximately one inch.
Mile (mi): One mile equals 5,280 feet. A mile is approximately the
distance a championship distance runner can run in just under four
minutes.
Weight
Ounce (oz): A slice of bread usually weighs a little less than one ounce.
Pound (lb): One pound equals 16 ounces. A loaf of white bread usually weighs
a little more than one pound.
Ton (T): A ton is 2,000 pounds. The famous Liberty Bell in Philadelphia
weighs about one ton.
Capacity
Cup (c): A standard baby bottle holds about one cup of juice.
Pint (pt): One pint equals two cups. A pint of ice cream is just about right
for four people to share.
Quart (qt): One quart equals two pints. Motor oil typically comes in a quart-
sized container.
Gallon (gal): One gallon equals four quarts. A large container of milk contains
one gallon.
Knowing these measurement units will help you in school and in everyday
life.
Metaphors
What is a Metaphor?
1. The teacher got to the bottom of the problem. (This implies that the
teacher got to the source of the problem.)
2. My dad was boiling mad. (This implies that my dad was very, very
angry.)
3. His idea was difficult to swallow. (This implies that his idea was hard
to accept.)
4. The homework was a breeze. (This implies that the homework was
very easy to do.)
5. They showered the birthday girl with gifts. (This implies that they
gave the girl many gifts.)
6. My memory of the event is foggy. (This implies that my memory of
what happened was unclear.)
7. Her dog, Jake, was the sunshine of her life. (This implies that Jake
was the brightest or best part of her life.)
8. Mary stole the spotlight with her performance. (This implies that
Mary’s performance made her the center of attention.)
9. If I were you, I would steer clear of that topic. (This implies that you
should stay away from that topic.)
10. After graduating from college, William decided to market himself as
a computer specialist. (This implies that William decided to present
himself as a computer specialist when looking for a job.)
11. Alice was thrilled when her idea began to bear fruit. (This implies
that Alice’s idea produced results.)
12. I knew he was just joking because I could see a smile sprouting from
the edges of his lips. (This implies that a smile was forming and
growing.)
13. Helen and Maria hatched a plan to help Maria become president of her
class. (This implies that Helen and Maria came up with a plan.)
14. Each year, a new crop of students entered Harrison High School.
(This implies that each year a new group of students entered whose
skills and abilities would grow during their years at Harrison.)
15. The suspect clammed up when the police began to ask him questions
about where he had been the night of the crime. (This implies that
the suspect shut his mouth and said nothing.)
A Strategy for Using Metaphors
1. Identify the object or idea that is the subject of what you are
writing or saying. For example, suppose you are trying to describe a
sunset.
2. Identify what it is you want to communicate about that object or
idea. You want to bring out how beautiful the sunset is.
3. Identify another object or idea that strongly implies what you want to
communicate. You decide that the idea of “painted” would be a good
way to communicate the beauty of the sunset.
4. Construct a sentence in which you link the idea of painted with
sunset. For example, you could write or say, “The sunset painted the
sky with vibrant colors.”
Using metaphors when you write and speak will allow you to
communicate more effectively and in a more interesting way.
What is a Metaphor?
1. The teacher got to the bottom of the problem. (This implies that the
teacher got to the source of the problem.)
2. My dad was boiling mad. (This implies that my dad
was very, very angry.)
3. His idea was difficult to swallow. (This implies that
his idea was hard to accept.)
4. The homework was a breeze. (This implies that the
homework was very easy to do.)
5. They showered the birthday girl with gifts. (This implies that they
gave the girl many gifts.)
6. My memory of the event is foggy. (This implies that my memory of
what happened was unclear.)
7. Her dog, Jake, was the sunshine of her life. (This implies that Jake
was the brightest or best part of her life.)
8. Mary stole the spotlight with her performance. (This implies that
Mary’s performance made her the center of attention.)
Multiple-Choice Tests
In this type of item, the missing part of the statement can be anywhere in
the statement. You must circle the letter that represents the answer choice
that correctly completes the statement. Usually there are four answer
choices represented by the letters a, b, c, and d. Sometimes there are more
than four answer choices.
The first president of the United States, ____, was known as the “Father
of his country.”
a. Thomas Jefferson
b. Abraham Lincoln
c. George Washington
d. Theodore Roosevelt
You should circle “c” to show that George Washington was the first
president of the United States.
a. 48
b. 52
c. 46
d. 50
You should circle “d” to show that 50 is the correct answer choice for this
question.
Sometimes, one of the answer choices is “all of the above.” In the following
example, “e” is the correct answer choice because all of the foods shown are
dairy products.
a. milk
b. ice cream
c. yogurt
d. cream cheese
e. all of the above
a. Russia
b. Argentina
c. Mexico
d. Japan
e. none of the above
Guidelines When Taking Multiple-Choice Tests
Here are some guidelines that will help you correctly answer multiple-choice
items.
1. Circle or underline important words in the item. This will help you
focus on the information most needed to identify the correct answer
choice.
2. Read all the answer choices before selecting one. It is just as likely
for the last answer choice to be correct as the first.
3. Cross out answer choices you are certain are not correct. This will
help you narrow down the correct answer choice.
4. Look for two answer choices that are opposites. One of these two
answer choices is likely to be correct.
5. Look for hints about the correct answer choice in other items on the
test. The correct answer choice may be part of another item on the
test.
6. Look for answer choices that contain language used by your teacher
or found in your textbooks. An answer choice that contains such
language is usually correct.
7. Do not change your initial answer unless you are sure another answer
choice is correct. More often than not, your first choice is correct.
8. Choose “all of the above” if you are certain all other answer choices in
the item are correct. Do not choose “all of the above” if even just one
of the other answer choices is not correct.
9. Choose “none of the above” if you are certain all other answer choices
in the item are incorrect. Do not choose “none of the above” if even
just one of the other answer choices is correct.
Commutative Property
a. Addition. When two numbers are added, the sum is the same regardless of
the order in which the numbers are added.
3+5=8 or 5+3=8
3 x 5 = 15 or 5 x 3 = 15
Associative Property
a. Addition. When three or more numbers are added, the sum is the same
regardless of the way in which the numbers are grouped.
6 + (4 + 3) = 13 or (6 + 4) + 3 = 13
6 x (4 x 3) = 72 or (6 x 4) x 3 = 72
Distributive Property
5 x (7 + 2) = 45 or 5 x 7 + 5 x 2 = 45
Identity Property
12 + 0 = 12
18 x 1 = 18
Parts of Speech
Here are the eight parts of speech and their most common meanings:
Examples:
A noun that names only one person, place, or thing is a singular noun. A noun
that names more than one person, place, or thing is a plural noun. For
example, automobile is a singular noun, while automobiles is a plural noun.
Examples:
Adjective: An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It can tell what kind
or how many.
Examples:
Examples:
(present tense) Please move the chair away from the wall.
Adverb: An adverb is a word that describes a verb. It can tell how or when.
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
Knowing these eight parts of speech will improve your writing and speaking
Phonics Rules
What is Phonics?
Phonics refers to associating letters or letter groups with the sound they
represent. Mastery of phonics is an important tool for reading and
pronouncing words.
Because the English language is so complex, there are many phonics rules.
Knowing the phonics rules that apply most often can be a major aid to
identifying words and improving comprehension in your reading. But keep in
mind there are some words that don’t follow the rules. You will just have to
watch out for these exceptions.
Here are the most useful phonics rules you should know:
1. Every syllable in every word must contain a vowel. The vowels are: a, e,
i, o, u, and y (although y is a consonant when at the beginning of a
word).
2. When "c" is followed by "e, i, or y," it usually has the soft sound of "s."
Example: city.
Knowing and Applying These Phonics Rules Will Improve Your Reading.
Procrastination
What is Procrastination?
There are many reasons why students procrastinate. Here are the most
common reasons:
You procrastinate excessively if you agree with five or more of the following
statements:
Above all, think positively and get going. Once you are into a task, you will
probably find that it is more interesting than you thought it would be and
not as difficult as you feared. You will feel increasingly relieved as you work
toward its accomplishment and will come to look forward
to the feeling of satisfaction you will experience when
you have completed the task.
Your Study Place does you little good if you cannot use it when you need it.
If you are using a Study Place that you must share with others for any
reason, work out a schedule so that you know when you can use it.
Research shows that most students study best in a quiet environment. If you
find that playing a stereo or TV improves your mood, keep the volume low.
4. Does my Study Place contain all the study materials I need?
Be sure your Study Place includes reference sources and supplies such as
pens and pencils, paper, ruler, calculator, and whatever else you might need.
If you use a computer for your schoolwork, it should be in your Study Place .
A chair that is not comfortable can cause discomfort or pain that will
interfere with your studying. A chair that is too comfortable might make you
sleepy. Select a chair in which you can sit for long periods while maintaining
your attention.
The amount of light you need depends on what you are doing. The important
thing is that you can clearly see what you need to see without any strain or
discomfort.
If your Study Place is too warm, you might become sleepy. If it is too cold,
your thinking may slow down and become unclear. Select a temperature at
which your mind and body function best.
The use of punctuation marks can be very complex. Each punctuation mark
can be used in many ways. Here are the punctuation marks that are most
commonly used when writing and the most typical way or ways they are used.
Examples are provided for each.
Period (.)
Comma (,)
Semicolon (;)
Colon (:)
- Use a colon before a list that is preceded by a complete independent
clause. Some form of the word "follow" is often used in such a case.
"On our next vacation, we plan to visit the following countries: England,
France, Italy, and Greece."
Apostrophe (')
Use punctuation marks to make the meaning of what you write as clear as
possible.
Reading Comprehension: The REDW Strategy for Finding Main
Ideas
REDW is a good strategy to use to find the main idea in each paragraph of a
reading assignment. Using this strategy will help you comprehend the
information contained in your assignment. Each of the letters in REDW
stands for a step in the strategy.
Read
Read the entire paragraph to get an idea of what the paragraph is about. You
may find it helpful to whisper the words as you read or to form a picture in
your mind of what you are reading. Once you have a general idea of what the
paragraph is about, go on to the next step.
Examine
Examine each sentence in the paragraph to identify the important words
that tell what the sentence is about. Ignore the words that are not needed
to tell what the sentence is about. If you are allowed to, draw a line through
the words to be ignored. For each sentence, write on a sheet of paper the
words that tell what the sentence is about.
Decide
Reread the words you wrote for each sentence in the paragraph. Decide
which sentence contains the words you wrote that best describe the main
idea of the paragraph. These words are the main idea of the paragraph. The
sentence that contains these words is the topic sentence. The other words
you wrote are the supporting details for the main idea.
Write
Write the main idea for each paragraph in your notebook.
This will provide you with a written record of the most
important ideas you learned. This written record will be
helpful if you have to take a test that covers the reading
assignment.
"My (Mercury) very (Venus) earthy (Earth) mother (Mars) just (Jupiter)
served (Saturn) us (Uranus) nine (Neptune) pizzas (Pluto)" is an acronymic
sentence that students through the years have used to remember the order
of planets around our sun, from closest to furthest. If you accept recent
evidence that Pluto is not a planet, you can use "My very earthy mother just
served us noodles."
Here are the five most populous cities in Indiana
shown in order from highest to lowest: Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, Evansville,
South Bend, Gary. Here is an acronymic sentence you can use to remember
these cities in the order shown.
Sometimes two or more of the facts you must remember each begin with the same firs
letter. For example, the acronym “capp” can be used to remember the following fruits:
pear, apple, peach, cherry. You can use the first letter “p” in the acronym to remembe
either “pear” or “peach” and the second letter “p” to remember the other.
The SAT is the most popular standardized test used for admission into
colleges and universities in the United States. It includes three sections:
math, critical reading, and writing.
General Tips
• In each section of the SAT, the questions start out easy and become
increasingly difficult. Answer the questions that are easiest for you
first.
• Be careful about guessing. For most questions, you don’t lose a point
for omitting an answer, but you do lose a fractional point for a wrong
answer.
• Don’t spend more than one or two minutes on any
one question.
• Mark the test book in any way that will help you.
• Keep track of time.
• Bring water and healthy snacks to renew your
mental and physical energy during breaks.
Other questions require that you come up with your own answers and fit
them into a grid.
• Since there is no penalty for wrong answers here, take your best
guess if you can’t figure out the answer.
• The answer cannot be a negative number. Do the problem again if you
come up with a negative number.
• The answer cannot be a mixed number. If your answer is a mixed
number, convert it to an improper fraction or a decimal.
Some of the questions require you to read a sentence containing one or two
blanks. You are required to select the answer choice that correctly
completes the sentence.
• Read the sentence and try to complete it before looking at the answer
choices. If what you come up is one of the answer choices, select it
as your answer.
• Read all the answer choices before selecting one. Don’t just select
the first one you come to that you think might be correct.
• Be especially careful when sentences include negative words (e.g., not)
or prefixes (e.g., un). These change the meaning of a sentence.
• When a sentence contains two blanks, do not select an answer choice
unless you are certain that both words in the answer choice are
correct.
• Select an answer choice that seems simple and clear. Do not select an
answer choice that seems awkward and very complicated.
• It is particularly important to read the questions and answer choices
in this section very carefully.
• Because the score for your essay is based on the reader’s overall
impression, express your ideas clearly using examples to back them up.
• The standard five-paragraph essay is the best format to use.
• Keep your writing as simple as possible. Don’t be too “wordy.”
• Focus on the organization of the essay rather than perfect grammar
and spelling.
• Avoid the use of slang.
Nothing can take the place of math, reading, and writing skills. But
these tips can help you make the most of your skills when taking the
SAT.
Setting Goals
To set appropriate goals, you must know what is important for you to
accomplish. Then you must set specific and clearly stated goals. If you do
not have clearly stated goals, your effort will lack direction and focus. Write
your goals to have a record of them.
Each goal you set should state WHAT you will do and WHEN you will
accomplish it. Implied in each goal you set is your WILL (determination) to
do it. For example, a goal for a research paper might be stated as follows:
I will (your determination) finish gathering information for my research
paper (what you will do) by November 20 (when you will accomplish it).
1. within your skills and abilities. Knowing your strengths and weaknesses will
help you set goals you can accomplish.
2. realistic. Setting a goal to learn the spelling of three new words a day is
realistic. Trying to learn the spelling of fifty new words a day is not
realistic.
3. flexible. Sometimes things will not go the way you anticipate and you may
need to change your goal. Stay flexible so when you realize a change is
necessary you will be ready to make the change.
4. measurable. It is important to be able to measure your
progress toward a goal. It is especially important to
recognize when you have accomplished your goal and need
to go no further. Failure to measure your progress toward a goal and
recognize its accomplishment will result in effort that is misdirected and
wasted.
Many times your parents, teachers, and counselors will set goals for you. Be
accepting when they do. These are people who know what is important for
you and are very concerned with your success. They can also help you
accomplish the goals they set.
What is a Simile?
A simile is a comparison made between two things that are not alike in most
ways, but are alike in one important way. In a simile, the words “like” or “as”
are used to signal that a comparison is being made between the two things.
In this example, slept like a log is the simile, and like is the
word used to signal that a comparison is being made. The two
things being compared are “slept” and “log.” A log just lies in
one place and does not move. A mental image of Bob sleeping
like a log would show him lying in one place without moving. This
would bring out that the speaker or writer is saying that Bob
had a long, deep, and undisturbed sleep and not just a nap.
Here are some commonly used similes in which like is used to signal the
comparison:
as clear as mud
as strong as an ox
as nutty as a fruitcake
as pretty as a picture
as good as gold
as quiet as a mouse
as clear as a bell
as bright as day
as light as a feather
as dry as a bone
as slow as molasses
as deep as the ocean
RQWQCQ is a good strategy to use when solving math word problems. Each
of the letters in RQWQCQ stands for a step in the strategy.
Read
Read the entire problem to learn what it is about. You may find it helpful to
read the problem out loud, form a picture of the problem in your mind, or
draw a picture of the problem.
Question
Find the question to be answered in the problem. Often the question is
directly stated. When it is not stated, you will have to identify the question
to be answered.
Write
Write the facts you need to answer the question. It is helpful to cross out
any facts presented in the problem that are not needed to answer the
question. Sometimes, all of facts presented in the problem are needed to
answer the question.
Question
Ask yourself “What computations must I do to answer the question?”
Compute
Set up the problem on paper and do the computations. Check your
computations for accuracy and make any needed corrections. Once you have
done this, circle youranswer.
Question
Look at your answer and ask yourself: “Is my answer possible?” You may find
that your answer is not possible because it does not fit with the facts
presented in the problem. When this happens, go back through the steps of
RQWQCQ until you arrive at an answer that is possible.
A long word is a word that has more than one syllable (i.e.,
multisyllabic). A syllable is a word or part of a word that is
spoken with a single sound of the voice. Using the Syllable-
Building Strategy will help you spell long words such as democratic.
Here is how a student named William used the steps in the Syllable-Building
Strategy to learn to spell democratic. He came across this word while
reading his social studies textbook.
Step 1. William carefully copied the word into his notebook. He checked
what he wrote to be sure that he had spelled the word correctly. Here is
what he wrote.
Step 2. William then located the word democratic in his dictionary.
Step 4. From the dictionary, William learned that democratic was a four-
syllable word. William wrote democratic leaving a space between each
syllable. Here is what he wrote.
William then covered what he had written and wrote the first syllable of
democratic from memory. Here is what he wrote.
He looked to see if he had spelled the first syllable correctly and found that
he had. William then wrote the first two syllables of democratic together
three times. He pronounced the two syllables together as he wrote them.
Here is what he wrote.
He covered what he had written and wrote the first two syllables from
memory. Here is what he wrote.
William then looked to see if he had spelled the first two syllables correctly
and found that he had not. Therefore, he once again wrote the first two
syllables of democratic three times, pronouncing them as he did so. Here is
what he wrote.
William covered what he had written and wrote the first two syllables from
memory. Here is what he wrote.
He looked to see if he had spelled the first two syllables correctly and
found that he had.
William continued this procedure for the first three syllables of democratic
and then for the entire word.
Step 6. Once William had correctly spelled the entire word from memory,
he wrote democratic on his personal spelling list. He wrote both the entire
word and the word broken into syllables.
Here are eight spelling rules you should learn and use.
3. When a word ends with “y” preceded by a consonant, form the plural
of the word by changing the “y” to “i” and adding “es.”
*Examples: countries, carries, ladies
4. Drop the final silent “e” when adding a suffix that begins with a vowel.
*Examples: changing, notable, nervous
5. Keep the final silent “e” when adding a suffix that begins with a
consonant.
*Examples: useful, lovely, hopeless
While some of these rules have exceptions, learning and using them will
help you correctly spell many words.
Characters
Characters are the first element to look for when reading a story or novel.
Characters are most often people but can be animals or even fictionalized
beings like those seen in cartoons or movies. The main character plays the
biggest role and is often the first character to be introduced. Most often
the story is seen through the eyes of the main character. Secondary
characters play a smaller supporting role and are introduced throughout the
story.
Setting
The setting is the second element you should look for when reading a story
or novel. The setting is the location where the story
takes place. A story may take place in a home,
countryside, town, school, or wherever the author
chooses to have the action occur. The setting is usually revealed very early
in a story.
Time
The time when the story takes place is the third element you should look for
when reading a story or novel. A story may take place very recently or many
years ago. Usually the time when the story takes place is introduced very
early in the story.
Problem
The problem is the fourth element you should look for in a story or novel.
The problem most often grows out of a conflict between the main character
and another character in the story. But the problem can also involve a
circumstance such as a hurricane, a war, or one of the many obstacles that
produce a conflict in life.
Events
Events are the fifth element you should look for when reading a story or
novel. An event is an attempt at solving the problem in the story. In a story
there are usually a number of attempts to solve the problem and these
events make up most of the story.
Solution
A solution is the sixth and final element in a story or novel. The solution is
how the problem is resolved or brought to an end. Most often the solution is
revealed near the end of the story. Sometimes the solution is not revealed
until the very last page or even the final paragraph of the story.
Recognizing these story elements will help you better understand and enjoy
a story, remember the story facts, and appreciate different writing styles
used by authors.
A Strategy for Reading Textbooks
Survey.
Surveying brings to mind what you already know about the topic of a chapter
and prepares you for learning more. To survey a chapter, read the title,
introduction, headings, and the summary or conclusion. Also, examine all
visuals such as pictures, tables, maps, and/or graphs and read the caption
that goes with each. By surveying a chapter, you will quickly learn what the
chapter is about.
Question.
You need to have questions in your mind as you read. Questions give you a
purpose for reading and help you stay focused on the reading assignment.
Form questions by changing each chapter heading into a question. Use the
words who, what, when, where, why, or how to form questions. For example,
for the heading "Uses of Electricity" in a chapter about how science
improves lives, you might form the question "What are some uses of
electricity?" If a heading is stated as a question, use that question. When a
heading contains more than one idea, form a question for each idea. Do not
form questions for the Introduction, Summary, or Conclusion.
Read.
Read the information that follows each heading to find the answer to each
question you formed. As you do this, you may decide you need to change a
question or turn it into several questions to be answered. Stay focused and
flexible so you can gather as much information as you need to answer each
question.
Write.
Write each question and its answer in your notebook. Reread
each of your written answers to be sure each answer is legible and contains
all the important information needed to answer the question.
As you practice using SQRW, you will find you learn more and have good
study notes to use to prepare for class participation and tests.
HINT: Once you complete the Survey step for the entire chapter, complete
the Question, Read, and Write steps for the first heading. Then complete
the Question, Read, and Write steps for the second heading, and so on for
the remaining headings in the chapter.
To do well on a test, you must have good knowledge of the information that i
being tested. But you must also have a strategy for taking the test that allow
you to show what you know. The DETER strategy can help you do your best o
any test. Each letter in DETER reminds you what to do.
D = Directions
E = Examine
• Examine the entire test to see how much you have to do.
• Only by knowing the entire task can you break it down into parts
that become manageable for you.
T = Time
E = Easiest
• The second E in DETER reminds you to answer the items you find easiest first.
• If you get stuck on a difficult item that comes up early in the test, you may not
get to answer items that test things you know.
R = Review
• If you have planned your time correctly, you will have time to review your answer
and make them as complete and accurate as possible.
• Also make sure to review the test directions to be certain you have answered all
items required.
Using the DETER strategy will help you do better on tests and get better grades.
Study Groups
A study group can be beneficial in many ways. Here are the most
important benefits:
1. A support group can “pick you up” when you find that your
motivation to study is slipping. The other group members
can be a source of encouragement.
6. You can learn valuable new study habits from the other
group members.
7. You can compare your class notes with those of the other
group members to clarify your notes and fill in any gaps.
Study groups don’t just happen. Here is what you should do to get a
study group started:
3. Decide how often and for how long you will meet. Meeting
two or three times a week is probably best. If you plan a
long study session, make sure you include time for breaks.
A study session of about 60 to 90 minutes is usually best.
7. Clearly decide the agenda for the first study session and
the responsibilities of each group member for that session.
7. Group members feel free to criticize each other but keep their
criticisms constructive. This can encourage group members to
reveal their weaknesses so that they can strengthen them.
1. Do not let the study group get distracted from its agenda and
goals.
2. Do not let the study group become a social group. You can always
socialize at other times.
The information you just read will help you decide when a study group is
appropriate for you and will help ensure its success.
Taking Notes in Class
In classes, your teachers will talk about topics that you are studying. Th
information they provide will be important for you to know when you tak
tests. You must be able to take good written notes from what your
teachers say.
Taking good notes is a three-stage process in which there are certain things you should
do before class, during class, and after class. Here are the three stages of notetaking
and what you should do during each stage.
• Review your notes from the previous class session before you come to class
This will help you remember what was covered and get you ready to
understand new information your teacher provides.
• Complete all assigned readings before you come to class. Your teacher will
expect that you have done this and will use and build upon this information
• Bring all notetaking materials with you to class. Have several pens and penci
as well as your notebook.
2. Take Notes (During Class)
Having good class notes will help you to be better prepared for tests.
Temperature Scales
Celsius Scale
The Celsius scale was invented in 1742 by the Swedish astronomer, Anders
Celsius. This scale divides the range of temperature between the freezing
and boiling temperatures of water into 100 equal parts. You will sometimes
find this scale identified as the centigrade scale. Temperatures on the
Celsius scale are known as degree Celsius (ºC).
Fahrenheit Scale
Kelvin Scale
The Kelvin scale is named after William Thompson Kelvin, a British physicist
who devised it in 1848. It extends the Celsius scale down to absolute zero, a
hypothetical temperature characterized by a complete absence of heat
energy. Temperatures on this scale are called Kelvins (K).
Converting Temperatures
Comparing Temperatures
ºC ºF
TEMPERATURE
Boiling point of water 100 212
Freezing point of water 0 32
Average human body temperature 37 98.6
Comfortable room temperature 20 to 25 68 to 77
You probably refer to temperature every day. Be sure about the scale
you are using.
Test Anxiety
You probably have test anxiety if you answer YES to four or more of the
following:
2. When studying for a test, I find many things that distract me.
3. Go into the test well rested and well fed. Get enough sleep the
night before the test. Eat a light and nutritious meal before
the test. Stay away from junk foods.
4. Stay relaxed during the test. Taking slow, deep breaths can
help. Focus on positive self-statements such as “I can do this.”
5. Follow a plan for taking the test such as the DETER strategy
we describe at A Strategy for Taking Tests. Don’t panic even if
you find the test difficult. Stay with your plan!
6. Don’t worry about other students finishing the test before you
do. Take the time that you need to do your best.
7. Once you finish the test and hand it in, forget about it
temporarily. There is nothing more you can do until the graded
test is returned to you. Turn your attention and effort to new
assignments and tests.
There are many possible reasons why you or your child might need tutoring.
Here are some of the most important reasons.
Tutoring can be beneficial in many ways. Here are some of the benefits.
Review the reasons why tutoring might be needed and the benefits tutoring
provides. Doing this will help you decide if you or your child should consider
tutoring.
Not everyone needs tutoring. But when needed, tutoring can make a
great contribution to success.
Many of the questions you find on class tests will be based upon the
information your teachers orally present in class. Therefore, you need to
write class notes that completely and accurately include the most important
information presented by your teachers. This is hard to do because your
teachers can talk faster than you can write.
It would be nice if your teachers talked slower so that you could keep up
with what they are saying as you write your notes. This is not realistic
though. It is up to you to write more quickly. One way to do this is to write
abbreviations for words. An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word used
when writing to represent the complete word. You must be able to recognize
the complete word from its abbreviation.
Many words have a commonly used abbreviation. Here are some examples of
words that have a common abbreviation:
You can form your own abbreviation for just about any word. Here are three
ways you can do this.
1. Write just the beginning of a long word. Here are some examples of long
words that have been abbreviated by writing just the beginning of the word:
2. Leave out the vowels when writing a word. Here are some examples of
words that have been abbreviated by leaving out the vowels when writing the
word:
Use common abbreviations of words whenever you recognize them. For other
words, form abbreviations by using one of the three ways you just learned.
Use the way that best fits the word for which you are writing an
abbreviation. Do not try to abbreviate every word you write in your notes.
Abbreviate those words that are important and for which you can quickly
form an abbreviation. REMEMBER: YOU MUST BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE
THE COMPLETE WORD FROM ITS ABBREVIATION. Knowing the context
in which you wrote the word will help you recognize the complete word from
its abbreviation.
Using abbreviations for words will help you take good notes more quickly.
Having good notes will help you do better on tests.
1. Dictionary
2. Thesaurus
3. Encyclopedia
4. Almanac
5. Atlas
Wherever you study, be sure you have access to each of these important
reference sources.
2. READ THE SENTENCE containing the word to see if you can determine
what the word means by how it is used in the sentence. Sometimes, knowing
the meaning of a word will help you identify the word.
5. LOOK FOR THE STEM. The stem is what remains after the removal of a
prefix and/or suffix. If there is no prefix or suffix, then the whole word is
the stem. Here are some examples of words with the stem underlined:
prepaid, lovely, misspelling).
6. BLEND AND SAY THE WORD. Blend together the prefix if there is one,
the stem, and the suffix if there is one to say the entire word. For example:
un+help+ful = unhelpful.
7. USE A DICTIONARY to help identify the word. Look in the dictionary for
the word and its phonetic respelling. The phonetic respelling shows the most
common pronunciation of the word. Use the phonetic respelling to help you
pronounce the word. Also, look at the definitions provided for the word.
Select the definition that best fits the meaning of the word as used in the
sentence. Knowing the pronunciation of the word and its meaning should allow
you to identify the word.
8. ASK SOMEONE for help identifying the word. If you have reached this
step and still cannot identify the word, ask your teacher, parent, or another
student to help you identify and say the word.
Use this word identification strategy whenever needed in your reading. You
cannot understand what you read unless you can identify most or all of the
words.
Step 1. Choose Your Topic. When choosing a topic, choose one in which you
are interested, and for which there is enough information. If your topic is
too broad, you will have difficulty completing your paper. “The Effects of
Pollution” is too broad because there are so many effects of pollution. “The
Effects of Pollution on Geese in the Northeast Section of Duluth,
Minnesota” is too narrow. You are not likely to find much information that is
this specific. “The Effects of Pollution in Yosemite National Park” is just
about right as a topic.
I. (topic)
A. (subtopic)
1. (detail)
a. (subdetail)
Step 6. Write A Rough Draft. Use your note cards and outline to write a
rough draft of your paper. As you write your draft, use numbered footnotes
to credit sources from which you take quotations or major ideas.
Step 7. Revise Your Rough Draft. Make any changes needed to be sure your
ideas are clearly expressed and your writing has accurate spelling and
grammar.
Step 8. Prepare Your Bibliography. At the end of your paper, provide a list
of all the sources you used to gather information for the paper. Your
bibliography cards will provide this information. List your sources in
alphabetical order by the first word on each of your bibliography cards.
Step 9. Prepare a Title Page and Table of Contents. The title page is the
first page of the paper. It should include the title of your paper, your name,
and the date on which the paper is due. The table of contents is the second
page. It should list the main topics, important subtopics, and the page on
which each is introduced in your paper.
Step 10. Final Checklist. Before handing in your paper, be sure you can
answer “Yes” to each of the following questions.
Following these ten steps will help you write a good research paper
Writing Techniques
1. Description
Through description, a writer helps the reader use the senses of feeling,
seeing, hearing, smelling, and tasting to experience what the writer
experiences. Description helps the reader more clearly understand the
people, places, and things about which the writer is writing. It is the most
common form of writing. You will find descriptive writing in newspapers,
magazines, books, and most other forms of written communication.
2. Exposition
3. Narration
4. Persuasion
Your teacher may have specific requirements about what you must include in
a book report. Your teacher may even provide you with a very specific form
to use. A good book report should include the following:
• Title
• Author
• Publisher
• Year published
• Number of pages
2. Summary
3. Your Reaction
Once you have completed your book report, check to make sure you have:
• Correct spelling
• Correct punctuation and grammar
• A complete and accurate summary
Your book report makes it clear that you have read the entire book. As you
read the book think about what you want to include in your book report.
Jotting down some notes can be helpful. Write your book report as soon as
possible after you finish reading the book.
A book report makes you think about what you are reading. You will
find this adds to your enjoyment of the book.