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    Arabic Coins and How To Read Them

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    cristian conci

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 75
    ARABIC COINS and how to read them by Richard J. Plant Seaby © Richard J. Plant 1973, 1980 First Edition 1973 ‘Second Edition (revised) 1980 ISBN 0 900652 527 DEDICATION to my wife Anne and sons Peter and Stephen Published by Seaby Publications Ltd Audley House, 11 Margaret Street, London WIN 8AT Printed in Great Britain by Robert Stockwell Ltd., London, SE1 CONTENTS. ‘The eumerais, Arabic ting ‘The Alphabet Mint and date on Ottoman coins List of recant sultant CCoin denominations. The plurat Four coins with Ottoman conpeetions, Names ‘Modern royal cans, The short vowel sgn Morocco, Non-eoyal coins ‘The Kul srint Kutie dating ‘Mohaenmed and the early Caliphate. Umaiyid Caliphs, Early ‘An Umaivid coin examined. The verb “The Abbasid coin, Abbasid Caliphs “The developing Kut type, Secular rulers “The Umaiyids of Spain. Shiites. The Fatimids ‘Sultan of Deih Their esrier coins [Later Delhi coins, The Mohammedan kingdoms of India ‘The Almohades, The Ayyubids and the Mamiuks “The Seljuk advance, The Saijuks of Flum. The Urtuaids snd “Zengids “The history and coinage ofthe Mongols The likhans Post.ikhanid Persia. The Persian couplet ‘The Safavid Shahs, Nadir’schronogram. Honorific epithets Qsjae Shane, Persian numbers. Afghan rulers “The Moghuls, and thelr earier coins, Persian solar months Later Moghol coins Moghul reverse, Company coin, and coins of Native States Malaye end Indonesio ‘The Graznavids ‘The Samanias ‘Chronological Lists of Rulers List of Mines NOSSELSS ESBRN 28a 150 11 FOREWORD eading Arabic is fun. Porsovee long enough at lest to get through the “alphabet barr” anda whole now werld wil open up tothe collector thrcugh his own cons “Teach Youll Arabic” and other grammar books get ino complicate decensiont ‘ad conjupations ata very early stage;-and in any cae the vocabulary taught mot of the yz ‘andod by the numerrat. OF whats to irre phrases kath lre it in th yoo room" oF "O git, peak the fruthand i not"? ‘am not twaching the reader Arabi. Aftor mostaring this book’he wil not be able 1990 ‘out and hole!» conversation with on Araby; but he wil have got the “start he needs twee 29 ‘ongarstanding of coin nese in Arabic. ‘The Arabic siphabetin tact coversa number languages — Arabic Semitic: Persian i Indo-European; and Malayan ia in the Nalayo-Polynesan group. Oiferences ara not jst of sale, they a of basic structure. However, Arabic ells tha rally important one, beating tmlaionship t0 other Oriental languages not unin that of Latin t0 the languages of Europe dust as medieval Europsan coins are inscribed in Latin, x0 aretha majority af the caine of ‘North African, Turkish, Person, and Indion argin inscribe until vary recent times io AraC. ‘A limitad knowledge ‘St Persian wil aho be nacmnry tor unravelling the Portion poetic ‘couplets found on Indian and Prsian coins particularly during the seventeenth and wighteensh omturien AD. ‘intend to simply things as much 28 posible, Pronunciation, for instnes, snot ot prime importance to the euiamatist, 20 only 9 rough squivalant fs given a number of ‘Arabi laters am wanseribedws""2", "2" maar enought ‘Agein, | intend to tave out the Arabic shart vowel aymbots, except just to explain wat these are. I intend to lave our cate endings where these are water in the Azle; 6 the majority ar by short vowels and “nunation” symbols, which a not usually shown nthe ‘eins. For simplicity’ soke these we lio tet out of the waracrgtion of the Arabic European laters. in other word the Arabic of this book isnot fully grarmatica in that thas ‘bor simplified wherever possible. With regard to the ilustrations, satin not related to the actual sae of the coin, but father tothe need of being able to mak out the writing on it coin with amare zomplicated {nasiption wil tend 16 be "blown up” more thar a goin with weting ta i easily igi. ‘ost cases I tagve out the many Gots and markt which one finde on these caine. tt which are Not part of the inscription ~ marks which ean be vey confusing {bop with she Ontoman: Empire, hoping that whe shill of scovering that these ‘onmon coins ead be inarprated very sui will Indies the reader ta follow hregh 10 the ‘Pore modern Arable coins, and ther, by thi tage baig familiar wit the Arable slgphabet tackle the early coins Hoaight ftom the world of the “Arabian Nights", rom she cultured ulation that gave us, among other thiogs, Algbral From-hare we move forward again, and {nt theres of Persian and Ini eins nly 2 sat sletion of possible legend can be hooked at n'a yal book ik thi: but ‘hive wil have succeeded ifthe reader guns am intrest in his Arable cine, pechape it smekes ivmge out and buy more books on tx subject CHAPTER! The numerals. Arabic dating (Our easiest topic will bo the numer ciphers, s0 hare we begin euopan 1020030 4 5 6 7 8 9 ° Awe 7 oY of Gee 8 T YOR AF Figures do very considerabiy in shape. 6, for example, may be © or ©. Occasionally they po the Fight, for 6, < for 7. [Al Arabic is writen from right to lft, but in the case of number thi is cancelled out by the tact that Arabe speak of them the Opposite way round from the way we do. 75@ sto them "Four and fifty and seven hundred", € and Ov and V+", which Is put together and ‘ersten in their usual vay from right to leit st VOE.This means that for practical purposes [Arable numerals are the ight way round” a far as ware concerned. [Not that in Morocco thay have vied European numerais for the past two hundred rors, anda Arabic coin with Eutopeen numerals om i probably comes from Morocco or, jst possibly, Tunis Wie need 2 knowledge of numerals 19 work out the denomination of 2 coin. For ‘example, 2 trge Tortish copper coin with €+ inthe conte is 2 40 para coin. But our main ‘Soncern with Arabic numerals for working ut dats Dates are nearly says “Anno Hegirae” rather than “Anno Domini” — A.M. rather than A.O. The Hegiea wos the “Flight”, Mohammed's Hight Irom Mecca on 18th July 622A0. But to change en A.M, ote into an A.D. ane we have todo more thn just ad 622; wo have 10 take account of the Moslem year being lunar end only having 354 days, as compared with Our Solar year of 365% days. A hundred Moslem years ae equal 1 ninetyaeven of our yas. “This means that when faced with adotetike 1F¥E* we must do three things. 1)" "We change i into European numerals IPF becomes 1223, (2), As there ora three more lunar yers per hundred than there ore solar we subtract ‘3%, 3% 12 for the 1200 ALM. and enother 1 or the femeining 23, a5 this geting on fora third of another hundeed, making 37 altogether (3) We acd 622, to bring A.M. back fo the same starting line a8 A.D. ‘Sour sum is 123A, 7 Ties +22 1908 A. 1223 A. the dew of the-ascantion af the Ottoman Sultan, Mahmad Hymn this ¢ ‘souiatent 19 1800 AD, We examine 2 coin of Morocco with the date 1371, No\nead 19 tanaitarste his. subtract 3X13 forthe hundreds A.M. and 2 mere because 71 uhout tweothits ofa fart ‘hunded, and tam we 9 622. “The suem eae 17 aH al 1320 s2A.D, ‘We rnin bx peng fright inacsuacy as A.M-and A.D. yaats donot coincide. Thus sn AMccute unl tals thin tw A yrs anyay “Thar ara other dating systems used on coins itten in Aric seript; tu ony one can reaty confuse the ealeetor ‘Berwoen 1920 and 1928-A.D- and since 1035 A.D Afghanintn and: snes 19260. erin hive sed a system of solar Hepra-dats. Thee star Irom the Hopi in 622 AD. But fave yao the sare length a cur ow. Tht « Persian cain of he req syste io 1926 A.D. war ditad 1908, exactly 622 es than the A.D. eae. To mele thrge wort, these slat Hoga year are sti called A. 20 1926.80, was 1204 Ai aa! in Porn an 1344 AH. tuner) {or the rest ofthe. Moslem world. Forturaily for purposes ot identiation the arger ropartion of Peon oins put the name of the regniog Shh and hie dysastie name onthe ‘ins, and the cheng 29 solar years was made at the beginning ot Riza Shah Panit rg, ‘nd fe was the fit Pahlevi. Ths means that any coin wh tha ames. phe able mut bo ‘ated in solar years. The trouble fe that sme extn. fartevany thaxeot tower vale, do Mot Ieribe auler's rome. For these we muster to atslogue freer dating, “Another dating str i that deve by Tipu Sultan of Myre; who between 1787 sd 1799 A.D. dated bis cols in solar years trom Mohamed bit, leased as Ocouin | 872A.0.) cating those "Mauloa” Chrth) yaar and we mariethem as ALM ‘owaver there sno mistaking cine date A 88 thie ataion shows. yee Tne Malo dete i witan chords: 1224 A.M awcitten as FR 2, Tpu's commanest coir, tr copper ones, have an lepant on | theoboerse ‘There wre ttlout minor spats of dating but thew ebneys have low numbers ac are not confusing. Abu So1d, 1316-1395 A.0., one of the Mongols of Peri, ocanoraly uted {he "Khanian” era. The Moghul Emperor Akbar inveatadl an era he called", which mens ‘dvne".Atba'syaure vers solar eating trom the commanesment of hit ow stn 1 850 ‘AD: Howover tne lowestlahi die 28, ond the highest 50. (One other fact must be noted that inthe B00" a8 900s AH Indian coins use iterent igure Yor OAandS, ‘Ol Ot le; and Sls €. The O and © we partictarly onfusiogar hey oupht wo represent Sanda rathar tan Oana. The de OE 908 AH. 09 4 colo for example of the Indian ing of Jounpur ~ and is not 954 as it wOulS be 09 89 Egvoton or Perso coin, Enwrise No, 1 ‘Determine the denomination of the folowing cine 1. Am Otome coi Vale is para. 2. Persian coin: Val in nas vate in Pick out teers ar thew coins and change int A.D, ‘An Ouran sin, ited io Ca¥ ‘Ncain oF SHr"Atiof Aighaitan AMatyan coin ‘A Person ain struck by Shah Rukh 298 atthe gat Tim CHARIEREN 4 TIA lahabetee iit eheeitnehsinbohetek pyiopcine’a ants el uh hdamenaatiportetendc Hany rg ei Qnescoms rea des Wi BION eco Ler teAE AST AN WH ‘oheseameancat ager “THilluhdeneat suits thts Wdroeiohyentlete emanate dec Guha vit ee trian ene Ny oe NEE Nene NaN Ae ARE Iosaiee yhereMrouiahas ites isi teehee uta AOU aeeomatating pee keen ce ener aI SA “ie ssdnenei i ER EEN RUA RONEN Sages On Heo norm Sau Fea rt screen tema AD roe Hae Benes boas ‘ieodomnnt ened ut ekoaseuit anssse e e onal a eee toys ‘nama Abie wid acpi reo Rae Intioiehcnnintyrenese eae i ane arinc onsen AU ie aon aS Abbie inndaiy era ett ew eter ahs a tuserataewealdetenest spac cocoa "-Ppaatinoa im aconscteded ut Taiteforstarearegs si ie Gatrteieturay hse wean cree besa eoarert Be Mien diem the ad and the ) rare elated trom eachother 99d cannot be linked to a folowing lett: the 9M i nits iit rater than it medal 47%, breauie i eannat ein onto they 7 (One very peculiar word neods explanation. JI af, which is the definite article “the and therefore extremely common, can change is sound in pronunciation, though notin witns Fatly, the iital vowel snot pronounced i the word follows 8 vowel. Secondly, the "i _similatad tthe folowing consonant i thet consonant is one of group Known trom this Yery function) as “sun” bettors. Those ate Gt th 9d 32 yt jz wee gia pe Be "bt Bz Ji on. All other kuers ore called “moon” eters, badause they do not ssi miate 10 themssees. This means that aword Higyral} aka, though sil writen inthis way i eally eds, snd in “Tu” writing ths Is shown by 8. ~ tashdid over the Jd —ug.l ein. The ‘ules of Avadh spelt “Asafu atdbula actually pronounced “Azar d-dauat” withthe "T™ ‘ing assimilated tothe "a" and the “e dvopping out after the preceding ur ‘The fact that short owes are not normally pu in means, unfortunately, that we have to know whet 8 werd is befor we can be wire of our reading oft. We shall find thet futhortes donot al wrth the same woes in the same way snyway. the" may be mualy “a” (oF "el. The Ottoman sultan may be "Abdul Meld or "abe! Medeed” or “Abdu! Maid". As repra te pci Pen’ ters 9 ch jh Fa tind hat so ot wana at oth ne enn, ve te anhge fina vibe. renin mera ones ‘atch oom ro ort enn nd inte he net oan Bison sfosuans neti othe Mog Erparns eich nome asus et for Bh af ine mon of te. Rr of Kn aed “aati See vwitensmaghadgnin Suit Dts used tor Sg as in the tame Of fhe gear Say ‘Sncuttr Tap Be, wih wt yaSTigi Bot The eter Jah ne hl ‘Samson boo hey cae varia No.2 “Trontribe nto Engl th following int tons 1 oe 2 MS a lam 4 jlo’ & ssiz & st ne yk F oie “ CHAT Minnie Ttomamanoe, Litttineant ata ‘uty sect nts tt inet on in somes ‘en 8 Te Semantic Susman Sorewsrieote est tine ins neti BS mates igh stunner Ble oe an me, xe “Ye se 8 th Ceram Sie, sicher ere EN mt oS aneseseana Try farted oe rion IM ‘ont Weir ay a alae tomers 3 ane sare, oma has Yas har Sines edna sardines af Monnens MostreSir dsiyaret ‘rol tt vay se, toes OM meat aN a ee "gemacht ‘at thant Sow wei sot user tobe ug amas aeons amt sn tht Tagen tg ater ee tema a THe tae te ‘olen: Soany maltose omen toahir but timectiae iia en ae i eg eae — ‘ohare hey are rly areca Tie wane te ee Sautag= se on tage ry an urea a neha ‘he Stroll go He Sy ncaa aoc ee wee CRON sak Worse sue tagdn ne tee Wee er sae Ss Wogan af Su Sy rae aS ea yee et Raho pr he serene tree Stoo Far -mari ne o s oe sete non “nme” ane he Yaa 9 me ng ‘Serenata yy ones htaen at ae usa oa Seon oF a tang Para ae enn oe gh" accene dg cmditora cane Sk be i ha tsa era sn ee 8S hin ese ian Herma ‘oa Fit 8 per ingyen mT te ahem the mint ama, te (ak Soersacoghe ~ Guaneia. moaespten twat pn greene Ya eh nein i side ve omen oe a ane ‘megthor maa toudi panto elas (oh to. 6 oct nb nar tte ate ging wh te pitti sors Yor gon ag Wie, nde ore Se esi ak ‘mun Tessar hy esa at an." (a ie the" ei shar ans sr Ua Topot het oxomptaare eet 3s ee mh a Ae Scam en intent tse“ me er rn rae: Mat re Soran Rio ol (ie ~ eR te eT red ya, eh ow RO, oinaietrimaraowncda na Rtgs — ye Io {im Heater eo 5 wt ate F a tad “iat “iia TS thr ct eng aneyes et the aE Trea aftr tes oi ae a Ph To earn aa havo ia are ate ee “TaD ‘Mae tardaestr-scoqpne:umally Tpa Hie macatoaheTannaeo feng et, 8.00, “ i sy =F ‘tc od aie “te bea ae es i the treme pe Alone the ae nl Ie ee angry Lemaonicowie earuahy 20am nen oe wang ees gm SRBER Seana saan rl deat: conn rn ang cn ita a aco, wei sero anc ee ee ee ‘rine site "resa or wei” whet eeu inntore. Maxoaer antes et aul wero “rs Ate lye, Sat i tllawe ero one er re mse 3 sae ang ar nau gong ate penne tue sarc 3 were xe eed ae, eg eS Mee ‘porno noe haan ea =P s5s0t Test vases emgenoenspnacne samc Sten sealfonser rag eaates araart Memmcieunditesar mame titted von asi Sas: ane cutie 8 dasa “ey waseroep Sebeiomsitocn minty EonsTar now nme TOAH 1601 AD Again, we read round thistoin poe dma? Pr & ‘Mustafa I 1106 1695 moh i ahi at ie = ‘ply Bay te sn im ot mares ot met i re over”. he, ‘uthmen It 1168 1758 Tea wt oo kev wrsen oar me ( een 18 ie fe mons ane was i v8 : etm te 09 santaale and Car ces hve 0 cs, the yr of Went 1V tae ‘oor a en _ ee Mahmud 11 1223 1808, Acaolon ad th ge yn he iter Mad car lan sien ia i iaans ai, 000 X, and 1205, h yo of Restos soa 1255 1a33 tens, uy a he otter A no 254A malo hon he xin posal 7 test oct at aie ty tht arr Satna he ond Yo gn Ach Mas 1293 1875 21228 AM nag nvttetond 3 and on op tee oP 3h WDA, Absa Ha 333 19 ‘sis Meebo a A Monsen vi 138 1918, ho watt Sto, Tre ds we pce he ie ws # ees? : Scotti emia 3 wee as {xia ach nommaonm you can tom th ollonns ‘ne Acanion yar a th batman the Reg yeah to. Wefind he ca © 7 date of cmb arate to aes aon acing in 1 9s 2 gs tans toot» tape Ris taai a. We ew a tee ae Year oe Regal Yeo i a = we Were ta of te cays ncrinton coopers the ye of Aeon ie the oom dsr taZe wn ie ep Yr phe Ob ne Th sone Sing sang eh ao rpeents word sae “To identity the Ottoman Sultans one must know the ates of secestion: ao ® gy. Mee ee CS a “Uta mOAK TaD, Sis =. 2, Unknon 8 1326 ene my Fim Mra a tae x r Boyarid | ccs 1389 =e wero proof contin ao ‘woz whan re is Mee ea ter ra oe vst ove as feet emt a tse Suman nace os 150 tnt on 30 ua on ie oor 1008 1389 ‘roa tos 403 at ttn ‘om ton “Stan tear ise ‘eo 2 ian txt tae ir tons es tei 9 to40 tioned v 1008 tee Seman ie 107 6 CHAPTER IV Coin denominations. The plu Vocsputay EPO BB ania ora iar,» conuption of te word “gotcen 2. ns od et eae oS ht Mibu’ quarts, hich is rom the same rt 8 ae? Mu'ee (anu) ash bw Were! four Jas trary eneiannnaien kom these soot on UF themdniyar mast) wee thom (em) sit Se nur Sem, i is fram te same 08 a8 eFa Short Imac] ee ne om ten ely Gr Dot wand or shod mane get ind em) one LSS Themsat tate) ngs hare fr) Te. During Mahenud I's reign volves bepon to be marked on cons trom Caio — they rote ‘the value beneath the obverse tghva, Forty paras make pase, and accordingly the merge fae in paras or pistes. “ava” sore sviety jl, parah, and para valuey have 8 numeral ‘tina intal ~B;though om coper eis with the eure (et Eerie gn 1) a ‘ara value is the numeral inthe conte ofthe reverse with no hin Ot "pare ‘The word for “paste” i ethene phirsh or FS airsh, but it the las ster ah lich is used es the abbreviation to show the phere value "Thus the coin On the ft 10 ‘Baste peor, and the one onthe right a 10 pore pees, During Abdut Hamid Is reign, in 1888 A.D., the Egyptians stopped using paras, ane storind insead to use "ters ofa pase" fr thei aller valves. "The wrth ofthe aera” Inarabie ee anar eb aint A tis point we must make a grammatical note about the noun, Even though | intend rormatiy 10. Oma ease endings we must Krow what they are, Arable hee tree cst, Nominetve, or the subject of sentence Accutane, Yor the abject and when the noun i used ‘ierbaly. Genitive, alter prepositions, my after pf" and alo to indicate poeeaion, In “the tenth of the piste’ Ait efi “the piste’ ie in the genitne ce — {following on immaditey after "venth wthout a separate word for “Ot” ‘Thove cases ate marked i “ull ting” with iferont case endings, which i nominative with certain exceptiohs ar anding na thorta marked J the eeusate asancing in Short arkad" |, and genitive in short (marked if, however, 9 oun indefinite the owe! fcicating cate ending dowbled, and we have uv ® nominative: to which added set acca iin Te doing of he sae cg val ese “naan ‘and they ate promod a though they finished inn: thus nein thewniothepae"wocety sPNSe wna 7am Tied he fhe gntive automaticaly applying to, nd making Stine, the preceding noun ‘ushure The ef {pronunciation lees its vone! when following» vowel, “Turning back t0 Egyst ‘and forgoting case ending, ais paste becomes te fv tof te pate" a Zu Satur elas, aon Ge die OS pine ne gp we yal De Abe nwa sunita Eni oar ef inh sonar 1288 i interesting thatthe Egyptian stamps of 1868 A. 0. we bilingual, iseibed in Franch and Arabic tha vate being gven in tenthe of & pase in Arsbe, but in “millemes” in French. In Jonuary 1914 Eayption stamps go over to Engin nd Arabic and on th tthe [Arabic side also ges the velue in Millers; but the frst coin with “Mime” iz not unt so16. “The “tenth serie goes ight down ta two small copper coins, tha pli he om uci min ‘ushur ebajiran “hal rom te tenth ofthe paste” andthe ft ne Cpe Be bv ein ‘ushur chairan "Quarter srom te ttn of the pasee” — in othar wards twentieth and a fortieth oF @ paste. “The left hand ilustration shows the “halt, with thedenigf“haH™ clearly visible above the ite, Above nist the Orem “Wom” hab © peculia Tooped ‘ail, ond thas ushur 2 we ‘mouth. The eght hand coin the “quarter” ~ the dom of thegezh of girah ae in a at Tne, and those of the 3 @ one above the oer, but we must be propre for thing ike this ‘The on the “hat” has lost is dots inside th loop ofthe wah. ‘But th coins make no mention of Bogaches or Habs, we find Inet he srt of thing-=2eagery hich most pureing un lone reais that valuns are gen Itactiont ofthe rg enin,the yA. A Bogach,afortathotaryalit ne Ci) rubuushor "quarter tenth”, and a Hellas pa gy! thar “ushr “eighth tendan eighath of ayal [After the break up of the oid Ottomen Empire we get a new burst of ie in the Mide meen coinage sf European influence flooded into the are, Religion appre 10 low its infivenee before progress, and tho coins go "Wostern” with all sors of designs ard poralts: ‘but, most important, with writing long (place athe central feture of the design we nom find iseripions that are mart tobe fea rather than jus lock orety. Also thee are = number ‘of new denominations: the cami “mili” in Egypt, tha fom in the Palestine Mandate, ‘thal ie in aa and iss rounding aes. ‘As these nominations ae usd in quantities, 20 fis, 2 mils, and soon, we must look ot how the plural expres, For wo" of anything Arabs use the “dua”, which Isa form ofthe noun aon is own ‘Tha dua «the singular noun with of 3a) added wien It ¢ nominate, andarain/ when eit cust oF active (as ry Bava which means "of he tro sat, Thus. two mien iS Sl milindn anc "eotie"ie Leds Yk without any need forthe numeral 2. Numbers between eleven and ninetynine are followed by the secustive singular! Thus afiie Ede PM 97 idm, and 46 llamas Ueky CF Numbers ofa hundred arcover take the genitive singular, 100 isi gel J+ 100 filin ant zeman arg eo, 21S nen “ul” iting Te pot ok the sam atthe compldfay Singur forms wml "ana The Arabic plural is confined! 10 numbers between three and tnt Arabic hos to afferent types of pra ~ tore ithe “sound” purl were the plurals the singular frm mith» syllable oe om the end and there the "ooken” paral hich formed by breaking into, and changing or adding vows inside, the singular form, Normally sreamin tstee roune take either one sort of plural or the other. though occasonsl nouns ave mare than ore a blurt frm, ai oy oC phe “The “sound” plural is straightforward. Masculine nouns add ~. dean. “Thus we fod 1 fie BC file 4 mites aie Ste Se 2mitence Ste geal tude Smillenes vite als Wn 1 memes 100 mitiemes vos ald lary with other epins. ThaJo mit of Palestine hs 2Me min, dual, andte miét rank ("ane"l of North est Alten has SUG 5. tank, dal and Inthe vocabulary at tho hes of this chapter are listed one or two numbars (the fl list is given in Chaper Ninel. Unfortunatly there are masculine and feminine for, and the reader ‘may be ramembering the long lat of i's tnd I's of Franch. However, tinge are not quite at ed os that there iso simple ule that helps with al the numerals excopt “one”; nd that ‘hatall plus except those reerring to mate human Exercise No.4 ‘State the vals ofthe following cai 1) Syrian 2) Eayptian, 5) Patestniay, 6) Labanete a CHAPTER V_ Four coins with Ottoman conections. Names Veesbutry Hor tad toh Bigg ater” Ze, goverment ar belore af tie or rection ab har pure, tine This chapter is » slightly more geveral one, looking at four coins, with Ottoman connections end then a the Arabic personal name. at the “Insrption type" in common use up to and including the reign of ‘Maha e rad UL oe! olbabedl ya Ly aillotbee stn o\-barrain wa kg ebbahrain exsultin Ibn ensitan WV, ‘& H+ _burran “ofthe two lands and «x,% batain “of the to sae” genie case UW LeeABgén ie an maaptaton oF the ok! Mongol tte of ‘enghiz Khan "KSghSn™a word which contracts tothe even shortr form OU KRER" lb ‘means “ton”, 2 word wich isofton shortened to te bin when between the ae ofthe fthor Ind of the son, The nzrption troniates ‘Sultan ofthe two continents (i. Europe and As ‘lock Sea andthe Aegean), the Sulla son of the Sultan” ond Kagan of the two smo (the {love these nigh sounding tiles! Mahmud 1 sad this lee, and. during ie reign k War of Independence. The Ottoman Empire wag ontacting, xo Mahe no lange ute theve titles. The "Sultan son of the Sultan” is commonly used Is leptimate descent from the previous sultan, Ne was neithar etimets “The next coin» 40 paraplac from the Constantinople mint iat the othe extreme No more dreoms af am empire that once won. The Suton Ab Hom Il, 1875 ~ 1900 A.D. wos tn exitome resctonary who sought tobe an absolute morarch ane wana to ba eonsdered an Sha sve “caliph” recognised 3s the religiout leader of all Mosorm. Ht was Gopored by the Young Turke who wanted Turkey for the Turks. In 1909 that influence, achaved thw “etivonement of Abel Hamid an the setting up of Abdul's brother &s Mohamed V. This toin sn the dew aye adopted when Young Turk inftuene nas paramount in he rigs of te "ast two sultarsMoherened V ord Mohammed VI The spray of laurel and com shove break from Idetoound Moslem ‘consowatam towards the inoge of the West — not actualy reposting “ving” creatures, but girs that way. The obverse fil has the toghr, But the wording, though the words are Arbic. words, sin 8 TuKEh form, ending in sa tather than fre. On the obverse we have Wee hurriryet “Freedom” 2loLane must "Equality" ard ae see "Sosice" The ever a 32 devia ‘uminivah “Ottoman Govern trmnt® ~ I put a ons rather then th, becuse 8 Turkish rather dun Arable pronuncition, To let and ight of “Otloman Government” We read gina ad Pw, urbe fF Qurenthivan “minted in Corstntinope:” ere 2 Now a coin of a country that broke away from the Ottoman dominions, the Sudan ‘under the Maal, In TB95 A.D, the Mahdi's folowrs captured Khartoum and kiled General Gordon, and though the. Mahdi ise died that some. year, his followers otaod Independence onder Absa, the “KhaMae™ word meaning "suecesor” normally used of the ficeetors of Mohammed, the word we anatase a: "eliph"), until in 1898 thoy wore utorly tested yan Arglo-Cayption ormy under Kitchener. ‘Berwoon 1685 end 1898 they struck coins from thelr capital Ord umn, ‘The reverse rads the utval Ottoman way, ‘eyo g vee euiba Omdurmn -munted in Ordinate only ieregulritybeing that the firs @ of Omran is nt linked tothe The obverse as avery 500% sort of tap nd belon yess the abrention Ce for 20 piastis, though thsi In fet 8 copper om. ‘Above the £22 ao mod whieh oom to have lost fs firs!) 1 he Word) ya meat which rears acca” We pause at magh for a moment. Most Arabie nouns ae formed from 3 basic root of twee consonants, Thisroot may add yale, and may Have any numberof vowel charges, but IR stil hax a meaning Sovive tn some way from Ue beste meaning hold by she te Foot {ononants ~ tough the connection may gpptar rather obscure 10 us Dabo. maga! cores {rom a root word of thee consonants, Q4B abl, which isa preposition meaning "before in tlthar time or direction, From the “before” of direction, "ia front of”, concept, comes (bien, which mane "southworde”, Thi is Because most Moslems te tothe North of Mec, find "southwarde” “in front of” them when they turn towords Mecca to pray. Another Simular qub-/ word meant “pocket compas”, ay this enables us tind the direction of Nece3 ‘Alo trom the general lee of "in front of come words fromthe sma root meaning “adams, Spalcome”, "rece", "acsept", "beline in”, "agree to". Again, fom the “before of time conceot similar words mean "the future” and “waiting for" ‘When faced witha new word one should decide if posible, which re the root sree consonants. Not only may this help wath the meaning, Dut many “Arable dictionaries itt all words Under thei "oot. ‘The fourth coin we look at inthis chapter is from FSS Kixhghar, oF Kashgar, in Chinese Turkestan, The Moslem general Yakub Bag revolted from the Chinese and stuck eins ‘in Kashgar between 1875 and 1877 A.D.,and thts one of hi siver coin. thas two ciferent duten, 1291 and 1202'AH,, one on each side. The obeera reads trom the bottom \merGscXs jill sue'Aod elas Khsn This ters to the Ottoman Sultan Abdu! Az, 1861-1875 A.D, The nearest Ottoman frontier was 9 very lang way awey, But Yak Bey i ‘utting is name’on thinking of fim a spiritual and temporal leader ofall ood Mosies he irnst hove been expecting help in any material way. T hope Axl Aste mae flat, he rer kgm aout it, The reverse reods AAS wind zarb Kaxhghar “minting of Kashaa: ‘nd baba) i? “pure” above, referring 1 the Quay of the iver. Ihave readrza0s 7b the ‘verbal noun pasive form “it was minted” simply becaute in previous stances it has been followed by 2 prepo: 7 non we sal soft fllomed by a siar word whieh i tod ae prefix ch also means “in, but hare te not followed by any prepaition. Without short vowel markings = could be either 2a oF curiba equally wel: but when followed by “in| am considering that it is zunba vit was minted”: when there no a sar “mining On the Kashar sain see notion thatthe writing 12 Not 80 sod ths ist or hl hve to get used to wen we get tothe earlier coins. Thore ‘ep eecogniabie cot under the ~~ af zarb: the. CS Ra ot Kathghar i seper sted from the Fest of the word: thare is no dot over” the Shot Kashghar. To get the Fel of Arabieseript [tite wasous stages the read ust trace out for hiranf the intritions tose how they ae ‘reittn on ach com example, We sal find the syne of ling vrying cnsirably. ‘We conclude this chapter with nate about Arabic arsenal names. “The personal name proper, i. the equivalent of our Christian name, normaly fallin lone of tee eatgoris, 1 Names of robes and paige msn nthe Karn. or intancn, So Yauup, the Arabic form of "oseph":¥.9L! Avy, the Job" of the Old Tertaments29 jD ‘avin wiict is “Aaron”. We now that very many of the Okt Testament charectrs ra ‘mentioned in the Koran. 2) Names mmoning “the Servant of Allah”. The word for “servant” oF “sls” i.S46 ‘abd: this combines with “ATan™ to form the nate All Ag ‘abd Allah, which, when Ie ominative case ending it added to ‘abd is telly ‘abd Nah The rst "A" of Allah ie not ‘ronounand after the "u, and the name becomes ‘abdy ila, or "AbdulaN, However, Aah Imay to roferred 10.98 “The Merciful One'Ge™l I erRahman, and we have the’ name Geel ane abd er AShman, "Sprant ofthe Mercfal One”. Abul Asis, Abdul Hand, 2nd ‘ther “Aa” “Abdu nares all mean “Servant of Allah in one of His eapect, end Come into this etogo of name, 5) Nemes borne by tho Proshot himsal, by his family or compenions, by one ofthe fest four Caliphs, oF by one of the twale Imam. Mohammed's own name comes In droe Tors Mobameed "he paisa" 3 5° Motard azo messing "the prawed”, and yet ‘Aimtthe mo psa at A a argent catmory wr tat of Natuneed oniniow andor ‘tua grandson. 9 Ue Fag, sire, bing the desert pathet used to devribe {th cond ah "Uwig dT poe Umer fag "Una te darian beeen ht and won.” However, besides having 2 personal name prope, wery Arab hava dS kunyat, which {9 rama at relationship, such ac 9H Ge bin Ayyd "son of Avy," oF We may be gt) abi “fathr a; ‘or some other relationship. We soll otc atx that may rules give temas snarl tanya, such ABbl yl bi e!-murafar “athe of the Victorious One”. 1 aston to these 190 eames, most lr rll gat ich tte of honour souaty OF» vegious metre. Such w a ell ans oat tie menting “moral ‘ode of the ah ich the Weston weld fas Soup io “Sain ores can be confusing, perticulely around the paried of Satan, wore wo ow the ‘ut by shew lg, bat hare sory olin tia he oe name th ins do mot include, FOr Instance 1 hae a cpp of reas, 1 ‘one of Sac fr only es ng th aga ~ using omy Har parson aes witha Kuma Exarche Wa... "Rom the folowing wall 4nown Arabic rare. y 2 MF adele FRG 9) Jad orem Bgl OT ySIB ye th, OH “Try 10 work out th Yotowing: 10) An Ottoman coin from Tip witheryride ing 11) An Oxtoman eoia fom Tunis 12) Acoin from Afghanistan, whore the ruler has the ile “Br CHAPTER VI Modern royal cis. The sor vows sign Voesbutny Be, mart — og “D3 taumt tat Og eas) ond SaSiaa Sento hasbeen set messenger, Prophet de raiglon “2, be Tere, pe? Gem ene, ona Gio die_—term woes, wAtcpe miminin belts trom the root el amin. 10 be ste rely upon, boiow in. ‘as, during the Modern Period, there Isa tendency to put in some of the short vowel symbols we ought to know what thet ae ‘A stroke above a consonant mans a following short a ore, asin SS malik “king”. In “tut” writing long 3 ig.g stroke above the preceding consonant combined with an ae? thus Br "abode intl 15. A soe teow a consonant means. foiling short /,as below the.) rot Se mai ‘A tong Fist comoinaon Of the woke and the kitr yo in "isoipt ~ thus cep oo “algion".'Gn the otter hand a combieaton of the shor 4 stoke above the presiding ‘consonant witha folowing ya makes the diphthong ai as in ear Fase and cps Bavain Short o and w are shown by a * shove the preceding consonant, os iyi Husa and # tong or by symbol end letter, thus gS" Tomé. Short symbol combined with longo Teter form the diphthorgau, sng) dauet “government.” ‘Atzence ofa ows! isinciceted by a small role eed “suka abave the precio consonant, thus S315 Kashar, were the shit followed by the gh without irereniog vowel. ery often wen’ alsybts are-put in they’ are-more-confesng than anything ee goat tnsrevrse of an Egyptian coin of 1917 AD. Heseattte tops “BZpeng) dled -ersutanar aleve “he Eevee Suitacte,” but i cory ilicul to tell which symol owe ith whieh Jeter The rest beiplu ae ot symbols is wen just one or fo ar narod inthe imponant plates, as in Ly wania “one”? ah pe Potdina government ‘As we tur to the est of the Western Arab world, we find that by far the most dificult coins to nork out are those of Marocco, were until Mohuramed Vin 1956 A.D. started imucribing he money in ordinary Arabic ero, the Moroccans had ther own version of Arabic. Aostt fom. op f bsiog writen se, and <5 qa <> the writing generally has 8 Giferent look-abowt it even the words Usd tend to be diferent, ea. ple Sn 6 used Inetend of Shaw sanat for year, and Ewopean numeral a the rule “Thisisaeoinot 1371 A. 1952 A.D. the obveree aace SU pL es-viat ol-Mohoramesiyat eh-Sharfat in 1971, "te cain of the Maharmedah Shr fate Sear 1971" Nowe the dk sherfa which in normal Arabic would be writen de® Twith the dot stove the ‘Notion too the open m cle im for pL Moraceo were called "Shas", word meaning "Noble", Snd 0 the counthy was 3 "Shee ‘ranelated az we shall so into the French as "Empire Charifien’ The reverse reads 20 20 tant he 2 ong 6 0 wi aie nd ERE ae Map “he eta, Morocco. “This coin 1 an_undated lsue of 19211924, the obverse reading Sed" H)2 Jt eda at "the Moroczan sta”. The fverse reodeSia gg dak ait't (Coiece i aan rank, "Pec eal 1 fro” We find» ourber of unutust mints on Moroccan coins, the commonest is yb Pa uriosb/~B6if2 “mane in Pts. seesatPs ely tha fe | tne ame toon © “Marc” early mo. In ame —lbsle oe Abe ue ste clake Sultn Soh Braun bn suave and be ‘ich re the wore a aaah ht ‘Allah guard him" ~ thee ~hu being rf thd pon sings pronosn “ni nna 0 Ste wro Was re “aa ee opt The Pereae he ger ar ale Roy rs ae ee ous Wish”, "may he gu2ra") ‘Ao itluenand by Moroso Tn which has gone ovr 0 European mame Tis & miomer 1960 he tr htwrng even Aree spig SOND ee Stata tomate? eToni. sare mares on sche Paw Sonat’ ond both nd Panis'S ther mascie form,anties ihe Canoe Tors Sant, bt al nomerir we in Erepean mambo, ou the ete the Ona om AA French colonial coin of 1921 hat Arabic fiques end Worlor date reads Azar gill gJlgall e-Umalat et Tanya “the Tun x ‘ein provides ox with an intresting formula tranaatd into ‘Arabi, Stating to read antciccke round the coin Irom treo clock, SANE Ae Spe ggaQlel fomniityat eldacd ited Tiwari ear ane dyse Shicn monrs “the Aiprian Owmoorete Popuie Repub) ae fomhariyt isa word we shall mest ary frequently i thie moder prio Jommuryat Tarkvah otek when ‘Tory "change niptabets we _can ati ecogise in Torkve Commurget"), "ommriyatcx Sader", "Jomhurietel~laaiat™, ina" many. more. Bae LMeSaimugrStiat means, of cours, {oe root om ata “The word, ZB Loe “haa rat siecbea ermal 8 Lye desir" Alger How plain when compared with these coins som those of the British mandated Palestine, with just the bore word \orlaeulD Filtin the 014 ‘Arabic are ofthe provinen. OF course with Ieripions in thre ingueges( PALESTINE range Row in Bibel times tives language, [Lt and Hebron were witen over the Cross of Jesus. Labanon, at thet time.» French mandated seriory, began it humismatic existoncs a pad] sled dys daulat Luba’ ef—tecir The word pnsS Kabir is oe we Shall Gir ed to include both ou je and superatve "very great’ and “geatest") as a | Akbar, the name of the first geat Moghul Emparor. Lebanon sowsdavs it Just another ofthe rather larg sop of pubic ‘ives, bo ufone mance, enc act TRY, asic <3 am SE siti m2 Spe Be bu Ho gw ne ah a “Syston de amr, sharp apie Sea naa SOF, ck ‘ntact beac wR hci ont ss asin ama eal 8 he bei Auten noma Haw ffs ‘mecca went oes Ln lr agua, aba tale rh en yeti ou Ey wien ong int: route, ie ok ar feminine, whereas tows which do nt ae masie Thee Sse. tones wacaulonvherens S59 daaot ond Sey Sees bemirfat rooming. The maauine form at “eearaphica” adjectives is maas°vy soda ya 0 te Siam) noun nace ma Kom Sa? “tin Syate otal Sete Chonge 1 become’ wou 20/7 “Syrian” ‘oe iat by in hay “tn aig” ayo rng a ‘nd 00.0% Thun bank Imes pads oI out S92 alt Se een pomnirian need BS) 3 sbrivt — et tat we swt Gnapor A stall beat lan erin scion During the period ofthe United Arab Republic Eoypt an Syria has seperate coinage, but both bore the same gard, “United Arab Repubiie 1958." The logond rere mutans, Bahrain has a very simple formula cepa deg hokdmnat ‘Bahrain with 9 oi that puts inthe vowel povtings Goss Ioy iy. It ‘means, ‘Government of Balan Exercise No.7 ‘Read ar muchas porte onthe following coins CHAPTER VIII The Kulieseript [At this poiot 1 tun back to the erly Arabi eons, beck tothe times of the Umi and Abbasid Caio. We hove 10 earn 0 new sript, called Kuti, which was used trom the ‘sleet Mamammeden times uni it wos outed by rounded writing called Nas perfect in the tenth pntury by the Vizier Iba Mugla, which had fully roped Kull ae the normal serge ‘on eains by around 1200 A.D. Kut is much equaer in shape, and dove not havo the certcal dots which dtingich lovtce like SG and > the inact Ww grat cfficalty wth Ku is that every ‘ard to tll many of the letters apart: nat only 8, and thsand ee) Rhend ERN, Dutalio p muthich looks vey ke the fg gun. {nts ts Lappin show positional ferences. tea Mati Fiat awe t weet om 2 a = ei cn tm = ~ & oe 3s s 3 > - ws veh ary e Ps Pe b bib: a gen am _ ct ot Ba 2? = 3 ‘be s a” 3 £ a - P on = = > 1 ° a oe gover s Str 2 + tr ‘Viol sd Lenwrs wary considerably 30 shape, 19 particular the “box” ettrs yond Ea ‘ay langthen Out ‘10 practically any length, Th only way t tarn the poss shapes. err ‘ay ‘ake duting the roughly Tive hundred years of sh use of Kuti i by reading tho coins ‘hemicaes and in hin mona rm endorwil indsmy “it” nade. The ear nina cane ‘ory ses ra, a th tering is fly Wold; but even hore it considera help SO kw ‘ha the pend ought to be before one stars. Or “ator owns thee are many Mustkas ae ‘ruspelings to sormplcate wot i arady vary difficult. My foling i that even an advtng ‘rab oft time coud not have read mony of the agen eter. However, dei avery difficulty thee eoins are vay to entity — in that int mand, the tater ain, tho Caliph marca, are readable ae aways to be found in ewan sa pices. This book is of course only an introduction, and wil certainly not enable the reader 10 idemty every Kui coin, or to wansate every Koranic text: but | hope that by shovang that ‘ins of tht period are not impossibi to come to terms with | mey encourage the reader 10 ‘ on 10 consult other more specialist books, particularly the Britah Mureum cxtleguer of Oriental Coins and works ike Goringtons "Musalman Numismotier ‘The following mint names are wtitten below in the Kufic script, but notin the same. order, Identify ther, (South end of the Caspian Sea), Hert, Karan) (egptl of Si adic some of these ames may be preceded by. JI ef othersby Shae Meat “city 10) paul) aaa (CHAPTER Ix ut 9 In the vorabulary of Chapter Four the reacer was sntroducea 10 afew of the Arabic ‘umeran: tis now essential that we should know what all the numerals are. Arab does are Cron out in ful during th early Period. and the ciphers do not start until about the 1200's ‘ ‘The dae comes at the end of 2 mula which Feeds, “it was struck this diehem (or lina) int here follows the mint ame — "in te year fllowad bythe dat n words. "In the ‘Jen was of fest expressed by sor Bi sana which meant that sanat was inthe Fonte eae, At an eoty periow the proplftion

    9 wohdohu mmane “alone”, being related 0 the word S13 wihid “one”, Dz sherk means “partner "© Janus the petin >) Um, whicn means "to" combined with the Sufix. a him on hie to mas" hi 40 VE LY YI WY inn iz BES3 UL ¥ae9 aU alanwandany Bh BEY zener tne ‘Thar is ne Ged except Allah. He is Alone. (Theres) no pertner to Him “Te coin ree This is tho First part ofthe "Katia", which is ate sat shortened, on has added tt tne second part "Mohamed isthe Mesangor of Allah “The collector only realy nstos to Know the Bismillah, which contains both mint and ate; but 8¢ this stage | intend to examine the revere intripions on this drhem, In orger tO ‘imerpet these one neads to understand a cersin amount of Arabic grammar, particularly the ‘ero. The eudor may fol he con pat over the ection itt does nt meet his portiule neds. “The reverse has two legends, both from the Koran, The Koran i ‘Suited ito "Suras™, oF Chapters, which vary very considerably in icnath, sme only one vere long! The sea inscription fe Sure 112, ard itis elles "the Umaiyid Syrbo!”,breause is found on alt Unaivd Coins including those of the Umaivids of Spain, up to Abd er Finan {ile coupe in O12 A.D, The Abbaede, when thay came to power, ‘eplacd it withthe second part of the Kaira Motammed raed) Alsh, ‘Mohammed is the Mesanger of Allah”. The marginal gerd on the verse which was continued in use by the Abbess ~ is Sure, verse $B, which te known oe the "Saond Symbat” Betoretandatng that | break off to look at the ver. Tho Arabic verb has indicative, subjunctive, and jusive moods: but we bepin with the rai of knewing that as these are only to be distinguished by afin short vowel we can ually ford to gnore thom as regards coins! ‘Again, though thera [sa form of the varb for every person,“ stuck" is zaabeu: “you struck"'ezarabra, and 60 on, we normally only aed the thi person singular form "he struck We do neod to know that there are to tonses. The “perfect” which has a he struck" ane the “import” tnse which can man ether present o future — od "he will sik ‘Aso wo have an Active ada Pasve, “he sruck"” and “he was struck". Both perfect and imperfect nave Active and Passive forms Using as en example the verb pS 2 —r—bwe look atthe four forms: Pestect Imperfect Active He truck ee nT ee ane Hewaestuck pee pura. wintruck ayy yuo ‘The gonert rule i thatthe Pertoct changes its “person” by changing the endings — ‘rabty, aaraba, etc. The Imaerfect changes ts person by providing differnt ptinas, a= nel yu” being the apropvias pretnas ofthe third person singular. However, the reader will notien that if the short vowel markings are omitted iti {emu to catiguish Ace Flom Poss: "he svuck"i the srw a8 he wa rk" 7 Sikes” i the tome a6. "he is struck. As early writing never did putin the short vowels, ‘here is often doubt at to which ste tue meening. So for all is simplicity! Thore are snags Fiesty, there * yore, 1k ‘). w—/~ddwith root meaning of fathering a

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