2 Factors Influencing the Design of Vessels ee bn _ \ od! & Ue "\pished head 10-0" Unred Press Vere, 130 sag in ot 80°F Fa. 11, Example of eyindsicl vel with formed end designed tothe orginal APLASME code, (Courter of Amer Pet at employed for pressure storage where the volume required is large. For smaller volumes under pressure, cylindrical tanks with formed heads are more economical. Va Open Vessels. Open vessels are commonly used ‘8 surge tanks between operations, as vats for batch opera tions where materials may be mixed and blended, as settling ‘tanks, decanters, chemical reactors, reservoirs, and s0 on. Obviously, this type of vessel is cheaper than covered or closed vessels of the same capacity and construction. The decision as to whether or not open vessels may be used depends upon the fluid to be handled and the operation. ‘Very large quantities of aqueous liquids of low value may bestored in ponds. It is doubtful if ponds may be correctly referred to as vemels. ‘They are, however, the simplest containers made from the cheapest of materials, rolled earth. Not all types of earth can be used for storage ponds; a clay which will form an almost watertight bottom is essential. ‘An example of the use of ponds of rolled earth is found in the proves whereby salt is erystallized from sea water by solar evaporation (1). When more valuable fluids are handled, ‘more reliable but more expensive containers are required. Large circular tanks of steel (2) or reinforced (or prestressed) concrete (8), (4) are often used for setting ponds in which » a slowly rotating rake removes sediment from a slightly inclined conical bottom. Vessels of this type, as exemplified * by the Dorr classifier, may have diameters ranging from 100 to 200 ft and a depth of several feet. ‘Smaller open vessels are usually of a circular shape and