Reading Passage 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on the Passage
William Henry Perkin below.

William Henry Perkin

The man who invented synthetic dyes

William Henry Perkin was born on March 12, 1838, in London, England. As a boy, Perkin's
curiosity prompted early interests in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering. But it was
a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional, laboratory in his late grandfather's home
that solidified the young man's enthusiasm for chemistry.

As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry.
His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who
encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at
the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired the young chemist's enthusiasm further, and he later
went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at
the age of 15.

At the time of Perkin's enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the noted
German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin's scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann's
attention and, within two years, he became Hofmann's youngest assistant .Not long after that,
Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.

At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from
the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was
surpassing the available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some passing comments about the
desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved
to take up the challenge.

During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the top floor of his family's
house. He was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily
available coal tar waste product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not end up with
quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin's scientific training and
nature prompted him to investigate the substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate
and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced a
deep purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur's words
'chance favours only the prepared mind', Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.

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Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal excretions.
Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to obtain and outrageously
expensive. Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so costly that in society at
the time only the rich could afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in hue and fade
quickly. It was against this backdrop that Perkin's discovery was made.

Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric, thus making it the
world's first synthetic dye. Realising the importance of this breakthrough, he lost no time in
patenting it. But perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkin's reactions to his find was his nearly
instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities.

Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it later became commonly known as mauve
(from the French for the plant used to make the colour violet). He asked advice of Scottish dye
works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if
the colour remained fast (i.e. would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So, over the fierce
objections of his mentor Hofmann, he left college to give birth to the modern chemical industry.

With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a factory not far from London. Utilising the
cheap and plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited by-product of London's gas street
lighting, the dye works began producing the world's first synthetically dyed material in 1857. The
company received a commercial boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she decided
the new colour flattered her. Very soon, mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable
ladies in that country. Not to be outdone, England's Queen Victoria also appeared in public
wearing a mauve gown, thus making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was bold and
fast, and the public clamour for more. Perkin went back to the drawing board.

Although Perkin's fame was achieved and fortune assured by his first discovery, the chemist
continued his research. Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline red (1859)
and aniline black (1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin's green. It is important to note that
Perkin's synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative. The dyes
also became vital to medical research in many ways. For instance, they were used to stain
previously invisible microbes and bacteria, allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as
tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes continue to play a crucial role today. And, in
what would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their current use is in the search for a
vaccine against malaria.

Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1- 7 on your answer sheet, write

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TRUE if the statement is True

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN If the information is not given in the passage

(1) Michael Faraday was the first person to recognise Perkin's ability as a student of chemistry.

(2) Michael Faraday suggested Perkin should enrol in the Royal College of Chemistry.

(3) Perkin employed August Wilhelm Hofmann as his assistant.

(4) Perkin was still young when he made the discovery that made him rich and famous.

(5) The trees from which quinine is derived grow only in South America.

(6) Perkin hoped to manufacture a drug from a coal tar waste product.

(7) Perkin was inspired by the discoveries of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur.

Questions 8-13
Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

(8) Before Perkin's discovery, with what group in society was the colour purple associated?

(9) What potential did Perkin immediately understand that his new dye had?

(10) What was the name finally used to refer to the first colour Perkin invented?

(11) What was the name of the person Perkin consulted before setting up his own dye works?

(12) In what country did Perkin's newly invented colour first become fashionable?

(13) According to the passage, which disease is now being targeted by researchers using
synthetic dyes?

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 Reading Passage 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on the Passage
Plant Wars below.

Plant Wars
Mention the words “chemical warfare” or “deployed armies” in any conversation, and the
interlocutor might immediately assume you’re talking about wars between humans. In reality,
however, there are other kinds of wars out there where these techniques are employed far more
frequently and in a far more intricate manner: those waged in the plant kingdom.

We might not normally think of plants this way, but much like humans and animals, they too
have to fight for survival on a daily basis. Nutrients, light and water are the three things any
plant needs in order to grow; unfortunately, none of these is ample in supply, which means that
the competition between plants can grow fierce. Some plants and trees are at an architectural
advantage: taller trees have greater access to natural light, while plants with deeper roots have
the ability to absorb more water and nutrients. Others, though, manage to defend their territory
through “allelopathy”, or chemical warfare.

So how does this chemical warfare work exactly? As Dr Robin Andrews explains, plants convert
the nutrients they absorb from the ground to energy with the aid of a type of organic compound
known as metabolites. These metabolites can be divided into two categories: primary and
secondary. Primary metabolites are what allows a plant to live, playing a direct role in its growth
and development, and are thus present in every plant. Secondary metabolites, on the other
hand, can vary from plant to plant and often play the role of a defence mechanism against
neighbouring competitors.

Out of these secondary metabolites, there are two that are incredibly interesting: DIBOA and
DIMBOA. These two cyclic hydroxamic acids were at the forefront of a study conducted by
Sascha Venturelli and colleagues in 2015, which found that once they are released into the soil
by the plants that produce them, they degenerate into toxic substances that have the power to
inhibit growth in nearby plants once they soak them up. As Dr Claude Becker notes, “the
phenomenon itself has been known for years”, but we now finally understand the “molecular
mechanism” behind it – and its supreme intricacy would put to shame any chemical bombs
created by humans.

But plants do not just fight wars against other plants; chemical warfare also comes into play in
their defence against herbivores. As Brent Mortensen of Iowa State University describes, plants
“actively resist” attacks made by herbivores through qualitative and quantitative chemical
defences. What’s the difference? Qualitative defences can be lethal even in small doses, and
are often employed to protect “young” or “tender leaves or seeds”. They can also be recycled
when no longer necessary. Quantitative defences, in contrast, are only effective “in larger

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doses”, but unlike qualitative defences, can protect the plant against all herbivores. Quantitative
defences are also not as immediately lethal, as they usually lead to indigestion, pain, irritation of
the mouth and throat, and inflammation or swelling in the skin.

And what about the “deployed armies” I mentioned before? Well, chemical attacks are not the
only way plants elect to defend themselves against herbivores. Some plants, such as the
African acacia, also recruit armies to assist them in their war. As Angela White of the University
of Sheffield explains, the acacia tree has “hollowed-out structures” which invite ant colonies to
build a home in them by providing not just shelter, but also food in the form of a special nectar.
In return, ants protect them against herbivores – and this includes not just the small ones like
bugs, but also the ones as big as giraffes.

At this point, of course, you might be wondering what all this has to do with you. The territorial
nature of plants might be fascinating in its own right, but what is its application in real life?

Well, Dr Venturelli of the 2015 study mentioned before has an answer for you: apparently,
certain allelochemicals – the aforementioned chemical compounds that are responsible for
stunting growth in plants – have been found to have an effect on human cancer cells, too.
According to Michael Bitzer and Ulrich Lauer of the same study, “clinical trials at the University
Clinics Tubingen currently assess the efficacy of these plant toxins in cancer patients”. This
means that comprehending the way plants defend themselves against the enemies in their
environment might not just be of interest to plant biologists alone, but to medical researchers as
well.

Questions 14-20
Complete the sentences below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for each answer.

(14) Plants are very similar to as they also struggle to stay alive every day.

(15) The height of a tree or plant can affect how much it receives.

(16) Chemical warfare in plants also goes by the name of .

(17) Water and nutrients are both taken from the soil, and the latter is later turned into
.

(18) Secondary metabolites are an that functions as a defence mechanism for

plants.

(19) DIBOA and DIMBOA are two types of secondary metabolites that can once
absorbed by a plant.

(20) The 2015 study by Sascha Venturelli and colleagues examined the of
chemical warfare in plants.

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Plant Defences Against Herbivores

Qualitative

– can kill a herbivore in 21

– can be recycled when no longer necessary

Secondary

– only works in larger doses

– effective against 22

– causes a variety of symptoms, none 23

Indirect

– uses the help of ant colonies that reside in its 24

– ants can protect it against herbivores of all sizes, even 25

Questions 26-27
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

TRUE if the statement is True

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN If the information is not given in the passage

(26) Allelochemicals are secondary metabolites.

(27) Plant biologists and medical researchers are currently cooperating to assess the efficacy of
plant toxins in preventing the growth of cancer cells.

Reading Passage 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on the Passage The
Birth of Scientific English below.

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 The Birth of Scientific English
World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese,
German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of
science. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the
USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they
need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the
prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to
write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua
franca for European intellectuals.

The European Renaissance (circa 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the ‘revival of
learning’, a time of renewed interest in the ‘lost knowledge’ of classical times. At the same time,
however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of
Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such
expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was
supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism (and hence the
invention of the compass), improvements in cartography and perhaps the most important
scientific revolution of them all – the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth
in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).

England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican
ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language – John
Wall’s and John Wilkins – helped Found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical
scientific research.

Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of
science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national
languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations.

Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example,
Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his
later work on the properties of light – Optics – in English.

There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was
simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars,
whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science
was written in English.

A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open
publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet
been fully exploited by their ‘author’ . This growing concern about intellectual property rights was
a feature of the period – it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist
who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection

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between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social
distinction between ‘scholars and gentlemen’ who understood Latin, and men of trade who
lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for
mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure
languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some
scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though
international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an ‘insider
language’.

A third reason why the writing of original science in English was delayed may have been to do
with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well
equipped to deal with scientific argument. First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary.
Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and
impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between
complex and hypothetical entities. Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society
possessed an interest in language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although
a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little,
the society’s members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to
encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also
published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society’s first
curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia
(1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and
lectures.

In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first
international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing,
that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments.

The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the
following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading
European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German
scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England.
However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the
industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialised,
professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.

Questions 28-34
Complete the summary.

For answers to questions 28-34 choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.

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 In Europe modern science emerged at the same time as the
nation state. At first, the scientific language of choice remained
28 . It allowed scientists to communicate with other
socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from
unwanted exploitation. Sometimes the desire to protect ideas
seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate
them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and 29
. In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither
the 30 nor the 31 scientists associated with
the 32 to express their ideas. This situation only
changed after 1660 when it was set about developing English. An
early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on
short descriptions of specific experiments. Although English was
then overtaken by 33 , it developed again in the 19th
century as a direct result of the 34 .

Questions 35-37
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? For
questions 35-37, write

YES if the statement agrees with the writer

NO if the statement does not agree with the writer

NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage

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(35) There was strong competition between scientists in Renaissance Europe.

(36) The most important scientific development of the Renaissance period was the discovery of
magnetism.

(37) In 17th century Britain, leading thinkers combined their interest in science with an interest in
how to express ideas.

Questions 38-40
Complete the table. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
answer.

Science written in the first half of the 17th century

Language used Latin English

Type of science Original 38

Examples 39 Encyclopedias

Target audience International scholars 40 but socially wider

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