EXAMPLE 8-7 Solution igure 8-28 Dirnensons in millimeter. Screws, Fasteners, Design of Nenpermarantjeins | 457 where again, the diameters of the bolts are assumed equal. If not, then one replaces F° in Eq, (6) with the shear stresses r” = 4F"/xd? for each bolt. Solving Eqs. (a) and (b) simultancously, we obtain . Mirn Fee (8-57) Wants where the subscript n refers to the particular bolt whose load is to be found. These moment loads are also shown as vectors on the loading diagram, In the third step the direct and moment loads are added vectorially to obtain the resultant load on each bolt. Since all the bolts or rivets are usually the same size, only thar bolt having the maximum load need be considered, When the maximum load is found, the strength may be determined by using the various methods already described, ‘Shown in Fig. 8-28 is a 15- by 200-mm rectangular steel bar cantilevered to a 250-mm_ steel channel using four tightly fitted bolts located at A, B, C, and D. For a F = 16 KN load find (@) The resultant load on each bolt (®) The maximum shear stress in each bolt (©) The maximum bearing stress (@) The critical bending stress in the bar (@ Point 0, the centroid of the bolt group in Fig. 8-28, is found by symmeuy. If a free-body diagram of the beam were constructed, the shear reaction V would pass through Q and the moment reactions M would be about O. These reactions are V=16kN —-M = 16(425) = 6800N-m In Fig. 8-29, the bolt group has been drawn to a larger scale and the reactions are shown. The distance from the centroid to the center of each bolt is 1 = OOF 75 = 96.0 mm ‘ ‘ 1 M6 x 2 bolts 1 | q 7 . i | ; f 7 $ » BY i fers=f-r5-] s0 | son ——|458 | Mechanical Enginaoing Design | Figure 8-29 Answer Answer Answer ‘The primary shear load per bolt is vy _ 16 ata Baa n F Since the secondary shear forces are equal, Eq, (8-57) becomes Mr _M _ 6800 = a ain ~~ 7960) ‘The primary and secondary shear forces are plotted to scale in Fig. 8-29 and the resul- tants obtained by using the parallelogram rule, The magnitudes are found by measurement (or analysis) to be Fa = Fa =21.0kN Fe = Fy = 1481N (® Bolts A and B are critical because they camry the largest shear load. Does this shear act on the threaded portion of the bolt, or on the unthreaded portion? The bolt length will be 25 mm plus the height of the nut plus about 2 mm for a washer. Table A~31 gives the nut height as 14.8 mm. Including two threads beyond the nut, this adds up toa length of 43.8 mm, and so a bolt 46 mm long will be needed, From Eq, (8-14) ‘we compute the thread length as Lr = 38 mm. Thus the unthreaded portion of the bolt, ig 46 — 38 = 8 mm long, This is less than the 15 mm for the plate in Fig. 8-28, and so the bolt will tend to shear across its minor diameter. Therefore the shear-stress area is A, = 144 mm, and so the shear stress is F __ 21.000) Ay 14 = 146 MPaAnswer Answer 8-3 84 85 Screws, Fasteners, and Design of NongermarentJoins | 459 (©) The channel is thinner than the bar, and so the largest bearing stress is due to the pressing of the bolt against the channel web. The bearing area is Ay = td = 10(16) = 160 mm, Thus the bearing stress is F __ 21.0010) ee BMPs (@) The critical bending stress in the bar is assumed to occur in a section parallel to the y axis and through bolts A and B. At this section the bending moment is M = 16(300 +50) 600 Nm. ‘The second moment of area through this section is obtained by the use of the trans- fer formula, as follows: T= Tou ~ Uroes + PAY 15(200)$ 15(16) 2 5 mam? 20 [8A rast] 22800 a Then Me _ 5600(100) s 0 ep lo) = 678 MPs PROBLEMS [A power screw is 25 mm in diameter and has a thread pitch of 5 ram. (@) Find the thread depth, the thread width, the mean and root diameters, and the lead, pro- vided square threads are used, () Repeat part (a) for Acme threads, Using the information in the footnote of Table 8-1, show that the tensile-stess area is A, = (a 0.938 194p) Fld 0.938 194p) ‘Shows that for zero collar friction the elficiency of a square-thread screw is given by the equation 1a fama tanh F Plot a curve of the efliciency for lead angles up to 45°. Use f = 0.08 A single-trcaded 25-mam power screw is 25 mm in diameter with a pitch of S mm. A vertical load on the screw reaches a maximum of § KN. The coet collar and 0.09 for the theads. The frictional diameter of the colla i 45 mm, Find the over. all efliciency and the torque to “raise” and “lower” the load, lente of friction are 0.06 for the ‘The machine shown in the figure can be used for a tension test but not for a compression test. ‘Why? Can both screws have the same hand?