Present perfect 1 (I have done) Study this example situation: Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He has lost his key He has lost his key = He lost it recently, and he still doesn’s have it Haveshas lost is the present perfect simple finished ry Uwvelthey/you have (= I've etc.) | 4° . done hefshelit has (= he's ete.) pore The present perfect simple is havelhas + past participle, The past participle often ends in -ed (finished/decided etc.), but many important verbs are irregular (lostdone/written etc For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1 ‘When we say that ‘something has happened’, this is usually new information: 12 Ow! P've cut my finger 8 The road is closed. There's been (there has been) an accident, 1 (from the news) Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery ‘When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with now. The action in the past has a result now! 10 ‘Where's your key?" ‘I don’t know. I've lost it." (= I don’t have it now) 13 He told me his name, but I've forgotten it. (= Tean't rem 1 ‘Is Sally here?’ “No, she’s gone out.” (= she is out now) 1G Lcan’t find my bag, Have you seen it? mber it now) Do you know where it is now? You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet. Just = a short time ago: 1 “Are you hungry?” ‘No, I've just had lunch: Hello. Have you just arrived? We use already to say thar something happened sooner than expected: 1 ‘Don't forget to send the letter” ‘I've already sent it.” already gone. ‘Whar time is Mark leaving?” “He' Yet = until now. Yet shows thar the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: 1 Has it stopped raining yet? 1 I've written the letter, but I haven't sent it yet. Note the difference between gone (to) and been (to A Jim is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there 12 Jane is back home now, She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back) Present perfect ~> Units 8, 11 Been to Units 8A, 1268 Present perfect continuous — Units 9-10 Present perfect and past —» Units 12-14 Yet and already > Unit 111 American English — Appendix 7Exercises Unit 7 mM 72 73 7. Read the situations and write sentences. Use the following verbs: arrive break fall goup grow — improve tose 1 Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find ir. He. nas, lost his, key, 2. Margaret can’t walk and her leg is in plaster She - 3 Last week the bus fare was 80 pence, Now it is 90, The bus fare 4 Maria’s English wasn’t very good. Now it is better. Her English 5 Dan didn’t have a beard before. Now he has a beard, He 6 This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it The letter The temperature was 20 degrees. Now it is only 1 The Complete B's sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just/already/yet. Ay\ /7® Eee A 1 Would you like something to eat) (No, thanks. lve. just pad, lunch » (17 just / have / lunch) 2 Do you know where Julia is? | Yes, (1/ just / see / her) 3 ‘Whar time is David leaving? the / already / leave) 4 What's in the newspaper today? | | 1 don’t know (L/not fread / it yer) 5 Is Sue coming to the cinema with us? | | No, (she / already / see / the film) 6 Are your friends here yet? || Yes, (they / just / arrive) What does Tim think about your plan? J \ ved nor tll him yer) ) Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet. 1 After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says, ‘Would you like something to eat?” You say: No thank you, ..'¥@_ just had lunch... (have lunch) 2 Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says, *Can I speak to Joe? You say: I'nt afraid . (go out) 3. You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: Wait a minure! (not / finish) 4 You are going to a restaurant tonight, You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says, “Shall I phone to reserve a table.” You say: No, (do it) 5. You know that a friend of yours is looking for a place to live. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her. You say > (find) 6 You are still thinking about where to go for your holiday. A nd asks, Where are you going for your holiday?” You say (not /decide) Linda went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks, ‘Is Linda still at the bank?” You say: No, = (come back) Put in been or gone 1 Jim is on holiday. He's ..92"8... co Italy 2 Hello! Ive just to the shops. I've bought lots of things. 3 Alice isn’t here at the moment. She's to the shop to get a newspaper. 4 Tom has out. He'll be back in about an hour. 5 *Are you going to the bank?” “No, 've already to the bank 15Present perfect 2 (I have done) Study this example conversation: pave: Have you travelled a lor, Jane? JANE: Yes, I've been to lots of places. pave: Really? Have you ever been to China? Jane's life JANE: Yes, I've been to China twice. (a period until now) India? been to India. past now pave: What abou Jane: No, I have When we talk about a period of rime that continues from the past until now; we use the present perfect (have been I have travelled etc.). Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a period thar continues until now). Some more examples: © Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life) 2 We've never had a car. “Have you read Hamlet?” °No, Uhaven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.” Susan really loves thar film. She's seen it eight times! © What a boring film! Irs the most boring film I've ever seen. Been (to) = visited: ve never been to China. Have you been there? In the following examples too, the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now (recently / in the last few days / so far / since breakfast etc): © Have you heard from Brian recently? 1D I've met a lot of people in the last few days. recently ——+| Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems ivibelsedewdayemal so far. © I'm hungry. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. since breakciasr—=7e) from breakfast until now) past now 1D Ie’s good co see you again, We haven't seen each other for a long time. We use the present perfect with today / this evening / this year etc. when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking (see also Unit 14B): I've drunk four cups of coffee today. thday © Have you had a holiday this year (yet)? ae © Thaven’t seen Tom this morning. Have you? ast Rob hasnt studied very hard this term. ‘We say: Ir’s the (first) time something has happened. For example: 5 Don is having a driving lesson. It's his first one. It’s the first time he has driven a car. (not drives) Tis isthe fst time ) an) or He has never driven a car before, 1D Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second time this has happened. (not happens) 1D Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That's the third time he's phoned her this evening, Present perfect 1 —> Unit 7 Present perfect + for/since — Units 1112 Present perfect and past -» Units 12-14Exercises Unit 8 at a2 83 84 You are asking people questions about things they have done. Make questions with ever using the words in brackets 1 (ride / horse?) Have. you ever ridden a. horse? 2 (he / California?) Have 3 (run / marathon: 4 (speak / famous person? (most beautiful place / visit?) Whar's Complete B's answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use the following verbs: be be eat’ happen have meet’ play read see see try ASN 1 (What's Mark’s sister like? (Tve no idea. ..'ve. never: 2 How is Diane these days? | | Tdon’t know. 1 her recently 3 Are you hungry? | | Yes. 1 much today. 4 Can you play chess? | | Yes, but for ages. 5 | Are you enjoying your holiday? | | Yes, it’s the best holiday for a long time. 6 What's that book like? | | I don’t know. it 7 | Is Brussels an interesting place: I've no idea, there, 8 | Mike was late for work again | | Again? He late today. | | every day this week 9 Do you like caviar? | | I don’t know it 10 Thear your car broke down | | Yes, its the second time again yesterday. | | this week. 11 \ Who's thar woman by the door? ) 1 don't know her before, / Complete the sentences using today / this year / this term ete. 1 saw Tom yesterday; bur | haven. seen hi, eda . 3 Tread a newspaper yesterday, but | voday. 4 Last year the oompany made a prof, but this year 4 Tracy worked hard a schoo as term, but 5 Iesnowed alo las winter, but 6 Our football ream won alot of games last season, but we Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the example. 1 Jack is driving a car, but he’s very nervous and not sure what to do, You ask: ...Have. you driven a. car before? He says: No, this. 1s. the. first, time, I've driven. a. car 2. Bem is playing tennis, He’s not good at it and he doesn’t know the rules. You ask: Have He says: No, this isthe first Sue is riding a horse. She doesn’t look very confident or comfortable. You ask She says 4 Maria is in London. She has just arrived and it’s very new for her. You ask She says: 7For and since When ... ? and How long ‘We use for and since to say how long something has been happening, 2 We use for + period of time (awo hours, We use since + the start of a period six weeks etc.) (8 o'clock, Monday, 1999 etc) I've been waiting for two hours. I've been waiting since 8 o'clock for two hours since 8 o'clock | two hours ago —> now 8 o'clock now for since two hours alongrime a week Bovclock April lunchtime 20 minutes six months ages Monday 1985 we arrived five days 50 years, years 12May Christmas got up Sally has been working here for six Sally has been working here since April months. (vot since six months) until now) Thaven’t seen Tom for three days. © Thaven’t seen Tom since Monday (not since three days) (= from Monday until now) Iis possible to leave out for (but nor usually in negative sentences}: © They've been married (for) ten years. (with or without for) © They haven't had a holiday for ten years. We do not use for + all... all day /all my life et.) © Pve lived here all my life. (not forall my life) ‘Compare when ... ? (+ past simple) and how long ... ? (+ present perfect): a: When didie start rainin bi: It started raining an hour ago / at 1 o'clock. A: How Tong has it been rainin ts: Irs been raining for an hour / since 1 o'clock, s: When did Joe and Carol first meet? a long time ago. ts They fire met | 308 ey were at school. \: How long have they known each other? for a long time. te They've known each other | they were at school ‘We say ‘Ie’ (a long time / two years ete.) since something happened’: Ie’s two years since I last saw Joe. haven't seen Joe for two years) 1 It’s ages since we went to the cinema, We haven't been ro the cinema for ages) You ca ask ‘How long is it sinc (© How long is it since you last saw Joe? © How long is it since Mrs Hill died? When did you last see Joe?) When did Mrs Hill die?) ‘You can also say ‘It’s been (= It has been) ... since Ie’s been two years since I last saw Joe How long have you (been) .. 2 > Unit 11Exercises Unit 12 124 122 12.3 124 Write for or since. 1 Ie been raining ..24"¢¢__ lunchtime. 2 Sarah has lived in Paris 1995, 3. Paul has lived in London ten years 4 I'm tired of waiting, We've been sitting here an hour. 5. Kevin has been looking for a job he left school, 6 Thaven’t been to a party ages. 7 Lwonder where Joe is. I haven't seen him last week. 8 Jane is away. She's been away Friday 9. The weather is dry. It hasn't rained a few weeks. Write questions with how long and when. 1 Ie rain 8 how long?) Hoes long. has. i been, raining? when?) ...Wien did. it, start. raining? 2 Kate is learning Japanese. how long / learn?) when / start?) 3 L know Simon. how long / you / know?) when / you / first / meet?) 4. Rebecca and David are married. how long?) when?) Read the situations and complete the sentences, Liz is married. She’s been married for a year. She got You have a headache. It started when you woke up. 1 I's raining. Ie’ been raining since lunchtime, Ir. started. raring at lunchtime. 2 Ann and Sue are friends. They first mer years ago. They've ..fnown cach other. for... years, 3 Joe is ill. He became ill on Sunday. He has Sunday. 4 Joe is ill. He became ill a few days ago. He has a few days, 6 Tye T woke up Sue has been in Italy for the last three weeks. She went 3 8 You're working in a hotel. You started six months ago. Tye Write B's sentences using the words in brackets. 1 &: Do you often go on holiday? B: (no/ five years) ..N0s,.. haven't. had. @ holiday for. Five years, \: Do you often see Sarah? : (no / about a month) No, 3a: Do you often go co the cinema? : (no / a long time! 4 &: Do you oft i (no/ ages) No.1 n eat in restaurants? Now write B's answers again. This time use It's .. since 5 1) —No..it's, five years. since, | had. a. holiday. 7 6 2 No, - 8 4 No, it’s 25Present perfect and past 2 (I have done and | did) Do nor use the present perfect (I have done) when you talk about a finished time (for example, yesterday / ten minutes ago / in 1999 / when I was a child). Use a past tense: 5 It was very cold yesterday. (not has been) Paul and Lucy arrived ten minutes ago. (not have arrived) Did you eat a lot of sweets when you were a child? (not have you eaten) I got home late last night. I was very tired and went straight to bed. Use the past to ask When ... ? or What time 1D When did your friends arrive? (not have 1D What time did you finish work? Compare: Present perfect Tom has lost his key. He can’t get into the house. 9 Is Carla here or has she left? Compare: Present perfect (have done) 15 Pve done a lot of work today We use the present perfect for a period of until now, For example: today / this week / since 1985. arrived) Past simple Tom lost his key yesterday. He couldn't get into the house © When did Carla leave? Past simple (did 5 I did a lot of work yesterday We use the past simple for a finished time in the past. For example yesterday last week / from 1995 to 2001 afnisbedy finished coda yesterday past now past now 1 It hasn't rained this week 15 Have you seen Anna this morning? (iris still morning) 1 Have you seen Tim recently? 3 Idon’t know where Lisa is. I haven't seen her. (=I haven't seen her recently) 1 We've been waiting for an hour. (we are still waiting now) 1 Ian lives in London, He has lived there for seven years. 3 [have never played golf. (in my life) 1 It’s the last day of your holiday. You yy: Tes been a really good holiday, ve really enjoyed it. Past simple —> Unit § Present perfect — Units 7-8 Present perfect and past 1 I didn’t rain last week Did you see Anna this morning? (it is now afternoon or evening: Did you see Tim on Sunday a: Was Lisa at the party on Sunday? & I don’t think so. I didn't see her. We waited (or were waiting) for an hour. (we are no longer waiting) Ian lived in Scotland for ten ye: Now he lives in London, I didn't play golf last summer. After you come back from Boliday you say: It was a really good holiday. I really enjoyed it. Unit 13Exercises Unit 14 141 14.2 143 144 Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 ve lost my key: I can’t find it anywhere OK. you eaten a lot of sweets when you were a child? ..Did._you eat: Ise bought a new car. You must come and see it Pve bought a new car last week, Where have you been yesterday evening? - 6 Lucy has left school in 1999. I'm looking for Mike. ave you seen him? $ “Have you been to Paris?” “Yes, many times.” 9. I'm very hungry: Lhaven{t eaten much today: 10 When has this book been published? Make sentences from the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple. I (it/ not / rain / this week) ...\b hasn't rained. this week. 2 ithe weather / be / cold / recently) The weather 3 (it/ cold / last week) Ie 4 (L/ not / read / a newspaper yesterday) 1 5 (1/ not / read / a newspaper today) 6 (Emily / earn / a lot of money / this year she / not / earn / so much / last vear} 8 (you / have /a holiday recently? Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple. 1 Edon't know where Lisa is, .HA¥€ yaw. seen,. (you /see) her? 2 When (get! home last night, I (be) very sired and | (go) straight ro bed. 3x you / finish) painting the bedroom? 8: Nor yet I'l nish it tomorrow 4 George (ot / be} very well last week. 5 Mr Clark (work) ina bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up. 6 Molly lives in Dublin, She (live) there all her life 7A you / go) to the cinema last night? ss Yes, bur i tbe) a mistake. The film (be) awful 8 My grandiather (die) before L was born. | @ (never / meet) him. 9 I don’t know Carol's husband. 1 {never / meet) im 10a: Is Martin here? 8: No, he (go) out. «: When exactly (he / go) out? B: Abour ten minutes ago. 11a: Where do you live? #: In Boston, &: How long {you / live) there? 6: Five years. a: Where you / live) before that? 1: In Chicago. a: And how long, (you / live) in Chicago? Two years Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets. 1 (something you haven't done today) —awen't. eaten ary. fruit. todo, 3 (something vou didn’t do yesterday) 4 [something you did yesterday evening) 5 (something vou haven't done recently) * Additional exercises 2~$ (pages 303-04), 14-15 (pages 310-11) 29Be/get used to something (I'm used to =) Study this example situation =) i —_ Lisa is American, but she lives in Britain. When she first Mer ee drove a cat in Britain, she found it very difficult because she had to drive on the let, not on the right. Driving on te the left was strange and difficult for her because: She wasn’t used to it She wasn't used to driving on the left \ Bur after a lot of practice, driving on the left became less ) strange: Su She got used to driving on the left Now it’s no problem for Lisa: She is used to driving on the left. ry 1?'m used to something = itis not new or strange for me: 1 Frank lives alone. He doesn’t mind this because he has lived alone for 15 years. It is nor strange for him. He is used to it, He is used to living alone 8 [bought some new shoes. They felt a bit strange at frst because T wasn't used to them. 5 Our new flat is on a very busy street. I expect we'll get used to the noise, but at the moment it’s very disturbing, 15 Diane has a new job. She has to get up much earlier now than before — at 6.30. She finds this difficule because she isn’t used to getting up so early 1D Barbara's husband is often away from home. She doesn’t mind this. She is used to him being away. After belget used you cannot use the infinitive (to do / to drive etc.). We say 1D She is used to driving on the left. (not She is used to drive) When we say ‘Iam used to something’, to is a preposition, not a part of the infinitive So we s 10 Frank is used to living alone. (not Frank is used to live) © Lisa had to get used to driving on the left. (vot get used to drive Do not confuse I am used to doing and I used to do: am used to (doing) something = ic isn’t strange or new for me: 1 am used to the weather in this country 5 1 am used to driving on the left because I've lived in Britain a long time. L used to do something = I did it regularly in the past but no longer do it. You can use this only for the past, not for the present. The structure is I used to do’ (not ‘Iam used to do’) used to drive to work every day, but these days I usually go by bike. 2 We used to live in a small village, bur now we live in London. Used to (do) — Unit 18 To + -ing — Unit 60¢Exercises Unit 61 at 613 Look again at the situation in Section A on the opposite page (‘Lisa is American...) The following situations are similar. Complete the sentences using used to. 1 Juan is Spanish and wenr to live in England. In Spain he usually had dinner late in the evening, but in England dinner was at 6 o'clock. This was very early for him and he found it very strange at first. When Juan first went to England, he dinner so early, but after some time he it. Now he finds it normal, He at 6 o'clock. 2 Julia is a nurse. A year ago she started working night like it She nights and it took her a few months to s. At first she found it hard and didn’t it. Now, after a year, she’s quite happy. She nights. What do you say in these situations? Use I'm (not) used to 1 You live alone. You don’t mind this. You have always lived alone FRIEND: Do you get a bit lonely sometimes? your No, ..!'.used. te, ving._alone. 2 You sleep on the floor. You don’t mind this. You have always slept on the floor, FRIEND: Wouldn't you prefer to sleep in a bed? you: No,T 3. You have to work long hours in your job. This is not a problem for you. You have always worked long hours, FRIEND: You have to work very long hours in your job, don’t you? yor: Yes, but [don't mind that, [ 4 You usually go to bed ea ly. Last night you went to bed very late (for you) and as a result you are very tired this morning, FRIEND: You look tired this morning, you: Yes, Read the situations and complete the sentences using used to. 1 Some friends of yours have just moved into a flar on a busy street. It is very noisy They'll have to ..get. used. to. the. noise 2 The children at school had a new teacher. She was different from the teacher before her, but this wasn’t a problem for the children. They soon 3. Sue moved from a big house ro a much smaller one. She found ic strange at first. She had co 4 Some people you know from Britain are going to live in your country. What will they have to get used to? They'll have to Complete the sentences using only one word each time (see Section C) 1 Lisa had to get used ro .. 02nd _ on the left 2 We used to ©. in a small village, but now we live in London. 3 Dan used to 4 lot of coffee. Now he prefers tea. 4 feel very full after that meal. I'm not used to so much, 5 I wouldn't like to share an office. 'm used to my own office. 6 Lused to a car, but I sold it a few months ago 7 When we were children, we used r0 swimming very often, 8 There used to a cinema here, but it was knocked down a few years ago 9 I'm the boss here! I'm not used to told what t0 do. + Additional exercises 26-28 (pages 317-19) 12353 2 did you travel did you go did it cake (you) / were you there did you say ‘Was the weather good/nice! ‘or Did you have goodinice weather 6 Did you go to/ Did you see / Did you vise 4 sida’ distor left didn sleep ew didn’t cost Example answers 3 Iwas working. 4 Las in bed asleep. 5 Iwas geting ready to go our. 6 was watching TV at home 62 Example answer: ‘was having a shower were waiting for the bus was reading the paper was warching it ‘didnt see ret... were going .. was was looking ring... had T waited ‘were waiting 3 was cycling was going didn hit 64 2 were you doing Did you go were you driving stepped managed 4 happened 5 took .. wasnt looking 6 didn’ know 8 was walking .. heard .. was following ,. started 9 wanted 10. dropped dida’t break UNIT 7 m1 2 She's broken her leg. She has broken The bus fare has gone up. Her English has improved. He's grown a beard, / He has grown The letter has arrived The temperature has fallen was doing 72 Yes, Ive just seen her. / Yes, Hhave jst seen her. He’ already left. / He has already lee haven't read it ye. No, she’s already seen the film. To, she has already seen Yes, they've just arrived. / Yes, they have just arrive. 7 Wehaven'e told him yer 73 2 he’s just gone out he has gone out havent nished yet. [ve already done it.I have already done it Have you found a place to live yew? haven’ decided yet. she's just come back / she has just come back 74 2" been 3 gone 4 one 5 been UNIT 8 8. 2 Have you ever been t0 Galifornia? 3 Hlave you ever run (in) a marathon? Have you ever spoken to a famous person? What's the most heautiful place you've ever visited? haven't seen haven't eaten haven’ played (ie) Te had /Thave had haven’ read I've never heen / I haven't been “s been /has been I've never tried / I haven't tried or T've never eaten / haven’ eaten is happened / ic has happened for that’s happened / that has happened 11 Tvernever seen /U haven't seen 83 2 haven't read one f haven't read a newspaper it’s made a lows /ichas made a loss Fit hasn't made a profit she hasn't worked hard this ‘hasnt snowed (much) this Key to Exercises 6 haven't won many/any games this season 84 2” Have you played tennis before? No, tis isthe first cme P've played tennis. Have you ridden a horse before? / Have you been on a horse before? No, this isthe fr ridden a horse. J fon horse, Have you been to London before? No, tis isthe firs ime P've been to London, ‘ime Pve ve been UNIT 9 9.1 2. been watching television / has been watching television 3 "ve been playing tennis / have been playing tennis 4 ‘Sheen running / has been running 12 Have you been waiting long? ‘What have you been doing? How long have you been working there How long have you been selling computers? 93 2 ve been waiting / have been waiting 3. “ve been learning Spanish / have been learning Spanish 4 She's been working there / She has been working there They've been going there / They have been going there 94 1've boen looking / have been looking are you looking 4 She's been teaching / She has been teaching Fe been thinking / Ihave been thinking 6 he's working / he is working 7 she's been working / she has been working UNIT 10 10.1 2. She’s been travelling for three months. / She has been travelling She's visited six countries so far. She has visitedKey to Exercises 3. He's won the national championships four times. / He has won He’ been playing tennis since hhe was ten. / He has been playing They've made five films since they left college. / They have made ‘They've been making fms since they lft college. J They hhave been making 10.2 Have you been waiting long? Have you caught any fish? How many people have you invited? How long have you been teaching? How many books have you How long have you been writing books? How long have you been saving? How much money have you saved? 103 2 Somebody's broken / Somebody has broken Have you been working Have you ever worked has she gone Hes appeared / He has appeared haven't been waiting its stopped /it has stopped Fe lost Thave lost .. Have you seen Fe been reading / Uhave been reading .. haven’: finished 11 Te read /Thave read UNIT 11 m4 3 have been married 4 OK 5 Irs been raining / I has been 6 have you been living 7 has been working, 8 OK 9. Thaven’ drunk 10 have you had n2 2 How long have you been teaching English? / How long, have you taught... 3. How long have you known Caroline 4 How long has your brother been in Austral 5. How long have you had thar jacket? How long has Joe been working atthe aigport?/ How Tong has Joe worked... How long have you been learning to drive? Have you always lived ia Chicago? 3 % been /has been ve been waiting have been waiting ‘ve known / have known haven't played "Seen watching / has been watching haven't watched we had J have had hasn't been "ve been feeling / have been feeling or "ve felt/ have felt ‘lived /has lived ors been living / has been living haven't been | "ye always wanted / have always wanted UNIT 12 124 for for for for 122 2. How long has Kate been learing Japanese ‘When did Kate sart learning Japanese? How long have you known Simon? ‘When did you Fist meet Simon? / When did you and Simon fst meee? How long have Rebecca and David been married? ‘When did Rebecca and David get married? / When did Rebecca and David marry? 123 He has been ill since Sunday He has been ill for afew days. She got married a year ago, ve had a headache since | woke up. She went to Ialy three weeks ago. Tse been working ina hotel for six months. /I've worked n a hotel for six months. 12.4 2 No, Lhaven’t seen Sarabvher for about 2 month No, [haven't been to the cinema for along time. No, Thaven' eaten in a restaurant for ages. / No, | haven’ been to a restaurant for ages. No, its abour a month since I (last saw Sarabvher. No, its been about a month since No, it's long time since (las) went tothe cinema. / No, its been along time since Noy its ages since I (last) ate ina restaurant. / No, it’s been ages since .. or since | UNIT 13 131 has gone forgot had has broken 13.2 3 “We forgotten / have forgotten rested ‘Simproved / has improved ‘ve finshed / have Finished applied ’ been / has been broke or ’s broken / has broken ... did (that) happen fell 133 did Shakespeare write OK OK “The Chinese invented were you born OK Albert Einstein was... who Seveloped UNIT 14 14a Where were you Lucy left schoo! OK OK OK When was this book published? + 142 2. The weather has been cold recently 3. Teas cold lase week4 didnt read a newspaper esterday 5 Thaven' read a newspaper toda 6 Emily has earned alot of money this yea She didn’t ear so much last, 8 Have you had a holi recently? 143 2 got. was... went 3 Have you finished or Did vou nish worked § lived /has lived Did you go =. was .. was died .. never met ‘ve never met / have never met 10 gone /has gone or went did he go, 11 have you lived / have you been living .. did you live did you live 144 Example ansivers: 2 Thaven'e bought anything, today 3. didn't warch TV yesterday 4 Lwent out with some friends vesterday evening. 5 Thaven't been to the cinema recently 6 Te read a lor of books recent UNIT 15 15.1 2 Ithad changed a lor. 3 She'd arranged to do something else. / She had arranged. The film had already begun, [hadn't seen him for five years She'd just had breakfast. / She had just had 152 2 Td never seen her before. /1 had never seen 3. He'd never played (tennis) before. / He had never played 4. Wed never been there before We had never been 183 1 called the police 2 there was ... had gone 3. He'd just come back from / He had just come back from He looked 4 gota phone call "d sent her / had sent her “d never replied to them / had never replied tothe 3 had gone 4 broke 5 saw «had broken ... stopped UNIT 16 16.1 2 They'd been playing football. / They had heen playing 3 Td heen looking forward toi. had been looking forward 4 Shed been dreaming / She had been dreaming, 5. He'd been watching a film. / He had been watching 162 2 Td been waiting for 20 ‘minutes when F (suddenly) realised chat I was inthe that I had come to che wrong, 3 Ar the time the factory closed down, Sarah had been working there for five years 4 The orchestra had been playing for about ten minutes ‘when a man inthe audience started shouting 5. Example answer: Td been walking along the oad for about ren minu when a car suddenly stopped just behind me 163 3 was walking 4d been running / had been running 6 “been eating / had been cating was looking 8 was waiting .'d been Waiting / had been waiting 9 “dhad / had had 10 been traveling had been travelling UNIT 17 WA 3 Thaven’e gota ladder. don't have a ladder. We didn't have enough time He didn’t have a map. She hasn't got any money. J Key to Exercises She doesn’t have any money. 7 Thaven't gor enough energy. / [don’t have enough energy 8 They didn't have a camera, 172 Have you got/ Do you have Did you have Have you got / Do you have Have you got / Do you have id you have Did you have 173 Example answers 2 Thaven'e got a bike (now) Thad a bike (ten years ago) 3. 've gota mobile phone now) T didn't have a mobile phone ten years ago). 4 Thaven'e got a dog (now I didn't have a dog (ten years ag0) 5. 've gora guitar (now). Thad a guitar (ren years ago) 6 Lhhaven’e gor long hate (now. T didn’ have long hair (ten years ago 7 Tye gor a driving licence (now). Tdidin's have @ driving lisence {ten years ago) 4 has a break had a party have a look 's having /is having a nice had a chat Did you have difficulty had a baby was having a shower 10 Did you have a good fight? UNIT 18 181 used to havelride used to live used to catfikelove used to be & used to take used to be 8 did you use to go 182 -6 He used to go to bed early. He didn't use to go out in the He used to run three miles He didn’t use to spend much money: / a lot of money 33914 Td eather listen to some music than watch TV, 593 2 {would you rather) [told her 3. would you rather I did ie 4 would you rather I phoned hee 594 2 stayed/remained/waited 3 say didn’t didn’ applying for the job remembering names passing the exam being tare eating at home, we went 10 having to queue or queuing playing well 2 by standing on a chaie by curing a key by borrowing too much money by driving 10 fast by putting some pictures on the walls 60.3 paying/setling going ‘sing going being/travelling/siting asking/telling/consuting Soinghhay turninglgoing taking 80.4 T'm looking forward o seeing hherDiane. T'm not looking forward £0 oing to the dentist She's looking forward to leaving school (next summer). 5. Tm looking forward t0 playing tennis (tomorrow) UNIT 61 61 1 When Juan frst went £0 England, he wasnt used to hhaving dinner so early, but afeer some time he got used t0 it. Now he finds it normal, He is used to eating / is used to having dinner at 6 o'clock. She wasn’t wsed to working nights and i took her afew months to get used to it. Now, after a yeas she's quite happy. She is used to working nights. 612 2 No, 'm used to sleeping on the floor. 3. Pm used to working long hours 4 Yes, I'm not used to going to bed so late 613 2 They soon got used to het. to thettheir new teacher 3. She had to get used to living ‘much smaller house. 4 (example answers) They'll have to get used 0 the weather /..t0 the food. / to speaking a foreign language cating having have 50 be being UNIT 62 62.1 ‘doing coming/going doingyteying buying/having hearing going hhavingfosing being watching invitinglasking 2 in solving of living of causing (from) walking for interrupting of spending from escaping con carrying to secing ‘on driving Ann to the station 3 on getting married Sue for coming t0 see her (10 me) for not phoning eather of beng selfish Key to Exercises UNIT 63 63.1 2 There’ no point in working if you don't need money. 3. There's no point in eying to study if you fel tre. 4 There’ no poine in hurrying if you've got plenty of time. 63.2 2 asking Dave 3 in going out 4 phoning herfL.ix 5. complaining (about what happened) 6 of time reading 7 keeping 633 2 remembering people's names 3. difficuley geting a job 4 difficulty geting a ticket for the game 634 2 reading 3 packing / getting ready 4 watching, 5 6 swspapers soing/limbing/walking applying setting / being 635 2 went swimming 3. go skiing 4 goes riding 5. gone shopping UNIT 64 64.1 2 Thad to goto the bank co get 3. Tm saving money to go to Canada. 4. Tent into hospital ro have an operation. 5. Tm wearing two sweat keep warm, 6 phoned the police to report thar my car had been stolen 642 toread to walk / 10 go on foot to drink 10 put /to carry to discuss / ro consider / to talk about to buy /to get 8 to talk / to speak 9 to wear /to put on 10 to-celebrate 11 to help /to assist 643 2 for 3 to