Pea: MODULE-4 Basic STATISTICS 91. statistics and its Related Terms vaisties. An aggregate of facts which are affecetd by a number of ee and which are expressed numerically to some resonable extent of | ec) and which are collected in a systematic manner for a specific purpose is called statistics. ‘The subject in which we study the characteristics of the facts is also fnown as Statistics . ‘iiusiration. Let we collect the facts and figures of the car accident ten place in Kolkata during last 15 years. Then this collection is a satistics of ‘car accident in Kolkata during last 15 years’. Variable, Variable is a symbol e.g. x,...that can assume any prescribed value, Ifa variable assume only one value then it is called constant. Mlustration. (i) Let W’ = number of members in a family of India. Then Nean assume any of the values 1, 2,3, ... .. So, here N is a variable. (i) Let = number of prime ministers in India .Then we see X ‘Ssumes only one value,1.So X is a constant. (ii) Let_ = weight of a person of city. Then we see H can assume tte values 45 kg, 46.12 kg, 80.0015 kg etc.So here H is a variable. Dis a . + a and Continuous Variable. A variable that can theoretically ‘ume any value between two given values is called a continuous variable. Yatiable which is not continuous is called a discrete variable. in tl ‘ . +, + fe ge a . oe illustration the variable cited in (i) and (ii) are discrete i the variable in (iii) is continuous. a Observations, Ti ay observation, § cal data os le al data or statisti ‘tration, Tea tion. he values assumed by a variable are known as ‘ometimes, in statistics, these are regarded as ical observation. ; let Y= marks obtained by the students in Mathematics in a Theda cay p © 2 Vétlable which can assume the datas 5,90,0,81 ete r F © presented as Sle 008 70 65¥ GINEERING MATHEMATICS. 1, Kk: In fact variable,data ete.can be defined in different way.In this text we keep this definition thinking of the relevant concerned readers 9.2. Frequency Distribution. The number of occurence of an observation or data of a ailled the frequency of that data, Frequency variable Illustration. Let x be the marks obtained by 30 students.Let x assumes the values 30 35 31 32 34 31 30 34 42 30 57 68 42 val 20 15 10 51 57 51 51 52 51 80 51 57 20 a 35 32 Here we see the data 30 occurs three times.So frequency of 30 is 3. Similarly the frequency of the data 80,71,68 are 1,2,1 respectively. Simple Frequency Distribution, The simple frequency distribution of 4 variable is the statistical table where the observations (assumed by the Variable ) are arranged in order of magnitude and the frequency of each observation is shown side by side, Illustration, Let x be a variable which takes the value : 3 4 5 3 6 4 4 2; 2 S 6 1 3 4 5 3 2 1 Then the frequency distribution of x is x! 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total fii 2 2 5 4 3 2 18 The table can also be shown in column-wise. Grouped Frequency Distribution, When a large number of datas are available we cannot grasp their characteristic only by placing them individually in a table . In these cases Wwe group the observations into a number of suitable intervals.In a table Tvals are shown and’ the frequency of the (or statistical table) these inter observations included in each interval are shown side by side. This table is called Grouped frequency distribution,BASIC STATISTICS a CE Illustration. The datas below give the marks secured by 70 candidates ina certain examination ; 2 3h: 85" 52° 64 74 89 53. 42 7 2 35 43 .'67. 16 35 46 26 1..32' 40 243 3.38. 41- 63. 71 28 32. «45 54 15 18 a 73 86 50 39 55 47 12 44 58 67 85 39 40 50 65.:. 72 69 5763 5 SOOT 137. 24 54 82 49 St 54.68 29° «3444 58 62 59 65 Here we see there is a large number of the observations which are almost distinct.We group the datas into the intervals 0-10,11-21,22-32,.... We see the data 7,5 are included in the interval 0-10.So the frequency (called class-frequency)of the class interval 0-10 is 2. In this way we have the following grouped frequency distribution : Marks secured : 0-10 11-21 22-32 33-43 44-54 55-65 66-76 77-87 88-98 Frequency :2 4 8 4 IS 12 10 4 1 Note. Frequency distribution is nothing but quantitative classification. Terms associated with Grouped Frequency Distribution. (1) Class interval : The group of datas into a number of suitable intervals are called class interval. In the previous example 0-10, 11-21 etc. are class intervals. (2) Class limits ; The two extreme values specifying a class interval are called class limit, In the previous example the lower class limit (LCL) and the upper class limit (UCL) of the class 22-32 are respectively 22 and 32. (3) Class Boundaries : The class boundaries of a class are defined as Lower Class Boundary (LCB) = LCL of the class 4 where d = LCL of the class -UCL of the previous class. Upper class Boundary (UCB) = UCL of the class +4 where d = LCL of the next class example LCB of the class 22-32 is 22-21 2 UCL of the class. In the previous 22- = 21-5; UCB of the class 22-32 is 32-298 ENGIN! ING MATI MATICS - 11, (4) Cla = L(LCL+UCL) of the class. = Mark or Mid Value : Class Mark of a class In the previous example, class Mark of the class 66-76 is 3 (65+76)=71, (5) Width of a class : Width of a class = (UCB-LCB) of the class. In the previous example, width of the class 22-32 is 32-5—21-5=11. Cummulative Frequency. For a simple frequency distribution the total frequency of the observations lesser or equal to an observation is called "less (<) than type " cummulative frequency of the observation. For a grouped frequency distribution the total frequency of observations lesser or equal to the observation in a class is called the "less (s) than type" cummulative frequency of the observation, Illustration. (i) In the simple frequency distribution x22 4 9 aa coo 6 4 1 the “less than (s) type" cummulative frequene Y Of 9 is 34644 =13; the "greater than (2) type" cummulative frequency of 9 is 4+1=5. (ii) In the grouped frequency distribution Class > 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 Frequency : 3 6 4 I the "less than (<) type" cummulative frequency of the class 19~14 or against the upper boundary 14.5 of this class is 34.644 = 13; the "greater than type(2)" cummulative frequency of the class 1014 or against the ECB 9.5 of this class is 44125, Measure of Central tendency 9.3. Mean, A typical value which may or may not be among the datas assumed by a variable is considered 8 a representative of all the datas. For example among the datas 2,5,6.1,8,9,7 the value 7 can be treated as thatentative. Generally this representative-value tends to lie centrally within : . This value is measured by different way. Following is srithmetic Mean. The Arithmetic mean (A.M) or briefly the mean of ‘n is defined as 4 |" {f the datas have the frequency shown in the following table F Aaviable (x): oy X ho aay “Frequency (fi):, fi to fen ; an Pall F id then theit A.M is ¥ yeu tH frtutintn) =F Vi ; iat where N =f, + fateotn = > if; where Mlustration, If x: 2 4 1 3 Total foo: 3 2 4 1 10 - bethe frequency distribution of a variable x then its A.M, 1 jp Ax dtax 21 x443x1) m1 1 Rs (6484443)=— x21 = 21 io! 84443) 10% Norem 1. If the two variables x and y are related by the equation = tw Pe then F= AS where ¢ and d are any number. Prof. We consider the frequency distribution of x : a x 2 Xz ow ff ff Since the values of x are changed to those of y so the frequency tion of » would be V3 we se Jy Total fypininh, oN| 300 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. 114 where y; = Now the A.M of y, ¥ is “Nd fi 1 (fim - fie) = Na 1 on 1 c CT er ee? ee Note. The above theorem is very much helpful to determine the A.M of the variable assuming large data. This is shown in the following Illustration Illustration. We are given the following Grouped frequency distribution : Weight in gms(x): 110-119 120-129 130-139 140-149 150-159 Frequency: 5 7 1 20.) .16 Weight in gms(x): 160-169 170-179 180-189 Frequency: 10 7 3 To find the A.M we construct the following table : Calculation of Mean Class-interval] Midpoint [Frequency | x, -154.5 see ivi @) | w { 110-119 114.5 5 40 120-129 124.5 7 -30 130-139 134.5 12 -20 140-149 144.5 20 -10 150-159 154.5 16 0 160-169 164.5 10 10 170-179 174.5 7 20 180-189 184.5 3 30 Total : 80 Ee 2301 aI 3 or, ¥=148. ot, -0.65 = Thus the required A.M, x =148. Theorem. 2. (On Mean of Composite Group) Let F¥zerF be the A.M, of r groups containig mm, observations respectively. Then their combined mean or composite mean is given by | myXy tgp Heese X, ny tn to, | x= Proof. Omitted. Illustration. Suppose the mean wage of 60 labourers in morning shift is Rs 80 and the mean wage of 40 labourers working in evening shift is Rs 70. Then the mean wage of all labourers (of both shift) _ m¥,+m¥, _ 60x804+40x70 _ 76 mtn 60+40 : Note. There are other type of means viz., Geometric mean and Harmonic mean. But study of these is beyond the scope of the book. 54, Median, Median of a set of observations is the middle most value when the observations are arranged in increasing or decreasing order of magnitude. Thus to find the median of a set of observation it is necessrary to al the observations in order of magnitude. ‘leulation of Median. sp ileulation of median may be confusing for q Ponvition; for grouped frequency distributio , dure of Calculation of Median in the following three cases : even / odd number of n. So we classify the302 INEERING MATHEMATIC: 1. (For simple distribution i.e. without having any frequency). Arrange the given 1 number of observations in ascending / descendiny order of magnitude. (i) If nis odd then Median =”*! th observation of the arranged set. 2 Gi) If» is even then Median =3 G th observation (+1) th observation}. Mlustration. (i) If we are required to find the median of the set {5, 8, 7, 20, 13, 3, 11} then we first arrange the datas in increasing order i.e. 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 20. Here the number of observations, = 7 (odd). So its median = a th = 4th observation =g. (ii) If we are required to find the median of the set {5, 4, 7, 3, 21, 12}, we first arrange the datas in ascending order of magnitude {3, 4, 5, 7, 12, 21}. Here the number of observation, n =6 (even). So its median = es th observation (g + ') th observation} =5 {3rd observation +4 th observation} = (5+7)=6. Case 2. (For Simple Frequency Distribution). Arrange the observations in ascending order of magnitude, Construct +1 "less (<) than type" cumulative frequency, Calculate “+! where Wis total frequency. Then Median = the observation corresponding to the cummulative frequency Y+! or next heigher (it Yt! is not a cummulative frequency ). Illustration, Consider the following frequency distribution Marks : 30 40 50 60 70 80 No of students : 8 15: 23 16 8 5 The "less (S) than type" Cummulative Frequency.pasic STATISTICS an —_. SS Marks (s) a) Frequeney Cummutative Frequeney (fi) (less(S) than type) Q) (3) 30 8 8 40 IS 23 50 23 46 60 16 62 10 8 70 80. 5 a5) Total Here We see there is no cummulative frequency.'38" in column 3. Next higher figure than 38 in column 3 is 46, », Required Median is the observation corresponding to the cummulative frequency 46 = 50. Note: N+! 2 may be fraction. The procedure in same is that ca Case 3. (For Grouped Frequency Distribution) Here also construct the "less (S)_ than type" cummulative frequency against class boundaries, Calculate z where N is total frequency. Find the Median-Class, i.e. the class corresponding to the cummulative N N frequency FZ or next higher (if Sis not a cummulative frequency). Nig Then Median = lntt 2 xi m where /,, = lower boundary of Median-Class N =Total frequency a F = Cummulative frequency of the class preceeding to the Median- ass,304 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - lA EE Jin = frequency of median class. i= width of the median class. Mlustration, Consider the following grouped frequency distribution : interval Frequency 130-134 5; 135-139 : 15 140-144 28 145-149 24 150-154 x 17 155-159 10 160-164. 1 The "less than type" Cummulative frequency against Class boundaries. lass-interval] Frequency | Upper Class-Boundary | Cummulative Frequency (< type) (4) 5 20" 48 72 89 99 130-134 135-139 140-144 145-149 150-154 155-159 160-164 * It means there are 20 observations which are less or equal to 139.5. N a Now, == 50. There is no cummulative frequency 50 in the 4th column of the above table. In the 4th column the next higher figure is 72. ‘This corresponds to the median class 145-149,BASIC STATISTICS 305 ——————— Therefore, /,, = lower boundary of the median class = 144-5. F = the cummulative frequency of the class preceeding the median class = 48 « Sn = frequency of the median class = 24. i= width of the median class =5. 2 og, 50-48 4 So the Median = J, + Note. There is another formula to find the median called "interpolation formula”. 9.5. Mode, The observation having maximum frequency is called mode. Calculation of Mode. Case 1. For a simple frequency distribution the mode is calculated by simply method of inspection. Ilustration. For the frequency distribution 10 20 30 40 50 70 2 2 1 x Frequency: 2 2 3) Here we see the observation 30 has heighest frequency 3. So the mode is 30, Case 2. (For Grouped Frequency Distribution). For a grouped frequency distribution mode can be calculated for frequeney distribution having unique class with heighest frequency and With equal class width. First find the modal-class i.e. the class having heighest frequency. Then Mode = Jy + fi-fo x; 2fi-h-h where J,, = lower class boundary of Sy = frequency of the modal class fo = frequency of the class preceeding the modal class Sy = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class i= width of each class (note that this is same for each class). the modal class © I EM2A20 KeIllustr: ne Consider the grouped frequency distribution. Here we see every class has same width which is 10 and only class 40-49 has heighest frequency. So the modal class is 40-49. As we know +c hy; 2n-ho-h where /,, = lower class boundary of the class 40-49 =39.5 J, = frequency of the class "40 — 49"=20. So = frequency of the class preceeding the class 40-49 =18 Jy = frequency of the class succeeding 40-49 =12 i= width of each class = 10. 20-18 «. Mode = 39-5+—————__ x 10 = 41.5, 40-18-12 10-41 Relation among Mean, Median and Mode : For a distribution having single Mode the relation is Mean - Mode = 3(Mean - Median) Mode =/,, Note. For a symetrical distribution mean, median and mode coincide. Measure of Dispersion 9.6. Variance and Standard Deviation. As we have stated in the previous article A.M represents the entire set of datas.But the degree to which the datas tend to spread about the AM is to be measured.It is usually measured by variance or standard deviation which are discussed below :ra asic STAT 307 —_—_—__—— Variance . 7 The mean of the squares of the differences of the observations (or datas) assumed by a variable from their arithmetic mean (A.M) is called variance of the variable. Standard Deviation. The positive square root of variance is called Standard Deviation (s.d) Thus (i) if x, %2,....x,be the datas then their variance, i 2 1a =)\2 Var(x)=—{(x =3 swuect(Uq EJ }= 3° (x; —¥)° and the n Niet standard deviation, o, = + (ii) if the datas have the frequency shown in the following table Variable Q@X) som x xe Frequency (fi): fi Sr we Sn then the Variance, Var(s) = [fils -3) + Ales 1 ay Dil where N = f, + fot...+f, and the standard ist deviation,o, = + LS ste -%). Nia If the datas have grouped frequency distribution then x,will be the mid -value of each class-interval and f, would be the corresponding Srequency. Illustration : Let x be a variable which assumes the datas: 20,85,120,60,40.Then 3g (20+ 85+120+ 604-40) = 65. To find the Variance and standard deviation we go through the following table: 6100308 ENGINEERING MATI ATICS- A, 5 Here ¥°(x; - 65) = 6100 a 3, 2 Then Var(x) Sd (01-65) = *6100= 1220. =I and the S.d, o = 41220 = 34.93. Theorem 2. If x;,x2 Proof. Left as an exercise. Note, The above theorem can be extended for frequency distribution 2 pelt -| Lin) where N=fit+frt.tf,. ia Theorem 3. If the two variables x and y are related by the equation ial _x-¢ ye also.There Var(x)= then o, = 2+ where d is a positive number. Proof. Beyond the scope of this text. Note. The above theorem is very much helpful to determine the s.d of the variable assuming large data.This is shown in the following illustration. In practice, we use the result in Th-2 to find the variance / §.d. Illustration. (i) Let we be frequency distribution : x + 240.12 240.13 240.15 240.16 240.17 240.21 240.22 Frequency: 2 2 4 Ie 92 onde y Ay given the following observation having the To find the S.d we go through the following table ;BASIC STATISTICS 309 1 1 Here, N=10, > fiy; =-2 and Yo fry? =114 iat i=l 2 2 Now, vary) = Bvt (Bes) -14-(2) =1136 N 10 10 = 1136 =337 Since y, == 24016 og 5 _ Ss 017 2-01 or, 337 = Se 01 (ii) Consider the following grouped frequency distribution : Value : 90-99 80-89 70-79 60-69 50-59 40-49 30-39 Frequency : 2 12 22 20 14 4 1 To find the variance and standard deviation of this grouped frequency distribution we construct the following table : Here N=75, fii =27, D fi? = 127. 2 1 1 1 Now, Var(y) = wolfe -(EE4%) =75% «. the standard deviation of y, oy= 1-56 = 1-23. Now since y == 64 : ; therefore g, = 2+ 7 10 or, o, =1-23x10=12-3,ATICS- HA. 310 ENGINEERING MATHE! 9.7. Significance of measure of central tendency and standard deviation. The measure of central tendency represents the set of all observations/ datas of a variable and standard deviation shows the measure of consistency of the datas. In fact to compare the consistency of datas of two variables we are to find the Coefficient of Variation (C.V) of the two datas, The variable having greater c.v is lesser consistent. Coefficient of variation of a variable _ Standard deviation , 1 yy Mean For example : Let x= runs scored by batsman A in 20 innings and = runs scored by batsman B in 35 innings. Then x will get 20 datas and y will get 35 datas. From these data let the AM, x=90ands.do, =12 whereas the AM, 80ands.dc, =2. Then since x > y, average runs scored by batsman A is 90 which is greater than that of B. It seems performance of batsman A is better than that of B. But the C.V of x= Zx100-Z 1100-135 and the C.V of g, 2 1 erg} = 9 100=2> which is lesser than that of A. We may conclude batsman B is more consistant i.e, reliable than A. 9.8. Moments. The r-th moment of the values (datas) x,,),-7+-+-2, about a number A is defined as ry_l¢ a 4 f(a, -4y' +(- 4" + sees +x, - A" }== D4 - A) n n If the datas have the frequency shown in the following table datas (x) Saat Xyoreee Xy frequency (f)): Ko A then their r-th moment about A is a ly , afta -A A +0 AY fy tot (%, - AY SBE AG - A) where N=fit+htoott, -2iiPATISTICS 31 rouped quency distribution , x,,x,, will be taken gs the mid-value of each class interval, Example. Find the second moment about 10 for the following Grouped frequency distribution. Annual Sales : 0-20 20-50 50-100 100-250 250-500 Total (Rs.'000) No. of Firms : 20 50 69 30 25 194 The mid value of the class intervals are 0 , 35 > 75 : 1 375 ., the second moment of ‘Annual Sales of Firms’ about 10 = lio ~10)? 20 + (35~-10)?50 + (75 -10)?69 + (175 -10)?30 +(375-10)?25} = 1716817 9.9. Central moments and Raw moments Any moment about the A.M of the datas is called central moment. r th order central moment is denoted by m, or 11, Any moment about 0 is called Raw moment Example. Find the third central moment and Raw moments of x from the following distribution x : 2 4 1 3) Total f , 3 2 4 1 10 The arithmetic mean x =2+1 “the third central moment of x 1 = yp ((Q-2-? x34 4-2-1)? x24 (1-21) x44 3-2-4) x} 50-912 The third raw moment of x at pase x24 x443? x1} =18-3312 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS- 1A Theorems (1) Ist central moment = 0 Ist central moment Proof, 2nd central moment = SOG 3)? f, = variance by definition. 7 9.10. Relations between central moment and any moment If m, is r-th central moment and m,' is rth moment about any number then (i) m, =m} —m? (ii) my = mi, ~ 3mm} + 2m? Git) mg = my - Ami} + 6mm)? —3mit Proof :@) m= DAG x) Si{e-4-@-ay a ON anlis Bacio rs| hit? =H Loi es 9? 26 Ayla, A+ 4)"} 1¢ = 1 1-- n. yy fii AP ~Ae- ATLA - A) +O ADA my -2x-Aym/+(k-A4P (I) DH EN Me: Now, Sih f=} AS fo AS fa = LS Heya =m! Nae Naas: WES Oo 2. from (1), m, = my! -2m,'m/ +m)? =m, -m,? Proof of (ii) and (iii) are kept beyond the scope of the book.4 BASIC STATISTICS 313 WE GC- de is independent of i or, m (9) =m, (2) -) 9.11. Skewness and Kurtosis The skewness and kurtosis of a frequency distribution are (skewness) = % o and y,(kurtosis) = a3 respectively where m,,m, are ard and 4th central moments and o is the standard deviation of the distribution. Note : Since skewness and kurtosis ure ratio of two quantities having same unit so they have not unit, they are pure number. Example. Following is the frequency distribution of a variable x : Xt 112-45 117-45 122-45 127-45 132-45 137-45 142-45 Total af: 5 15 20 35 10 10 5 100 Find its skewness and kurtosisSolution. Calculation of moments 27-45 x, Sy fe, -127-45| i iP 5 12-45} 5 -15 = li7-45] 1S} ~10 ~2 122.45] 20 -5 =] 27-45] 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 132-45] 10 5 1 10} 10 10 10 137-45} 10 10 2 20] 40 80 160 5 15 3 IS] 45 135 405 42 45] Total [1003 = 7 -20] 20 | 50 | 1240 The raw moments i.e. moments of. y about 0 are 1 == =—~x-29 2-1 m/(y) yet 100 : = 229 =1t 100 * sol 1 =—x-59=-1 i009 “> 2 m ED foi = ppt mo= ‘, the central moments of 'y are 2 my) = my'(y) = mor=B-(-1] =H =2416 ims) = m3'()~ 3my'(»)mn'(y) + 2 {n'a} 1332 _ 201 =o >+ Saas =0- 225 125, 359BASIC STATISTICS 315 j——_—_— \4 | mg 9) = mg (9) = 4m, Cy)! (9) + 6my(y){m/ 9) = 3{m( )| 2-4-2) (1eot (2) (4) 5 2 5 5 oy. 5) _ 82 4,66 3 _ 7827 _ 15 5939 5 10 125 625 625 —127-45 Since } :. the central moments of x are given by m= or, my(x) =25%2-16 = 54 m(y) = wo or, m,(x) = 1250-804 =100-5 m9) = me or, my(x) = 625x12-5232 = 7827 Now we know the variance o? = m,(x)=54 2.0, = V54 = 7-348 ) ae m(x) __100- 3 = == 9.253 <. Skewness of x, 7(*) o (7-348) 7827 and Kurtosis of x 79(x) =) _ aa =-0-316 9.12, Significance of Skewness Skewness shows the extent of symmetry of the frequency diagram of a variable. Below we draw the frequency diagram of the variables | x,y,z and w respectively. | | Frequency diagram of x XX, xh Xq Xs Xe XY Note that this frequency diagram is symmetric about the frequency Js. This type of frequency distribution will have skewness 0. The curve Fis fitted to show the symmetry. OH316 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - 14, Frequency diagram of y Note that this diagram is not symmetric. It has positive value of skewness as this has asymmetry towards +ve direction of X axis. The curve f is fitted to show this asymmetry. Frequency diagram of z Note this diagram also has asymmetry towards right side. Its asymmetry is more than that of y. Its measure of skewness will be greater than that of y. It is also positively skewed, Frequency diagram of w i,BASIC STATISTICS 317 _e..,aKRwr°KeFrOO——__ Note that this frequency diagram has asymmetry towards left side. Its skewness will be negative. 9.13. Other Formula For finding Skewness Skewness can also be measured with the help of following theorems whose proofs are kept beyond the scope of the book. Mcan — Mode Standard deviation 3 (Mean ~ Median) Standard deviation Theorem 1. Skewness = Theorem 2. Skewness = 9.14. Significance of Kurtosis Kurtosis shows the peakedness of the frequency diagram of a variable. Below we draw the frequency diagram of the variables x, y, z and w respectively | Frequency diagram of x In this frequency diagram the greatest frequence is f,. The curve J is fitted to show this peakedness. Frequency diagram of yae 3s ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. 1}, eee We the peakedness of the frequency diagram is less than that of x. Then the kurtosis of y will be less than the kurtosis of x. The kurt normal variate is 0. It is seen that the peakedness of normal distribution is 3. So, if the peakedness of a distribution is less then 3 then its kurtosis type of distribution is known as Platykurtic will be negative. Thi distribution. If the peakedness of a distribution is greater than 3 then its kurtosis will be posotive. This type of distribution is known as Leptokurtie distribution If the peakedness of a distribution is 3 then its kurtosis is 0. This type of distribution is known as Mesokurtie distribution. 9.15. Illustrative Examples. Example. 1. Find the mean from the following data : Daily wages (Rs) : 29 30-34 35-39 40-44 No. of workers : 16 28 14 12 Iris given that the total wage for 10 workers earning Rs 45 and more is Rs 600. First we are to work out the mean for the rest part without the last class. For that we construct the following table : class mid point frequency interval Here N= 70,5 fi, = 4839 a 4 1, ¥=3745p=37-<=x5 = 33-57. ie, ¥ iy 3505 73557 Rs, 33-57% 70 = Rs. 2349-9. So the total wage of 70 workers = Thus the wage of total 80 workers is Rs (2349-94600) =Rs 2949-9. « p. 2949-9 ., Mean wage is Rs [5 = Rs 36-87. Example. 2. The A.M calculated from the following frequency distribution is known to be 72.5. Find the value of x : = 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 Frequency : 2 3. nN 0 x B% 7 We first construct the following table to find A.M using the given datas : classes Classes Mid pt | Frequency Vi (A) 30-39 2 4 8 40-49 3 3 id 50-59 i 2 32 60-69 20 -1 -20 10-79 x 9 ce 80-89 1 i = ae 200_ ¥=145+109=745-Gyy-EERING MATHEMATI Ba ENGIN CS-n, ce By the given condition we have 145-a = ns or, 67+x=100 * ¥=33- 67+ Thus the rnisein frequency x is 33. Example. 3. Average marks obtained by a class of 70 students was found to be 65. Later it was found that the marks of one student was wrongly recorded as 85 in place of 58. Find the corrected mean. 70 Wrongly calculated mean -dn =65 or, dn= 4550 um of wrong observations = 4550- .. sum of corrected observations = 4550-85458 = 4523 - 4523 70 Ex. 4. Following is a frequency distribution lacking two class frequency. Find them if the mean is 7.74. value : RS 5-7 7-9 9-11 I-13 Total frequency : 320 — 57 25 200 Let the two missing frequencies be f and /, respectively. We construct ie following table : Cilass-Mark a 12 - So the corrected mean = = 64-61. 300 eae rr Now, 324+ fi+57+f.+25=200 or, fit f= w Cee Rey Lah or, 7. Tha F- x(88446f; +108) or, 3f, +5f2 = 332 oi ye (2). Solving (1) and (2) we get <4 Sad frequencies are 49 and 37, A=49, fi=37 so the two missins| aot ane BASIC STATISTICS ait paste STAT Example. 5. Zio variables x and y are related by 3x+4 is 3. Find A. M. of y. 2 . 21- From the given relation we get ¥= eis 7 21-3 _21-3x3_ 12 ‘4 ea a Example. 6. Tivo variables x andy are related by x=2y+5- The median of is 25. Find the median of y. From the given relation we have y= Here if x increases y also does so. Medianofx-5 _ 25-5 _ So the median of Y= =~ 10, Example. 7. The number of observations of two groups are in the ratio 2:1 and their A. M. are 8 and 128 respectively. Find the A. M. of the combined group. Let the number of observations of the two groups be 2k,k. 3 =8, mi tm, _ 2kx8+K x128 my +m 2k+k ¥=128. The combined A. M., ¥= or, Fate ae: Example. 8. Find the median of the following frequency distribution : to 10 15 20 25 30, 35, 40 -, -- - age; 21) 17 8 equency distribution table is given below : The cumulative fr EM-2,4.91ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS. ert, Here N =119 N+l_ 6g. Nl greater than 7 Is 73 and the So the cumulative frequency just value of x corresponding to c.f 73 is 25. Hence the median is 25, Example. 9. Calculate mean, median and hence find the approxima value of the mode from the following frequency distributions : Height (inches) : 60-63 64-67 68-71 72-75 76-79 80-83 No of students 8 3 18 6 16 8 To find mean we first construct the following table : frequency] c.f (f) Mid pt (x) ge Dh _ -16 Ja Sta = 02 so 712 oF, x, =73544y, z ia *4¥=135+4(-02712) - 79.4150 .. mean of the given distribution — - Mos tion = 72.4159. So the median class is 72-75 by = 15, F =29, f,, =6 and §=755-715=4BASIC STATISTICS 323 ——— Np e. Median = Im+ 7 xP 27154 8 y= 7183- 6 Using the relation Mean-Mode =3 (Mean-Median) we have Node = 72.4152 - 7183) or, 72.4152-mode = 1.7556 . Mode = 70,6596 Example. 10. Calculate the mode of the following data : 1, 12, 5, 8, 12, 13, 8, 1, 4, 8, 7, 8,5. Let us arrange the given variaties with corresponding frequencies as given below } 1 2 4 1 3 2 7 1 8 4 12 2 13 1 As the variate 8 ocurs 4 times which is maximum, so, mode =. Example. 11. Calculate the mode from the following distribution : class + 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 frequency: 6 9 i 7 7 Here the greatest frequency 11 lies in the class 20-25. Hence modal Class is 20-25. = lower class boundary of the modal class =20. J, = frequency of the class =11 fo = frequency of the procceding the modal class 9 fy = frequency of the class succeding the modal class = 7. i= Width of each class =6-Ex.12, The median and mode of the following frequency distribution are known to be 27 and 26 respectively, Find the values of « and B : 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 class interval : 0-10 a 20 12 B frequency: 3 Since mode = 26 , so it lies within the class 20-30. fi- Mode = /,, +—/— 0 — 10 2h-fo-hr =204 20-2 x19, 28 20- 10(20 - 204 1020-8) 9g 4, 1020-2) 28-4 28-a a=8. So the total frequency is N =43+B. But media = 27, so it lies within the class 20-30. Then we construct the following frequency table : x Now median = /,, + i xi nt 43+8 7 sil 21+8 * 97=204+—2-———x 10% 4 =Tor, 21+P=28 -. B=7. 20 bggentes| BASIC STATISTICS 325 Se en oe ie ee Be Ex. 13. Find the variance and standard deviation of the following frequency distribution : Weight (in kg) : 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 Noofpersons: 14 26 40 33 50 37 25 We construct the following table : class Mid pt Wr interval (x) 36-40 38 126 41-45 43 104 46-50 48 40 51-55 533 0 56-60 58 50 61-65 63 148 66-70 68 225 Total 693 Here N =225,5 fy; = 65, fy; = 693 . Var(y)= LD fyi -(EEAn) 2 1 65 = 395 * () = 2996. +. SD of y, 0 = ¥2996 = 1.731 53 o x Since y, 180 Sy 5 6, =1731x5=8655, Example. 14. The mean and standard deviation of marks of 70 students Were found to be 65 and 5.2 respectively. Later it was detected that the marks of one student was wrongly recorded as 85 instead of 58. Obtain the correct s.d.326 GINEERING MATHEMATICS- 1A | ns Let x1,x2,43+" be the marks. The “incorrect 7x," = 65x 70=4550- | <. the "correct Sx; "= 4550-85458 = 4523 - .. the ‘correct mean’ pai } We know (sd) => | | in the "incorrect )° x; = 70{(5-2)° +(65)"} = 297642-8- : j ‘Then the correct Yix7 = 297642-8-85" +587 = 293781-8- 293781-8 \ Hence the correct (s.4)" = oy = 22-43. | \ So the correct s.d= 22-43 =4-74. | Example. 15. Tine factories A, B, C producing similar products are such { that the mean daily wage of workers of factory A is Rs. 100 with a s.d of Rs. 10, whe factory B, the mean wage is Rs. 150 and s.d is Rs. 12 | and in factory C, the mean wage is Rs. 150 and s.d is Rs. 10. Which } factory is most consis ie 4 tent in respect of the daily wage of their workers 2 | ce The sd of workers of factory A per anit-mean -— =0-1- | | The s.d of workers of factory B per unit-mean 10 The s.d of workers of factory C per unit-mean = 755 =0-07, This shows that the daily wage of the workers of factory C is most \ consistant. Variability is highest for factory 4. ‘ Example 16. Calculate the first four central moments, the skewness kurtosis for the following distribution of 1083 cases of entric fever. seeLg BASIC STATISTICS 327 ‘Age (Years) No. of cases | Age (Years) No. of eases Under 5 33 30-35 3) 5-10 143 35-40 37 10-15 252 40 - 45 20 15-20 244 45 - 50 12 20-25 165 50-55 5 25-30 107 55 - 60 2 Solution. Calculation of moments Class [Mid- | f; |x, -32-5 pes | AM Ve | fe | fot ntervall Value 712 |42768 17875 |89375 16128 }64512 6588 |19764 +1320 | 2640 -107 | 107 0 0 37 | 37 160 320 324 | 972 320 | 1280 25 251 48055 P23025 Eyer ELDFThe moments of y about 0 are ' 1 1 =-2- mm’) 5 DIN = Fogg T= zat r 1 22! m= yD 1083 Tal 1 m() =ylir = pg 18055 = 4372 «12113 =11-185 m (9) = LD Soi - a x 223025 = 205-932 , the central moments of y are m,(y)=0 my(y) = my (9) {mon} =11-185—(-2-721)? =3-781 3 mms(9) = m5'(9)~ 3m (9m!) +2{ m0} = 44-372 —3x11-185x(-2-721) +2x(-2-721)° = 6-639 aye rok (he ye kya img) = ma (1) — Ams (ym, (y) + Gin ( {mi os} s afm 0} = 205-932 4x (44-372) x (-2-721) + 6 x11 -185x (-2-721)" \ -3(-2-721)* = 55-408 32-5 5 :. the central moments of x are given by m,(x)=0 Since y, = img) = 222, my(x) = 253-781 = 94-525 my(y) -30) omy (x) = 125 x 6-639 = 829-875 m= a or, my(x) = 625 x 55-408 = 34630-00 The Variance of x, 0? = m,(x) =94-525 94-525 = 9-722BASIC STAT 329 Skewness of x, Kurtosis of x, 72(8) = P= 3 = 0-876 (9-722)4 Example 17. The first four moments of a distribution about 5 are 2, 10, 40 and 218. Find the first four central moments and moments about 0. Solution. Let /m, and m}. are central moments and moments about 5 respectively, Using the relation between m, and m!, we have 0-2? =6 my — Im) my = my —3my'm! + 2m)? =40-3x10x2+2%2 =-4 mg = my — Am m/ + 6m, m,? —3m|"* = 218-4x 40x 2+6x10x2? -3x2* =90 which are first four central moments. Let 1, fp. /45,44 be the moments about 0. Now, first moment about 5 =2 on LY f(x, -9)=2 N ie or, yee or, x-S-bxN=2 x57 N 12 1¢ Now, = BAe —O Ls Using relation between central moments and moments about any number we have my = fy HP 0F,6= Hy - Tt = 55 my = fy —3 ppb, +2) Of, ~4= py -3x55X7+2%7> OF, Hy = 465 23,4 and my = ply —4bshh + 6b 4 ~ 34| 330 ENC RING MATHEMATICS - 14 ren RE OF, 90 fly 4% 405%74-6%55x 7? 3x74 Of, fy = 4143 which are the first four moments about 0. Example 18. The first three moments of a distribution about 7, calculated from 9 datas, are 0.2, 19-4 standard deviation and the third moment about origin. Soluition, Let yn," be the moments about 7. and 41.0 respectively. Find the mean, som =0+2, mJ =19-4, my =-41-0 1s iS ig A=) (x, -7) = 0-2 or, =~ -=)7=0-2 ou ) or, 52" om =7-2 am! OF, x-—x7x9=0-2 From relation between central moments and moment about any number we have my = my, ~m/? =19-4— (0-2)? =19-36 «. the variance =19-36 +, §.d=J19-36 =4-4 my = my — 31mg! + 2m) =-41-3x19-4x0-24+2x (0-2) =-52-624 Let #1+#2+43 be the first three moments about 0. Now, 4 =EEU -0)!=¥=7-2 Using relation between m, and j1, we get My = fly ~ Hy OF, 19-36 py - (7-2). py = 71-2 and m, = fy ~ 3ptyy, + 244) 01, ~52-624 = pty -3x71-2%7-242%(7-2) 2 My = 738-8 Example 19. The A.M of a distribution is 5. The second and the third central moments are 20 and 140 respectively. Find third moment about 10. Solution. Let m, be the central moments. J:m, = 0, my = 20 and m, = 140Fae STATISTICS 33 pas Let m,’ be moments about 10. Gee Then ™, = 240% 710) ial 2¥-dxt0n=5-10=-5 n Using the relation between m, and m,’ we get my = my —m,? Of, 20= my! -(-5)? sm, =45 and mn, = ms. —3my'm) + 2m? ot, 140 = my 3x 45x (-5) + 2x (-5)° = my +675-250 +. =-285 Example 20. The distribution of a variable x has coefficient of variation =5, variance =4 and measure of skewness =0-5. Find the mean and mode of the distribution. Solution. We know, CV =2-x100 Mean I ose 100 2. Mean =22108— 40 Mean < Mean - Mode 40 — Mode We know, Skewness = aD or, 0-5= =e Mode = 40-1=39 Example 21. Prove that the second order moment of a variable is minimum about the mean of the variable. _ Solution. Let x be the variable and x be its mean. Let a be any real number. Then (x,-a)? ={(5, -+G-a)} =3) $2(x, -E-4)+ (e-a) = (3, “3 (,-ay =S 4-37 426 - aS (4) - +L O~a? fal & ial ia = Ce ye) pre2G-0-tE6; ~a)+ on - ay 1g ig am ~ayY =— nia) =e1S = 47 =~ 35-3) +28 - ate iat = 1S, —x)? +2(¢-a)(x-x)+(z-a)? nia or, 2nd order moment about a = 2nd order moment about x+(x-a)? > 2nd order moment about y Hence proved. Exercises 9 1, Find the A.M of the variable assuming the datas 5, 8, 3, 10, 12. 2. Find the A.M of the following frequency distribution : x sHig* 15) "aGeEs Frequency: 4 3 1 2 3. The scores of a cricketer playing six matches are 84, 91, 72, 68, 87 and 78. Find the arithmetic mean (A.M) of the scores. 4. Ten measurements of the volume of a cone were recorded by an engineer as 3.88, 4.09, 3.97, 4.02, 3.95, 4.03, 3.92, 3.98 and 4.06 c.c. Find the A.M of the measurements. 5. Find the A.M of the following frequency distribution : x : 462 480 498 516 534 552 570 588 606 624 fice 98 75 56..42. 30 21 15357 Meee 6 2 6. Following is the frequency distribution for the number of minutes per week spent watching TV by 400 secior citizens. Viewing Time (minute) : 300-399 400-499 500-599 600-699 700-799 Number of Citizens eo: 14 46 58 76 68 800-899 900-999 1000-1099 1100-1199 62 48 22 6 Find the mean TV viewing time for the 400 secior citizens per week.7, Four groups of catt! cons reported weight are 140, 15. weight of all the c sting of 18, 10, 20 and 15 cattles, » 148 and 162 Kg respectively. Find the mean [Hint : It is a frequency distribution like x : 140 153 4g 162 Frequency: 18 10 20 5 8. Average marks in Engineering Mathematies in a Class-test of 45 students is 62%, On scruitiny it is detected that the marks of two students were erroncously recorded as 25 and 72 instead of 52 for both of them. What should be the correct mean, 9. A teacher teaches two sections of Mathematies class. Section A has 25 students and their average on the first test was 82. Section B has 15 students and their average on-this test is 74, Find the average on this test if the teacher combines the scores for both the classes. 10. The mean weight of a lot of beams is 60 kg. The mean weight of black beam in the lot is 70 kg and that of white beam is 55 kg. Find the proportion of black-beams and white-beams in the lot. If we have an” additional information that there are 150 beams in the lot altogether, then obtain the number of black-beams and the number of white beams in the class. 11. Fifty students took up a class test carrying a total of 10 marks, The result of those who passed the test is given below : Marks 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 No. of students : 8 10 9 6 4 3 If the average marks for the 50 students were 5.16, find out the average marks of the failed-students. 12. Following is a frequency distribution having two missing frequencies, The mean of this distribution is 1.46. Find the missing frequeney : x :0 1 2 3 4 5 Total Frequency 146 — — 25 10 Siri 200 13. The A. M. of the following frequency distribution of marks for 4 group of 60 sudents is 30.5. Find the missing values : x g 10 20 — 40 50 of : 8 10 20 15 1a4 ENG! ING MATHEMATICS - 1A, 14, Find the mean of the variable x assuming following values : (i) 12,50 with frequency as its values. (ii) the first n natural numbers. [VB.U. Tech 2004) (ii) P35? (Qn)? (iv) 24,620, (vy) 23,4,6°(2n)? (vi) 1,2,-+7 with frequency 1?,27,...n? respectively. 15. Suppose that the blood pressure for nine randomly selected individuals are + 118.6, 127.4, 122.0, 133.2, 108.3, 138.4, 113.7, 130.0, 131.5. Find (i) the median, (ii) If the valucs are rounded off to nearest 5 mm. Hg, what is the sample of the values and what is the median. (iii) If the second persons blood pressure is 127.6 rather than 127.4 how does this change the median of the actual values and of the rounded values ? 16: In a batch of 15 students, 5 students failed in a test. The marks of 10 students who passed were : - 90, 60, 70, 80, 80, 90, 60, 50, 40, 70. Find the median of the marks of all 15 students. 17. The following data relate to the sizes of shoes sold a shop. Find the median and mode size of shoes : Size 19.0 85 80 7.5 7.0 65 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 Frequency: 1 4 Il 23 40 60 30 15 5 2 18. (i) The frequency distribution of house rent for 30 families in certain 2 locality is given below : Rent: 1800-2000 2000-2200 2200-2400 2400-2700 2700-3000 3000-3500 No-of Familics: 4 7 10 5 2 2 Find the Median. (ii) Form an ordinary frequency table from the following data : Marks : Below 10 Below 20 Below 30 Below 40 Below 50 No.of students : 3 8 17 20 22 Hence find the mean and median. [W.B.U. Tech 2005 ]BASIC STAT FICS 19. Following is é lo grouped frequency distribution having am frequency. The median of the distribution is 127.5, Find the missing frequency Class-interval: 100-109 110-119 120-129 130-139 140-149. 150-159 Frequency: 5 7 = 8 4 6 20. Following is a grouped frequency distribution of expenditure of 1000 families. The mean and median of the distribution are both Rs. 87.50. Find the missing frequency : penditure + 40-59 60-79 80-99 100-J19 120-139 No. of Family: 50 _ 500 _ 50 21. Show that the combined A. M. of two groups lies between the arithmetic group means, 22. If the height in cm of ten students are 63, 65, 66, 65, 64, 65, 65, 61, 67, 68, find the modal height. {W.B.U.Tech 2004] 23. Among drivers the number of accidents in which each was involved during a 5-year period was recorded : 2, 0, 1, 0, 1, 3, 1. Determine the mode. 24. (i) Find the mode of the following frequency distribution : Class interval: 1500-1700 1700-1900 1900-2100 2100-2300 2300-2500 Frequency : 25 30 37 27 uN (ii) Find mean, median and mode from the following frequency distribution Clessinterval: 300-600600-1000 1000-1800 1800-28002800-3300 3300-3600 3600-4500 Frequency: 10 pt) 30 Py wo 5 5 25, Find the standard deviation of the observations : (i) 5, 18, 10, 15, 3, 7, 6 and 12 (ii) 5, 7, 1,2, 63 (iii) 3.2, 4.6, 2.8, 5.2, 44 / 26. Find the s.d and variance for the following frequency distribution : x : 2 5 9 10 i 5 3 6 8 4336 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - IA en EO 27. Find the s.d and variance of the variable x having following frequency distribution : x : 945 845 745 64.5 545 44.5 34.5 fo 2 12 22 20 14 4 1 28. Find the mean and_s.d of the following distribution : Class-interval : 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 Frequency : 13 HI 182 105 19 7 29. Find the standard deviation of the set of numbers in the arithmetic progresion 4, 10, 16, 22, 28,...154. 30. Find the standard deviation for the frequency distribution of life time (in hours) of 80 light bulbs : Life-hours :500-600 600-700 700-800 800-900 900-1000 1000-1100 Frequency: 6 12 25 18 14 5 31. The mean and standard deviation of marks of 70 students were found to be 65 and 5.2 respectively. Later it was detected that the value 85 was recorded wrongly and therefore it was removed from the data set. Then find the mean and s.d for the remaining 69 students. 32, Following are the maximum daily temperature (°C) recorded in a week in Kolkata : 38, 40, 36, 35, 30, 32, 34. Using transformation property determine the s.d of maximum daily temperaturae in Farenheit scale. [Hint : The relation between °C and °F is £- . iS lL 33. Find the standard deviation for the distribution of duration of telephone calls in a telephone booth given below : 10-109 110-209 210-309 310-409 410-509 510-609 610-709BASIC STATISTICS asi eee 34. The marks obtained by 10 students are 70 65 68 70 75 73 80 70 83 86. Find the variance. 35. (a) The s.d of first » positive integers is 2. Find n. (b) The s.d of first even positive integers is 5. Find n. (©) The s.d of first m odd positive integers is 8. Find n. 36. The A. M. and variance of 20 observations were calculated by a student as 20 and 5 respectively, But while calculating an item 13 was mis-read as 30. Find the correct A. M. and variance. 37. Find the mean and standard deviation from the following grouped frequency distribution : Weight —:35.0-39.9 40.0-44.9 45.0-49.9 50.0-54.95 5.0-59.9 60.0-64.9 65.0-69.9 Frequency: 5 16 30 23 17 8 1 38. Compute the s.d for the following frequency distribution on average daily sales (is Rs.) of 80 salesmen of a departmental store : Class: 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-109 110-119 Frequency: 6 9 15 25 13 a 5 [.B.U.Tech 2004) 39, Compute the arithmetic mean and standard deviation for the following data : Score 1:45 67 89 10-11 12-13 14-15 Frequency: 4 10 20 15 8 3 UB.U.Tech 2002) 40.Find the standard deviation from the following frequency distribution (W.B.U.Tech.2008} EM-24-22 a338 NEERING MATHEMAT HA —————— 41. The mean and s.d of the income of teachers in two schools are given below : Mean income — s.d School 4 8000 1200 School B 9000 1350 Compare the variability of the incomes of the teachers in two schools, 42. Following are the scores of two batsmen, A and B in ten innings A: 8 723 MS 36 19 7 12 6 M9 , 29 Bie ps3 st 42aitg 12H 1 48s =; Sdn sea 47 vie 26-4) 37: 0 Who is the more consistent player. 43. For a class of students the height has a distribution with mean 162 cm, s.d 10 cm and weight has mean 57 kg, s.d 8 kg . Compare the variability aspect of the distribution of height and weight. 44, Thew scores of two batsman A and B in 10 innings are A: 19 31 48 53 67 90 10 62 40 80 B : 32 28 47 6 71 39 10 60 96 14 Find which batsman is more consistent in scoring. [Hint : Find x=50,0 =24-4 », CVof x=49] Similarly find y= 46,0, =25-5 and CV of y=55] 45. The mean life in days and standard deviation for two types of electric bulbs are given below : Mean life in days s.d in days Typel : 310 9 Type Il 260 4 compare the relative variability of life of the type of bulbs. 46. You are given the distribution of wages in two factories X and Y- Wages (Rs): 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350 No. of X : 6 ll 18 32 27 i workers Y : 2 9 29 54 1 5 State in which factory the wages are more variable.BASIC STATISTICS ao) 47. Find the first three central moments of the following frequency distribution : Yearly income in lakh [No. of families 28 [292 389 [212 30 Tas | 2 | 1000 6-9 19-12 12-15] 15-18 18-21 ]21-24 | Total 48. Find the first four central moments and the skewness, kurtosis for the variable x having the following frequency distribution : x 3 21-24 25-28 29.32 33-36 37-40 41-44 of: 40 90 199 110 50 20 - 49. Find mean, mode and standard deviation for the body weight of the children having following frequency distribution. Hence find the measure of skewness : Body weight : 14-5 15-5 16-5 17-5 18-5 19-5 20-5 21-5 No. of children: 35 40 48 100 125 87 43 22 50. Find the skewness of the following distribution : Wages (x) : 55-58 58-61 61-64 64-67 67-70 No. of workers; 12.17 23 18 ul 51. Find the skewness and kurtosis for the following distribution : x : 45 14.5245 34.5 44.5 54.5 64.5 74.5 84.5 94.5 fv Veles als 217 hg eg ge oy 52. From the following distribution, find the skewness and explain its significance. Weekly : 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110 110-120 120-130 130-140 140-150 wages (in Rs) No.of : 12 18 35. 42 50 45 20 8 employees 53. (a) Find skewnes based on mean-median from the following frequency distribution. Marks No. of Students ‘Marks No. of Students Above 0 100 Above 50 50 "10 98 "60 35 "20 95 "70 23 " 30 90 " 80 13 " 40 80 "90 5340 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS- 1A, (b) For a distribution if the skewness is 0-42, A.M is 86, Median is 80 find coefficient of variation. 54. If m,' and m, are the second moment about 10 and the AM respectively then prove that im,’ =m, +4? where k =x-10 55. The first four moments of a distribution about 3 are 2, 10, 40 and 218. Find the moments about the origin and the moments about mean. 56. Find out kurtosis’ to the following data : class interval : 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 frequency: 1 3 4 2 comment on the nature of the distribution . 57. If a=", where m, is central moment and ois standard o’ deviation, prove that a, = 0 and a, 58. If m, is rth central moment and @, is the rth central moment of xox , where oF is S.D of x, then show a, =m,/o" . z= o 59. The first three moments of a distribution about 2 are 1, 22 and 10. Find its mean, s.d and the skewness. 60. The first three moments of a distribution about 2 are respectively 1, 16 and —40. Prove that the mean is 3, the variance is 15 and the third central moment is -86. also find the first three moments about 0. 61. The variance of a symmetrical distribution is 25, What must be the value of the fourth central moments so that the distribution is (i) lepto kurtic (ii) mesokurtic (iii) platykurtic. 62. Calculate the first four central moments for the following data and examine for the nature of the distribution : xr ol 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 fi 6 1300 25 30 22 9 5 2 63. Find the second, third and fourth moments about mean of the following frequency distribution. Hence find the skewness and kurtosis of the distribution.341 imits : 100-104-9 105-109-9 110-114.9 115-119-9 120-124-9 frequency + i 1B 25 25 30 64. The first four moments about the mean of a distribution are 0, 2-5, 0-7 and 18.75. Find the skewness and kurtosis of the distribution. 65. The first. four moments of a distribution about 5 are respectively 2, 20, 40 and 50. Obtain, as for as possible, the character of the distribution in terms of skewness and kurtosis, 66. The following data are given to the manager of Good Year Tyres company. Is the distribution platykurtic 2 N= 100, 3° fix; = 50, D fix? = 1967-2, ¥ fix? = 2925-8, D fix =86650-2 67. A survey was conducted by a tophy manufacturing company to enquire the maximum price at which persons would be willing to buy their product. The following table gives the stated price (in Rs.) by 100 persons: Price + 1-80-1-90 1-90-2-00 2-00-2-10 2-10-2-20 2-20-2-30 No. of persons : ao 29 18 27 15 Calculate the skewness and interpret it. 68. Find skewness for the frequency distrirbution given below. Weekly wages No. of Weekly wages No. of workers (Rs) workers (Rs) 23-27 2 48-52 16 Bee 6 53-57 2 pe 9 58-62 6 Set 14 63-67 2 43-47 32 6872 69. For a variable, coefficient of skewness =-0.375, Mean =62, - Median = 65. Find the variance. : 70. Find the coefficient of variation of a variable whose median = 17.4, Mode =15-3 and skewness =0-35-342 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - lA eee 71. The mean, median and the coefficient of variation of the weekly wages of a group of workers are respectively Rs 45, Rs 42 and 40. Find the (i) mode (ii) variance (iii) skewness, for this distribution. 72. The distribution of the wages of the Govt. employee in a country is such that its first two moments about 4 are respectively1.5 and 2.7. The median of this distribution is 2-1. What will be the shape of the frequency diagram of the distribution. 73. For a group of 10 items, x, = 452, x? = 24,270 and the Mode = 43-7. Find the skewness. 74. For a moderately skewed distribution, mean is 160, mode is 157 and standard deviation is 50. Find (i) coefficient of variation (ii) skewness (iii) median. 75. Ina distribution, Mean = 65, Median = 70 and skewness — -0-6- Find Mode and the coefficient of variation. 76. Given mean =50,CV =40%, skewness =~-0-4. Find s.d, Mode and Median. 77. Consider the following distribution ; Distribution of x Distribution of y Mean 100 90 Median 90 80 s.d 10 10 Find whether (i) distribution of x has distribution of y. (ii) both the distri skewness, same degree of the variation as bution have the same degree of 78. The mean of a certain distributi ion is 50, its s.d is 15 and skewness is _). Find the median, 79. The skewness of a distribution is 0.32. Its standard deviation and mean are respectively 6-5 and 29-6. Find the mode and median. 80. Ina frequency distribution the cv =5, sd =2 and skewness =0-5. Find the mean and mode of the distribution,pasic STATISTICS 343 —_—_—— Answers 17:6 25-7 3.80 4.3-98 5.501 6.715 7. 150 8. 62:16 9. 79 10. 1:2;50,100 11, 2-1 12, 76, 38 13. 30 —2ntl ntl 4n? 1 . 14.) 37 GS Git) —S— Civ) 1 () Ant +1? 3n(n+1) 2(2n +1) 15. 127,6;130 16.60 17. Bothare 6-5 18. (i) 2280 19.10 20.250, 150 22.65 231.24. (i) 1982-40 (ii) mean = 1765, median = 1533-33, mode = 1070 25. (i) 4-87 (ii) 2-16 (iii) 0-90 26. 2-82,7-95 27. 12-3 28.9+12,1-93 29.45. 30. 131-29 hours 31. 64-71,4-64 32. 5-69 34, 42-8 35. (a) 7(b)4(c)5 36. 19-15, (4-67)7 37. Mean = 50-4, s.d=6-71 38. 15-41 40, Rs.16-87 41. Same 42. B is consistent but A is better because mean of A is higher than B. 43. The variability is more for weight distribution. 44. batsman A 45. Type II more variable 46. factory X 47. 0,9-4,17-4 48. 31.30,23-04,26-11, 1496-68 s.k=0-24, kurtosis = 0-18 49. 18-07,18-40,—0-19 51-0-713,0-787 50. ~-048 52. 0.332; Negatively skewed 53. (a) 0-574 (b) 50 54, -0-197, --7455 55. 2, 10, 40, 218; 0,6,4, 90 59. 7-2,4-4 60. 3, 24, 76 61. (i) my > 1875 (ii) my =1875 (ili) my <1875 62. 0,2-49, 0-7, 18-33; the distribution is almost normal 63. 0, 38-09, - 110-672, 3229-7057;0-4708; — 0-774 64. 0-031, mesokurtik344 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - 11, ee 65. negatively skewed; playtykurtic 66. Platykurtic 68. 0-057 69. 5.76 70 .0.49 71. (i) 36 (ii) 324 (iii) 0-5 72. The frequency curve is asymmetrical, has a longer tail on te right hand side. 73. 0-08 74. (i) 31-25 (ii) 0-06 (iii) 159 75. 80, 38-46 76, 20, 58, 52-67 77. (i) distribution of y is more variable than that of x (il) Yes, both 2 have same degree of skewness 78. 0.55 79. 27-52, 28-9 80.400, 399 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1, The frequency distribution of a variable x is Kye 8 2 3 1 5 ho: 1 2 3 1 Then its mean is 16 (a) 2 ) > 1 iti Oz @ 16 2. If the A.M of 2, 6, x, 5, 7 be 4, then the value of x is (a) -20 (b) 5 () 4 (d) 0. 3. The A.M of 2,4,6,-++2n is @) n+l (b) n(n +1) n+l i n(n+1) OFZ @O->Z 4, The A.M of 7,x-2,10,x+3 is 9. The value of x is @)o (b)9 (©) 18 (d) 2x +18. 5. The mean of the following distribution is : Marks; : 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-99 No of students : 10 12 8 10 (a) 68.5 (b) 39.5 (c) 58.5 (d) 60BASIC STATISTICS ‘ M5 Se 6. The standard derivation of a frequency distribution is given by © PREA-3 Heals © fyze-7 @ eels) 7. The variance of the following distribution is : x; 7 -l 0 3 4 fi : 3 2 1 4 (a) 56.8 (b) .568 (©) 5.68 (a) 2.383 8. For the datas x,,x,,--,x,, variance of x is given by Pew! of ic yao 1 1 @ (ae -(tz5] (b) ola -(55) 1 1 © yb% oe (@) None. 9. The standard derivation of the following observation is 5,7, 1, 2, 6, 3. (a) 4.66 (b) 2.16 (© 1.47 (4) none. 10. The mode of the following data is : 2, 1,3, 2, 1,5,2, 2, 1, 6,4, 21,3 (as (02 @©3 @i. 11. The median of the following distribution is : 7, 9, 5, 3, 10, 15, 21, 19,17 (a) 15 (b) 9 (c) 10 (@) 17. 12. The median of the following distribution is : 10, 13, 9, 7, 37, 16, 27, 32 (a) 16 (b) 14.5 (© 13 (a) 15.5.oo! Mo ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - 11, — Ss 13, The relations between mean, median and mode is (a) Mode = 3 Median -2 Mean ()) Mode = 3 Median +2 Mean (c) Mode = 2 Median —3 Mean (d) Mode = 2 Median +3 Mean, 14. For a moderately asymmetric distribution median = 27, mean = 26 then mode = 0, (a) 133 (b) -24 (©) 29 (d) 29. 1S, The A.M of 20 data calculated to be 89.4. Later the data 78 is replaced by 87, The A.M of the datas after replacement is (a) 89 (b) 85 (c) 89.85 (d) none of these. -M of six datas is 0.3. AM of these six datas together with another 16. data is 0.5, Then the seventh data is (a) 17 (b) 1 (c)2 (d) 0.3. 17. If 10y, =x, -85 and F=-0523 then ¢= (a) 80 (b) 79.77 (c) 78.77 (d) 77.77. 18. A.M of a group of 5 observation is 240; that of a group of 2 observation is 100. If the two group are merged into one then the A.M of the merged group is (a) 250 (b) 125 (c) 200 (d) none of these. 19. A.M of a group of n observation is 540; that of a group of m observation is 460. If the A.M of the merged group is 520 then zm = @) 21 (b) 22 (©) 31 () none of these. 20. In a simple frequency distribution of 200 items one frequency against a data is missing; but the mean of all datas is known as 7740. The missing frequency is (a) 49 (b)50 (c) 48 (d) none of these. alBASIC STATISTICS a 21. Two set of dai i} and {y,} are related by y the median of the first set is 130 then the median of the second set is (a) 124.5 (b) 130.5 (c) 140.5 (d) none of these. 22. The mode of the frequency distribution ix . 0 1 2 3 tf i 8 24 36 10 1S. (a) 0 (b) 1 (2 (d) 3. 23. The mode of the frequency distribution n 3 0 1 2 3 4 f 3 23 24 21 24 20 are (a) 0 (b) 1 (©) 2 (d) 3. 24, The A.M of 100 observation is 2.5. So the A.M of 50 of these observation is more than 2.5 (a) True (b) False. 25, The median of 100 observation is 2.5. So 50 of these observation is 2.5 or more (a) True (b) False. 26. If you remove the largest data from a group of different datas, the AM of the remaining datas always changes (a) True (b) False. 27. If the relation between the two group of observations {x,} and (y,} is 3x, +4y, =21 and if ¥=3 then pa 9 (a)1 0) 4 (c) 3 (d) none of these.ee 348 ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC; A 28. If the relation between two set of observations {x} and {y,} ig -¥, +5 and median of x is 25 then the median of y is (a) 20 (b) 10 (©) 12.5 (d) none of these. 29. If the relations between two set of observations {x;} and Di} is 2y, ~ 6x; = 6 and mode of the Ist set is 21 then the mode of the second set is (a) 13 (b) 29 (©) 55 (@) none of these. ‘30. The number of observations of two groups of datas are in the ratio 2:1 and their A.M are 8 and 128 respectively then the AM of the combined group is, (a) 88 (b) 453 (0) 48 (@) none of these. 31, The mean of the observations 1,2,3,- 4H with frequencies 1,2?,3? yn? Tespectively is 3n(n+1) * n(n +1) © 2en+1) ©) 20n+1) 3n(n +1) () Qnal (d) none of these 32. The AM of the frequency distribution x : 5 6 7 ee 14 I E 5 6 7 8 14 is (a) 10 (b) 1037 () 12 (@) none of these. * upto nth term is 50/19" -1)_5 (@) 7 (10" -1)-2 © S10" ~1)-3 33. The AM of the datas 5,55,555,-+ 1 (©-3,(10"-1)349 the two groups {x,} and {y} are related by 30 and if s.d of the se -800 ‘cond group is 2.6257 then the s.d of the first group is (a) 131.29 (c) 134 35. The sd of 3.16. Then the s.d of th (b) 135.16 (d) none of these. imum daily temperatures in centrigrade scale is lose of in Farenheit scale is (a) 5 (b) 7.1 (c) 5.69 (d) 6.69 C_F-32 (Hints : >= 9 iSthe relation between Centrigrade and Farenheit scale). 36. 2x; + y; =3 is the relation between two sets of datas {x;} and {y,}. If o, =3 then o, = (a) 3 (b) 4 (©) 6 (d) none of these. 37. The standard deviation of the datas -5, -10, -12, -19, -20 is a positive number (a) True (b) False. 38. The s.d of n number of observations X1XQ4°5X, be s then the s.d Of -x,- x24, x, Is —s (a) True (b) False. 39. The variance of first n natural numbers is r (a) w-1 (0) = 7 n-1 n OD @ Fz 40. The variance of the frequency distribution x : 1 2 3 eee n Si : 1 2 3 co nis i ie (4241) o {n+2Xn—) ye (a= 2)(n=1) (d) none of these. @“y ‘SF 350 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS- 114 —_—— 41. The first moments about 4 of the set of numbers 2, 4, 6, 8 is (ayo (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) -2 42. The second moment about 4 of the set of numbers 2, 4, 6, 8 is (a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d)7 43. The third moment about of 4 of the set of numbers 2, 4, 6, 8 is (a) 1 (b) 4 (©) 16 (d) 12 44. The first four moments of a distribution are 1, 4, 10 and 46 respectively. Then the third central moment is @)1 (b) 3 (4 (d) -1 45. Kurtosis reveals the shape of the distribution at the top : (a) True (b) False 46. The two halves of an asymmetrical distribution are mirror images of each other (a) True () False "47, Two distributions, with same mean, s.d and skewness, must have same peakedness (a) True (b) False 48. If the mean and the mode of a given distribution are equal then skewness is (@)o (b) -1 (1 (d) 49. Skewness is positive when (a) mean < mode (b) mean = mode (c) mean > mode (d) for any mode 50. If mean, mode and s.d are 41, 45 and 8 Tespectively then skewness = @) 0-5 (b)I (©) 5 (d) -0-5 51. The skewness can not exceed (a) -3 (b) 0 4 (d) 3 52. If kurtosis has a value less than 3 the distribution is called (a) leptokurtic (c) normal (b) mesokurtic (d) platykurtic »> BASIC STATISTICS aS Ee ee Answers 1b 8.a 15. c 22. ¢ 29. 36. 43..¢ 50. d 2d ab 16.a 23.bd 30. ¢ 37.a 44.b 51.4 3.4 10. 17. 24. 31. 38. 45. 52. Sa Gene 4.b Ic 18. ¢ 25.a 32.b 39.d 46.b 5.c 12.b 19.c 26.a 33.b d 40.0 47.b 6.a 13. 20. 27. 34, 41. 48, a a ie 14. 21. 28. 42. 49. 351