Karnataka

Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the

west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the
north, Telangana to the northeast, Andhra
Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast,
and Kerala to the southwest. It is the only southern
state to have land borders with all of the other four
southern Indian sister states. The state covers an
area of 191,791 square kilometres (74,051 sq mi),
or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of
India.[13] It is the sixth-largest Indian state by area.
[13]
 With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011
census, Karnataka is the eighth-largest state by
population, comprising 31 districts. Kannada, one
of the classical languages of India, is the most
widely spoken and official language of the state.
Other minority languages spoken
include Urdu, Konkani, Marathi, Tulu, Tamil, Telug
u, Malayalam, Kodava and Beary. Karnataka also
contains some of the only villages in India where
Sanskrit is primarily spoken

Climate
Karnataka experiences four seasons. The winter in
January and February is followed by summer
between March and May, the monsoon season
between June and September and the post-
monsoon season from October till
December. Meteorologically, Karnataka is divided
into three zones – coastal, north interior and south
interior. Of these, the coastal zone receives the
heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about
3,638.5 mm (143 in) per annum, far in excess of
the state average of 1,139 mm
(45 in). Amagaon in Khanapura taluka of Belgaum
district received 10,068 mm (396 in) of rainfall in
2010.[69] In 2014 Kokalli in Sirsi taluka of Uttara
Kannada district received 8,746 mm (344 in) of
rainfall.[70] Agumbe in Thirthahalli
taluka and Hulikal of Hosanagara
taluka in Shimoga district were the rainiest cities in
Karnataka, situated in one of the wettest regions in
the world.[71]
The state is projected to warm about 2.0 °C (4 °F)
by 2030. The monsoon is set to provide less
rainfall. Agriculture in Karnataka is mostly rainfed
as opposed to irrigated, making it highly vulnerable
to expected changes in the monsoon.[72] The
highest recorded temperature was
45.6 °C (114 °F) in Raichuru district. The lowest
recorded temperature was 2.8 °C (37 °F) at Bidar
district.[73]

Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India,[74] the total
population of Karnataka was 61,095,297 of which
30,966,657 (50.7%) were male and 30,128,640
(49.3%) were female, or 1000 males for every 973
females. This represents a 15.60% increase over
the population in 2001. The population density was
319 per km2 and 38.67% of the people lived in
urban areas. The literacy rate was 75.36% with
82.47% of males and 68.08% of females being
literate.[citation needed]
In 2007 the state had a birth rate of 2.2%, a death
rate of 0.7%, an infant mortality rate of 5.5% and a
maternal mortality rate of 0.2%. The total fertility
rate was 2.2.[75]
Karnataka's private sector speciality health care
competes with the best in the world.[76]
[77]
 Karnataka has also established a modicum of
public health services having a better record of
health care and child care than most other states
of India. In spite of these advances, some parts of
the state still suffer from the lack of primary health
care.[78]
Economy
Karnataka had an estimated GSDP (Gross State
Domestic Product) of about US$115.86 billion in
the 2014–15 fiscal year.[88] The state registered a
GSDP growth rate of 7% for the year 2014–2015.
[89]
 Karnataka's contribution to India's GDP in the
year 2014–15 was 7.54%.[88] With GDP growth of
17.59% and per capita GDP growth of 16.04%,
Karnataka is on the 6th position among all states
and union territories.[90][91] In an employment survey
conducted for the year 2013–2014, the
unemployment rate in Karnataka was 1.8%
compared to the national rate of 4.9%.[92] In 2011–
2012, Karnataka had an estimated poverty ratio of
20.91% compared to the national ratio of 21.92%.
[93]

Nearly 56% of the workforce in Karnataka is

engaged in agriculture and related activities.[94] A
total of 12.31 million hectares of land, or 64.6% of
the state's total area, is cultivated.[95] Much of the
agricultural output is dependent on the southwest
monsoon as only 26.5% of the sown area is
irrigated.[95]
Karnataka is the manufacturing hub for some of
the largest public sector industries in India,
including Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, National
Aerospace Laboratories, Bharat Heavy Electricals
Limited, Bharat Earth Movers
Limited and HMT (formerly Hindustan Machine
Tools), which are based in Bangalore. Many of
India's premier science and technology research
centres, such as Indian Space Research
Organisation, Central Power Research
Institute, Bharat Electronics Limited and
the Central Food Technological Research Institute,
are also headquartered in Karnataka. Mangalore
Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited is an oil
refinery, located in Mangalore.[citation needed]
The state has also begun to invest heavily in solar
power centred on the Pavagada Solar Park. As of
December 2017, the state has installed an
estimated 2.2 gigawatts of block solar panelling
and in January 2018 announced a tender to
generate a further 1.2 gigawatts in the coming
years: Karnataka Renewable Energy Development
suggests that this will be based on 24 separate
systems (or 'blocks') generating 50 megawatts
each.[96][97][98]

Culture
The diverse linguistic and religious ethnicities that
are native to Karnataka, combined with their
histories, have contributed to the varied cultural
heritage of the state. Apart from Kannadigas,
Karnataka is home
to Tuluvas, Kodavas and Konkanis. Minor
populations of Tibetan Buddhists and the
tribes Soligas, Yeravas, Todas and Siddhis also
live in Karnataka. The traditional folk arts cover
music, dance, drama, storytelling by itinerant
troupes. Yakshagana of Malnad and coastal
Karnataka, a classical dance drama, is one of the
major theatrical forms of Karnataka. Contemporary
theatre culture in Karnataka remains with
organisations Ninasam, Ranga
Shankara, Rangayana and Prabhat
Kalavidaru continuing to build on the foundations
laid by Gubbi Veeranna, T. P. Kailasam, B. V.
Karanth, K V Subbanna, Prasanna and others.
[130]
 Veeragase, Kamsale, Kolata and Dollu
Kunitha are popular
dance forms. The Mysore style of Bharatanatya,
nurtured and popularised by Jatti Tayamma,
continues to hold sway in Karnataka. Bangalore
also has a place as one of the centres
of Bharatanatya
Karnataka also has a special place in the world
of Indian classical music, with both
Karnataka[132] (Carnatic) and Hindustani styles
finding place in the state, and Karnataka has
produced a number of stalwarts in both styles

Language
Kannada is the official language of the state of
Karnataka, as the native language of 66.46% of its
population as of 2011 and is one of the classical
languages of India. Urdu is the second largest
language, spoken by 10.83% of the population,
and is the language of Muslims outside the coastal
region. Telugu (5.84%) is a major language in
areas bordering Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
as well as Bangalore, while Tamil (3.45%) is a
major language of Bangalore and in the Kolar
district. Marathi (3.29%) is concentrated in areas
of Uttara Kannada, Belgaum and Bidar districts
bordering Maharashtra. Lambadi is spoken by
the Lambadis scattered throughout North
Karnataka, while Hindi is spoken in
Bangalore. Tulu (2.61%), Konkani (1.29%),
and Malayalam (1.27%) are all found in
linguistically diverse Coastal Karnataka, where a
number of mixed and distinct dialects such as Are
Bhashe, Beary Bhashe, and Nawayathi are
found. Kodava Takk is the language of Kodagu.[140]
[141][142]

Kannada played a crucial role in the creation of

Karnataka: linguistic demographics played a major
role in defining the new state in
1956. Tulu, Konkani and Kodava are other minor
native languages that share a long history in the
state. Urdu is spoken widely by
the Muslim population. Less widely spoken
languages include Beary bashe and certain
languages such as Sankethi. Some of the regional
languages in Karnataka
are Tulu, Kodava, Konkani and Beary.[14

Education
As per the 2011 census, Karnataka had a literacy
rate of 75.60%, with 82.85% of males and 68.13%
of females in the state being literate.[156]
The Indian Institute of Science and Manipal
Academy of Higher Education were ranked within
the top 10 universities of India by NIRF 2020.
[157]
 The state is home to some of the premier
educational and research institutions of India such
as the Indian Institute of Management –
Bangalore, the Indian Institute of Technology –
Dharwad the National Institute of Mental Health
and Neurosciences – Bangalore, the National
Institute of Technology Karnataka – Surathkal and
the National Law School of India University –
Bangalore.[158]
In March 2006, Karnataka had 54,529 primary
schools with 252,875 teachers and 8.495 million
students,[159] and 9498 secondary schools with
92,287 teachers and 1.384 million students.
[159]
 There are three kinds of schools in the state,
viz., government-run, private aided (financial aid is
provided by the government) and private unaided
(no financial aid is provided). The primary
languages of instruction in most schools
are Kannada and English.
Uttarkhand

Uttarakhand  also known as Uttaranchal  is a

state in the northern part of India. It is often
referred to as the "Devbhumi" (literally 'Land of the
Gods')[27] due to its religious significance and
numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage
centres found throughout the state. Uttarakhand is
known for the natural environment of
the Himalayas, the Bhabar and the Terai regions.
It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China
to the north; the Sudurpashchim
Province of Nepal to the east; the Indian states
of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal
Pradesh to the west and north-west. The state is
divided into two divisions, Garhwal and Kumaon,
with a total of 13 districts. The winter capital of
Uttarakhand is Dehradun, the largest city of the
state, which is a rail head. Bhararisain, a town
in Chamoli district, is the summer capital of
Uttarakhand.[28][29][30] The High Court of the state is
located in Nainital.
The natives of the state are generally called
Uttarakhandi, or more specifically either Garhwali
or Kumaoni by their region of origin. According to
the 2011 Census of India, Uttarakhand has a
population of 10,086,292, making it the 20th most
populous state in India.
Climate
The climate of Uttarakhand is temperate, marked
by seasonal variations in temperature but also
affected by tropical monsoons. January is the
coldest month, with daily high temperatures
averaging below freezing in the north and near 70
°F (21 °C) in the southeast. In the north, July is the
hottest month, with temperatures typically rising
from the mid-40s F (about 7 °C) to about 70 °F
daily. In the southeast, May is the warmest month,
with daily temperatures normally reaching the low
100s F (about 38 °C) from a low around 80 °F (27
°C). Most of the state’s roughly 60 inches (1,500
mm) of annual precipitation is brought by the
southwest monsoon, which blows from July
through September. Floods and landslides are
problems during the rainy season in the lower
stretches of the valleys. In the northern parts of the
state, 10 to 15 feet (3 to 5 metres) of snowfall is
common between December and March.

Demographics
The native people of Uttarakhand are generally
called Uttarakhandi and sometimes specifically
either Garhwali or Kumaoni depending on their
place of origin in either
the Garhwal or Kumaon region. According to
the 2011 Census of India, Uttarakhand has a
population of 10,086,292 comprising 5,137,773
males and 4,948,519 females, with 69.77% of the
population living in rural areas. The state is the
20th most populous state of the country having
0.83% of the population on 1.63% of the land. The
population density of the state is 189 people per
square kilometre having a 2001–2011 decadal
growth rate of 18.81%. The gender ratio is 963
females per 1000 males.[32][59][60] The crude birth
rate in the state is 18.6 with the total fertility
rate being 2.3. The state has an infant mortality
rate of 43, a maternal mortality rate of 188 and
a crude death rate of 6.6.[61]
Economy
The Uttarakhand state is the second fastest
growing state in India.[88] Its gross state domestic
product (GSDP) (at constant prices) more than
doubled from ₹24,786 crore in FY2005 to ₹60,898
crore in FY2012. The real GSDP grew at 13.7%
(CAGR) during the FY2005–FY2012 period. The
contribution of the service sector to the GSDP of
Uttarakhand was just over 50% during FY 2012.
Per capita income in Uttarakhand is ₹ 198738 (FY
2018–19), which is higher than the national
average of ₹ 126406 (FY 2018–19).[89]
[90]
 According to the Reserve Bank of India, the
total foreign direct investment in the state from
April 2000 to October 2009 amounted to
US$46.7 million.[91]
Like most of India, agriculture is one of the most
significant sectors of the economy of
Uttarakhand. Basmati rice, wheat, soybeans,
groundnuts, coarse cereals, pulses, and oil
seeds are the most widely grown crops. Fruits like
apples, oranges, pears, peaches, lychees, and
plums are widely grown and important to the large
food processing industry. Agricultural export zones
have been set up in the state for lychees,
horticulture, herbs, medicinal plants, and basmati
rice. During 2010, wheat production was 831
thousand tonnes and rice production was 610
thousand tonnes, while the main cash crop of the
state, sugarcane, had a production of 5058
thousand tonnes. As 86% of the state consists of
hills, the yield per hectare is not very high. 86% of
all croplands are in the plains while the remaining
is from the hills.[92] The state also holds the GI tag
for Tejpatta (Cinnamomum tamala) or Indian bay
leaf, which is known to add flavour to dishes and
also possesses several medicinal properties.[93]
Culture
Among the prominent local crafts is wood carving,
which appears most frequently in the ornately
decorated temples of Uttarakhand. Intricately
carved designs of floral patterns, deities, and
geometrical motifs also decorate the doors,
windows, ceilings, and walls of village houses.
Paintings and murals are used to decorate both
houses and temples. Pahari painting is a form of
painting that flourished in the region between the
17th and 19th century. Mola Ram started the
Garhwal Branch of the Kangra school of
painting. Guler State was known as the "cradle of
Kangra paintings".[citation needed] Kumaoni art often is
geometrical in nature, while Garhwali art is known
for its closeness to nature. Other crafts of
Uttarakhand include handcrafted gold
jewellery, basketry from Garhwal, woollen
shawls, scarves, and rugs. The latter are mainly
produced by the Bhotiyas of northern Uttarakhand.
The primary food of Uttarakhand is vegetables
with wheat being a staple, although non-
vegetarian food is also served. A distinctive
characteristic of Uttarakhand cuisine is the sparing
use of tomatoes, milk, and milk-based products.
Coarse grain with high fibre content is very
common in Uttarakhand due to the harsh terrain.
Crops most commonly associated with
Uttarakhand are Buckwheat (locally
called Kotu or Kuttu) and the regional
crops, Maduwa and Jhangora, particularly in the
interior regions of Kumaon and Garhwal.
Generally, either Desi Ghee or Mustard oil is used
for the purpose of cooking food. Simple recipes
are made interesting with the use of hash
seeds Jakhya as spice, chutney made of Bhang is
also a regional cuisine. Bal Mithai is a popular
fudge-like sweet. Other popular dishes include
Dubuk, Chains, Kap, Bhatiya, Jaula, Phana,
Paliyo, Chutkani and Sei. In sweets; Swal,
Ghughut/Khajur, Arsa, Mishri, Gatta
and Gulgulas are popular. A regional variation
of Kadhi called Jhoi or Jholi is also popular.[7

Languages
The official language of Uttarakhand is Hindi,
[8]
 which is spoken natively by 43% of the
population (primarily concentrated in the south),
[64]
 and also used throughout the state as a lingua
franca. Additionally, the classical
language Sanskrit has been declared a second
official language,[9][10] although it has no native
speakers and its use is constrained to educational
and religious settings.
The other major regional languages of
Uttarakhand are Garhwali, which is spoken by
23% of the population mostly in the western half of
the state, Kumaoni, spoken in the eastern half and
native to 20%, and Jaunsari, whose speakers are
concentrated in Dehradun district in the southwest
and make up 1.3% of the state's population. These
three languages are closely related, with Garhwali
and Kumaoni in particular making up the Central
Pahari language subgroup. There are also
sizeable populations of speakers of some of
India's other major languages: Urdu (4.2%)
and Punjabi (2.6%), both mostly found in the
southern districts, Bengali (1.5%)
and Bhojpuri (0.95%), both mainly present in
Udham Singh Nagar district in the south-east,
and Nepali (1.1%, found throughout the state, but
most notably in Dehradun and Uttarkashi).[64]

Education
On 30 September 2010 there were 15,331 primary
schools with 1,040,139 students and 22,118
working teachers in Uttarakhand.[123][124][125] At the
2011 census the literacy rate of the state was
78.82% with 87.4% literacy for males and 70%
literacy for females.[13] The language of instruction
in the schools is either English or Hindi. There are
mainly government-run, private unaided (no
government help), and private aided schools in the
state. The main school affiliations
are CBSE, CISCE or UBSE, the state syllabus
defined by the Department of Education of
the Government of Uttarakhand.[citation needed].
Furthermore, there is
an IIT in Roorkee, AIIMS in Rishikesh and
an IIM in Kashipur.
In the area that now constitutes Uttarakhand,
there has been a virtual explosion since the mid-
20th century in the number of schools and
students enrolled at all levels. In the first decade of
the 21st century, the state’s literacy rate (more
than 70 percent) significantly exceeded the
national average. Hindi is the medium of
instruction at the primary school level, although
there are several private residential schools where
the medium of teaching is English. Hindi and
English are required courses for high
school students, and English is generally the
medium of instruction at the university level.