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PFC Input Currnt
PFC Input Currnt
Abstract: Power Factor Correction (PFC) converters operating in Figure 2~). In this operation mode the converter has inherent PFC
Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) are very attractive for use in properties, meaning that, at constant duty-cycle D = ToN/Ts , the
low-cost and low-power applications, due to simpler control when average input current automatically tracks to some extent the
compared with Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) operation. sinusoidal shapeof the input voltage [2]. This is realized without the
Design of the EM1 input filter for DCM operation has different need of sensing and controlling the input current, thus simplifying
constraints in certain aspects, when compared with the CCM case. control circuit. Moreover, such feature can be used to integrate the
This paper focuses on particularities of the input filter design in the PFC stage with the output voltage regulation stage into a single-
DCM case. switch converter. Several integrated topologies are reported [3], [4],
and [5], in which the Boost inductor is operated in DCM. This
INTRODUCTION approach is deemedto be a low-cost one, since one switch and its
In recent years requirements for power quality in power supply control circuit are saved.
systems have been rising. Various international and national The PFC stage has pulsating input current, which gives EM1 levels
standardslimiting the harmonic content of input current of equipment above the limits specified in [6] virtually in all practical cases.An
connected to the public network have come or will come into force input filter is needed to restrict EMI. At same power level, it is
[l]. For these reasons,producers of power supply systemshave had expected that this problem is more severe in DCM when compared
to reduce the harmonic content of the input current of their rectifierwith CCM, becauseof the larger high frequency ripple. This paper
systems by introducing a supplementary ,Power Factor Correction aims to provide design criteria for the input filter of a PFC stage
(PFC) stage. basedon Boost converter in DCM, and to comparethesecriteria with
Typical configuration of a power supply with PFC and output voltage the CCM case. Generation of differential-mode conducted EM1 is
regulation is shown in Figure 1. The PFC stage consists of a DC-DC analyzed, basedon the waveform of the input current.
converter whose averageinput current tracks a sinusoidal waveform. Firstly, we describethe models used in the analysis and characterize
The Boost converter, presentedin Figure 2a) is widely used for this the differential-mode EM1 without an input filter.
purpose. Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) is used for power
levels exceeding few hundred watts (e.g. 3OOW), and the Secondly, we analyze the requirementsfor the input filter: attenuation
corresponding input current is shown in Figure 2b). A current loop in level to meet regulatory specifications, low input displacementangle
the control circuit is neededto make the averageinput current track a between filter input voltage and current, minimum interaction with
sinusoidal reference. For lower power, Discontinuous Conduction the PFC stageand systemstability.
Mode (DCM) is attractive. Input current in DCM is shown in Finally, conclusions are presented.
Storage
- Correction
Figure 1. Typical configuration of a power supply with PFC and output voltage regulation.
it) b) 4
Figure 2. Boost converter for PFC: a) Schematic; h) Input current in CCM; c) Input current in DCM.
included in the simulation, as shown in Figure 4. where Vi and V, are the input and output voltages, considered
constant over a switching cycle. Average input current tracks a
sinusoid, at the expense of variable switching frequency. In the
analyzed case TON = 5~s. Thus, the switching frequency is
Rdifi~ fs = 200kHz at line zero crossings (Vi =0 ,V,, = 38OV) and
PFC R
bridge fs =36.8kHz at peakline (Vi =31OV ,V,, =38OV). The inductance
5O;H is L = 1.21mH, in order to obtain the desired output power. The peak
of the current follows a sinusoid, rise time is constant but fall time
and switching frequency are not constant, over half line-cycle [12].
Input current is shown in Figure 5e) and EM1 level in Figure 5f). EM1
L-.---2-! level is slightly lower than in previous cases, but it extends to lower
Figure 4. LISN model included in the SPICE model. frequencies, also.
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CCM, average current contrd
147
INPUTFILTERDESIGNCRITERIA know that stability problems may appear in CCM [13], [IS]-[17],
because TF doesn’t satisfy Nyquist stability criterion due to the
The requirements for the input filter are: attenuation level to meet
regulatory specifications, low input displacement angle between filter resonance peaking of the filter output impedance.
input voltage and current, minimum interaction with the PFC stage In view of these problems, we study the input impedance of the Boost
and system stability. The problem is studied in [13] for PFC stage converter operating in DCM.
based on Boost converter in CCM. Reference [14] addresses DCM
case in a more general frame, related to the design of high power We need a time-invariant circuit in order to calculate the input
factor rectifier based on flyback converter. impedance. The time-invariant model can be obtained using an
averaging method. Available averaged models for PFC circuits in
DCM [2], [14], [ 181, are obtained by averaging signals over half line-
cycle ~ine/2. Hence, they are low-frequency models, valid for
Based on differential-mode EM1 level obtained for the analyzed
frequencies lower than the line frequency, and were developed for
converter we can determine the necessary differential-mode
design of the output voltage regulation loop. The resonant frequency
attenuation level to meet regulatory specifications. From this point of
of the input filter is usually decades above the line-frequency.
view, DCM and CCM cases are similar. The difference consists in
Therefore, we should have a PFC converter model valid at those
the fact that DCM usually requires a higher attenuation when
frequencies. We can obtain such a model by averaging signals over
compared to CCM, for the same power level. For the LC filter shown
one switching cycle. After that we can calculate the input impedance
in Figure 6, the product L& is given by the required attenuation
of the converter using the quasi-static approach mentioned in [2]. A
level at switching frequency. Since & should be small in order to local analysis is made, considering the input voltage in a particular
minimize the size of the filter, then C, should be large to obtain point of the sinusoidal input, as illustrated in Figure 8.
desired LfCf product. Thus, the attenuation level gives the lower
Point where
limit of the value that C, can take. analysis is made
Z,r - filter
vi output impedance
Ztc - converter
input impedance
Figure 7. Input filter - PFC stage interconnection. Figure 9. Input current in DCM, constant on-time
and constant switching frequency.
148
and is equal to the line voltage at point M, where analysis is made. be modified into an equivalent stationary state model, which is
V, is the DC component of output voltage v,, and we will consider it presented in Figure 11.
ViD=(V,-Vi)dl. (4) 9 ,
v. =& .R . (14)
The input current, averaged over one switching cycle Ts , is:
Now,
ii = z,k’(;+dl), 7, =IR +Ti* ,
(5) (15)
Ic=o. (16)
From (3), (4) and (5) we obtain:
Considering DC components in (6), (9), (ll), (13) and (14), we
;li D2Ts v v.
E-01 l vovi obtain the equivalent resistance
=- (6)
2L v,--vi RD v,--vi
RD=$. (7) After this step, R and R’ are replaced by R, in the model shown in
s Figure 11, equations describing it are linearized and Laplace
An average input resistance can also be calculated from (6): transformation is applied. This procedure is well-known [2] and it
will not be explained further.
V, -Vi
ri=RD-. (8) The input impedance is found to be:
VO
We can also consider the balance of instantaneous input and output l+S
powers: Zi(s)=M~, (18)
l+S
ViYi =V,iCJ . (9) @P
Equations (6) and (9) can be translated into the averaged model where
presented in Figure 10, where:
: (19)
10 =& +ic,
149
REFERENCES
[l] IEC standard 1000, part 3, section 2: Limits for harmonic
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Figure 12. Converter input impedance.
[6] CISPR 16: Specification for radio disturbance and immunity
Hence, there is no supplementaryphase shift that could make so that measuring apparatus and methods.
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[16] R. Redl, A. S. Kislovski, “Source impedance and current-
CONCLUSIONS control loop interaction in high-frequency power-factor converters”,
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150