Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presented By:
Project Guide :- RAJKUMAR MEENA
(2013PUSETBCVX01957)
MR. S. L. SAINI RAVIKANTMEENA
(2013PUSETBCVX02208)
PRATEEK SOMANI
2013PUSETBCVX02315)
SAGAR GARG
(2013PUSETBCVX02389)
Content:-
Introduction
Objectives
Types of stabilizers
Why plastic ?
Properties of plastic
Advantages of plastic
Literature reviews
Materials and methodology
Results
Conclusion
2
Introduction:-
•Soil stabilization is the process of improving the engineering properties of the soil and
thus making it more stable . In its broadest senses, stabilization include compaction ,
preconsolidation, drainage and many other processes.
•Soil stabilization is used to reduce to the permeability and compressibility of the soil
mass in earth structure and to increase its shear strength. However , the main use of
stabilization is to improve the natural soil for the construction of highways and make an
area trafficable with in a short period of time for military and other emergency purposes.
•In India , the modern era of soil stabilization began in early 1970’s, with a general
shortage of petroleum and aggregates, it became necessary for the engineers to look at
means to improve soil other than replacing the poor soil at the building sites.
3
Objectives of soil stabilization:-
Increased shear strength
Reducing permeability and shrinkage cracks
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of the soil
It can significantly enhance the properties of the soil used in the construction of road
infrastructure.
Soil stabilization is to improve on site material to create a solid and strong sub-base and base
courses.
4
Types of Stabilization :-
Mechanical or granular stabilization
Cement stabilization
Lime stabilization
Bituminous stabilization
Chemical stabilization (calcium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium silicate or water glass)
Electrical stabilization or electro osmosis(mainly used for drainage of cohesive soils)
Stabilization using grouting
Stabilization by geotextile and fabrics
5
Selection of topic(plastic as a soil stabilizer):-
The use of plastic fibers soil tremendously increases CBR value, shear strength,
resistance to cracking , reduces consolidation and swelling properties in soil.
Disposal of these different waste produced from different industries and urban areas
become a great problem .the estimated municipal solid waste are production in India up
to the year 2000 was of order of 50 million tones per year.
Performance of the paved and unpaved roads are often poor after every monsoon and in
most pavements are seen cracking, potholes , wheel path rutting and serious differential
settlement at various locations so these must we effectively reduces by using plastic as a
soil stabilizer(as reinforcement for soil).
Properties of soil can be improved by using
waste plastic as stabilizer:-
CBR value
Increase shear strength
Reduction in consolidation settlement
Reduction in swelling
Reduction in cracks
Avoids disposal problems of plastics
7
Major function performed by introducing
waste plastic:-
Plastic as separators:-plastic are commonly used as separators between two layers of
soils having large difference in particle sizes to prevent migration to small sizes particle
in to the voids of large sizes particle. The main use as separators is in the construction
of highways on clay soils. thus a plastic sheet is used between the sub-grade and the
base course.
Plastic as drain:- A drain is used to convey water safely from one place to the other.
As the plastic are pervious , they themselves function as drain. they have a relatively
higher water carrying capacity as compared to that of the surrounding soil.
Advantages of soil stabilization:-
•it improves the strength of the soil, thus , increasing the soil bearing capacity.
•Itis more economical both in terms of cost and energy to increase the bearing capacity of the soil
rather than going for deep foundation.
•It is also used to provide more stability to the soil in slopes or other such places.
•Sometimes soil stabilization is also used to prevent soil erosion or formation of dust, which is very
useful especially in dry and arid weather .
•Stabilization
is also done for soil water proofing for , this prevents water from entering in to the soil
and hence helps the soil from losing its strength.
•It helps in reducing the volume change due to change in moisture content and temperature.
Literature review:-
(following review of literature relevant to the present topic of research are given below)
Waldron(1977) :-carried out direct shear test using a large direct shear device to study the effect
of plant roots on the soil shearing resistance.
Gray and ohashi(1983):- conducted a series of direct shear test on dry sand reinforced with
synthetic (PVC) and metallic (copper wire) fibers to evaluate the effect of shear strength based on
experimental results.
Setty and rao (1987):-carried out a triaxial test, CBR tests and tensile strength tests on silty
sands, reinforced with randomly distributed polyprolene fibers.
Lindh and Eriksson (1990):-conducted field experiments to study the suitability of fibers for
road construction. The effect of the plastic fibers on the stability of the sand was observed be
good.
Ranjan et al.(1996):-conducted a series of triaxial compression tests on soils reinforced with
discrete, randomly distributed fibers both synthetic (plastic) and natural (coconut coir).
Materials and experimental work:-
Material:-
Soil sample:-
Location:- Sumel, Near Kanota, Jaipur
Plastic sample:-
Location:- Near Disposal Sites Beelwa
Experimental work:-
a brief description of the methods used in this investigation are as follows-
(a) Specific Gravity of soil:-
The specific gravity of soil is defined as the ratio between the weight of the soil solid
and weight of equal volume of water.
The specific gravity test is done by following procedure.
(1) A sample of oven dry soil, about 300g is taken in the pycnometer and take
weighted W2.
(2) After that the pycnometer is filled with water and entrapped air removes by using a
glass rod W3
(3) The pycnometer is wiped dry and take weighting WI .
(4) The pycnometer is filled with water (only water) and take weighted W4.
(5) By the following formula G= ( W2- W 1 )/{W2 –W1) –(W3-W4)}
Figure:-Pycnometer
specific gravity standard values for soil
where,
D = Diameter of the sphere in cm.
ƞ = Viscosity in poise
He = Spherical falls through a height He in cm in t sec.
pw = water density in gm/ml
g = acceleration due to gravity in cm/sec2
(c) Atterbergs Limits
.
1. Shrinkage Limit
This limit is achieved when further reduction in water content does not change the volume of the
soil. It can be more accurately defined as the lowest water content at which the soil can be still
completely saturated. It is denoted by Ws.
2. Plastic Limit
This limit exists between the plastic and semi -solid state of the soil this is determined by rolling out
t thread of the soil on a non -porous flat surface. The minimum water content at which the soil just
begins to crumble while rolling into a thread of 3mm diameter is termed as plastic limit. It is
denoted by Wp.
The Plastic limit test is done by following procedure.
a) Soil specimen passing 425µ IS -Sieve is mixed thoroughly with the distilled water until the soil
mass because plastic enough to be moulded with the fingers.
b) A ball is formed with about 10gm of this plastic soil and rolled between the
fingers and a glass plate with just sufficient pressure to roll the 'Toss in to thread of
uniform diameter throughout its length.
c) When by such rolling the thread starts just crumbling at a diameter of 3mm. The
sample is at its plastic limit these crumbled threads are kept for water content
determination.
d) The test is repeated twice more with the fresh soil sample and plastic limit is then
taker as the average of the water contents.
Ip =Wl - Wp
Wl - Liquid Limit
Wp-Plastic Limit
3. Liquid Limit
It is the water content of the soils between the liquid state and plastic state of the soil. It
can be defined as the minimum water content at which the soil, though in liquid state,
shows small shearing strength against flowing. It is measured by the Casagrande's
apparatus and is denoted by W1.
The liquid limit test is done by following procedure.
a) We took about 120 grams air dried soil sample passing 425µ sieves.
b) The sample was placed in tray and sufficient quantity of water is added to make it
paste.
c) A portion of this soil is placed into the apparatus cup and level to a depth 1 cm.
d) The sample was divided by means of grooving tools long the diameter of cup.
e) The crane was related uniformly till the bottom of grove closed to a distance of
13mm.
f) The numbers of blows were counted which were imparted to the brass cup.
g) Some of the paste was placed in crucible for determination of water content into
different moisture content.
• As the percentage of plastic was increased in the mix, MDD values have shown a
continuous decline up to adding 1% plastic then increased at 1.5% plastic add then
again decreased.
• On the other hand OMC values were kept increasing upon increasing percentage of
plastic. This means as the amount of plastic increases it takes more amount of water
content for the mixture to each its maximum dry density.
• CBR values have shown a mixed nature. These values were increasing up to 1.5%
inclusion of plastic in the mix and thereafter decreasing if percentage of plastic is
increased further.
• Hence it can be said that use of plastic in subgrade can enhance its stability up to a
certain quantity. After that optimum content further addition of plastic in the subgrade
has detrimental effects on the stability.
• According to the study made with the collected samples of plastic and soil, optimum
mix was found to be mixture of soil and 1.5% plastic owing highest value of CBR of
5.98 in comparison to soil CBR of 2.87%.
• It should be noted that properties of soil as well as plastic depends largely upon their
source. So composition of optimum mix can change depending upon the origin.