Algebra expressions.

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Let's think about exponents with ones and zeroes. So let's take the number 1, and let's
raise it to the eighth power. So we've already seen that there's two ways of thinking about
this. You could literally view this as taking eight 1's, and then multiplying them together.
So, let's do that. So you have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight 1's, and then
you're going to multiply them together. And if you were to do that, you would get well, 1
times 1 is 1, times 1-- it doesn't matter how many times you multiply 1 by 1. You are
going to just get 1. You are just going to get 1. And you could imagine. I did it eight
times. I multiplied eight 1's. But even if this was 80, or if this was 800, or if this was 8
million, if I just multiplied 1-- if I had 8 million 1's, and I multiplied them all together, it
would still be equal to 1. So 1 to any power is just going to be equal to 1. And you might
say, hey, what about 1 to the 0 power? Well, we've already said anything to 0 power,
except for 0-- that's where we're going to-- it's actually up for debate. But anything to the
0 power is going to be equal to 1. And just as a little bit of intuition here, you could
literally view this as our other definition of exponentiation, which is you start with a 1,
and this number says how many times you're going to multiply that 1 times this number.
So, 1 times 1 zero times is just going to be 1. And that was a little bit clearer when we did
it like this, where we said 2 to the, let's say, fourth power is equal to-- this was the other
definition of exponentiation we had, which is you start with a 1, and then you multiply it
by 2 four times, so times 2, times 2, times 2, times 2, which is equal to-- let's see, this is
equal to 16. So here if you start with a 1 and then you multiply it by 1 zero times, you're
still going to have that 1 right over there. And that's why anything that's not 0 to the 1
power is going to be equal to 1. Now let's try some other interesting scenarios. Let's start
try some negative numbers. So let's take negative 1. And let's first raise it to the 0 power.
So once again, this is just going, based on this definition, this is starting with a 1 and then
multiplying it by this number 0 times. Well, that means we're just not going to multiply it
by this number. So you're just going to get a 1. Let's try negative 1. Let's try negative 1 to
the first power. Well, anything to the first power, you could view this-- and I like going
with this definition as opposed to this one right over here. If we were to make them
consistent, if you were to make this definition consistent with this, you would say hey,
let's start with a 1, and then multiply it by 1 eight times. And you're still going to get a 1
right over here. But let's do this with negative 1. So we're going to start with a 1, and then
we're going to multiply it by negative 1 one time-- times negative 1. And this is, of
course, going to be equal to negative 1. Now let's take negative 1, and let's take it to the
second power. We often say that we are squaring it when we take something to the
second power. So negative 1 to the second power-- well, we could start with a 1. We
could start with a 1, and then multiply it by negative 1 two times-- multiply it by negative
1 twice. And what's this going to be equal to? And once again, by our old definition, you
could also just say, hey, ignoring this one, because that's not going to change the value,
we took two negative 1's and we're multiplying them. Well, negative 1 times negative 1 is
1. And I think you see a pattern forming. Let's take negative 1 to the third power. What's
this going to be equal to? Well, by this definition, you start with a 1, and then you
multiply it by negative 1 three times, so negative 1 times negative 1 times negative 1. Or
you could just think of it as you're taking three negative 1's and you're multiplying it,
because this 1 doesn't change the value. And this is going to be equal to negative 1 times
negative 1 is positive 1, times negative 1 is negative 1. So you see the pattern. Negative 1
to the 0 power is 1. Negative 1 to the first power is negative 1. Then you multiply it by
negative 1, you're going to get positive 1. Then you multiply it by negative 1 again to get
negative 1. And the pattern you might be seeing is if you take negative 1 to an odd power
you're going to get negative 1. And if you take it to an even power, you're going to get 1
because a negative times a negative is going to be the positive. And you're going to have
an even number of negatives, so that you're always going to have negative times
negatives. So this right over here, this is even. Even is going to be positive 1. And then
you could see that if you went to negative 1 to the fourth power. Negative 1 the fourth
power? Well, you could start with a 1 and then multiply it by negative 1 four times, so a
negative 1 times negative 1, times negative 1, times negative 1, which is just going to be
equal to positive 1. So if someone were to ask you-- we already established that if
someone were to take 1 to the, I don't know, 1 millionth power, this is just going to be
equal to 1. If someone told you let's take negative 1 and raise it to the 1 millionth power,
well, 1 million is an even number, so this is still going to be equal to positive 1. But if
you took negative 1 to the 999,999th power, this is an odd number. So this is going to be
equal to negative 1.

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Intro to square roots.
Future me shall thank me later.

If you're watching a movie and someone is attempting to do fancy mathematics on a

chalkboard, you'll almost always see a symbol that looks like this. This radical symbol.
And this is used to show the square root and we'll see other types of roots as well, but
your question is, well, what does this thing actually mean? And now that we know a little
bit about exponents, we'll see that the square root symbol or the root symbol or the
radical is not so hard to understand. So, let's start with an example. So, we know that
three to the second power is what? Three squared is what? Well, that's the same thing as
three times three and that's going to be equal to nine. But what if we went the other way
around? What if we started with the nine, and we said, well, what times itself is equal to
nine? We already know that answer is three, but how could we use a symbol that tells us
that? So, as you can imagine, that symbol is going to be the radical here. So, we could
write the square root of nine, and when you look at this way, you say, okay, what squared
is equal to nine? And you would say, well, this is going to be equal to, this is going to be
equal to, three. And I want you to really look at these two equations right over here,
because this is the essence of the square root symbol. If you say the square root of nine,
you're saying what times itself is equal to nine? And, well, that's going to be three. And
three squared is equal to nine, I can do that again. I can do that many times. I can write
four, four squared, is equal to 16. Well, what's the square root of 16 going to be? Well,
it's going to be equal to four. Let me do it again. Actually, let me start with the square
root. What is the square root of 25 going to be? Well, this is the number that times itself
is going to be equal to 25 or the number, where if I were to square it, I'd get to 25. Well,
what number is that, well, that's going to be equal to five. Why, because we know that
five squared is equal to, five squared is equal to 25. Now, I know that there's a nagging
feeling that some of you might be having, because if I were to take negative three, and
square it, and square it I would also get positive nine, and the same thing if I were to take
negative four and I were to square the whole thing, I would also get positive 16, or
negative five, and if I square that I would also get positive 25. So, why couldn't this thing
right over here, why can't this square root be positive three or negative three? Well,
depending on who you talk to, that's actually a reasonable thing to think about. But when
you see a radical symbol like this, people usually call this the principal root. Principal
root. Principal, principal square root. Square root. And another way to think about it, it's
the positive, this is going to be the positive square root. If someone wants the negative
square root of nine, they might say something like this. They might say the negative, let
me scroll up a little bit, they might say something like the negative square root of nine.
Well, that's going to be equal to negative three. And what's interesting about this is, well,
if you square both sides of this, of this equation, if you were to square both sides of this
equation, what do you get? Well negative, anything negative squared becomes a positive.
And then the square root of nine squared, well, that's just going to be nine. And on the
right-hand side, negative three squared, well, negative three times negative three is
positive nine. So, it all works out. Nine is equal, nine is equal to nine. And so, this is an
interesting thing, actually. Let me write this a little bit more algebraically now. If we
were to write, if we were to write the principal root of nine is equal to x. This is, there's
only one possible x here that satisfies it, because the standard convention, what most
mathematicians have agreed to view this radical symbol as, is that this is a principal
square root, this is the positive square root, so there's only one x here. There's only one x
that would satisfy this, and that is x is equal to three. Now, if I were to write x squared is
equal to nine, now, this is slightly different. X equals three definitely satisfies this. This
could be x equals three, but the other thing, the other x that satisfies this is x could also be
equal to negative three, cause negative three squared is also equal to nine. So, these two
things, these two statements, are almost equivalent, although when you're looking at this
one, there's two x's that satisfy this one, while there's only one x that satisfies this one,
because this is a positive square root. If people wanted to write something equivalent
where you would have two x's that could satisfy it, you might see something like this.
Plus, or minus square root of nine is equal to x, and now x could take on positive three or
negative three.

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This is the example of square root.

I have added a times table for easy counting and access
Also, because I will not be able to remember the whole times
table.
Now shall we begin.
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Article/practice

Okay now were

moving on to
evaluating
square roots.