A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

On

SOLAR POWERED PESTICIDE SPRAYER

Submitted by

Under the guidance of

Submitted to

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work presented in this dissertation would not have been possible
without the help and support of a large number of people. We would like
to express our gratitude to our guide …………………, Mechanical
Engineering,…………………. Odisha, for his valuable guidance, help
and encouragement in the course of the present work. The successful
and timely completion of the work is due to his constant inspiration and
constructive criticism. I take this opportunity to express my deepest
gratitude to faculty members and ………….., Head of the Department
of Mechanical Engineering, ……………., for constant advice, useful
discussions, encouragement and support in pursuing the B.Tech work.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “Solar Powered Pesticide
Sprayer” submitted by …………………… has been carried out under
my supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree
of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) in Mechanical Engineering at
……………………., and this is true to the best of my knowledge.

Head of the Department Asst. Professor External

Date

DECLARATION
We students of B.Tech.in Mechanical Engineering at …………………….., has

completed the dissertation entitled “Solar Powered Pesticide Sprayer” in

partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology, from ………………. The present work is original and had not been
submitted by us or anyone earlier for any degree or diploma.

Date: Signature of Students

Place

ABSTRACT
In India, most of people are involved in agriculture and farming. Indian farmers
face a lot of difficulties in agriculture; one of the major problems they face is a
failure of crops due to pests and insects. To prevent them we use pesticides on
crops using a device known as the pesticides sprayer. Sprayers are mechanical
devices that are specifically designed to spray liquids quickly and easily. They
come in a number of different varieties; most commonly used sprayer is backpack
sprayer. It has many limitations like low pesticides carrying capacity, inefficient
spraying, prolong use of backpack sprayer will lead to back problems of the
person using it.
The main aim of our project is to do fabricate mechanical pest sprayer, which can
overcome the limitations of a backpack sprayer. We have designed a model
running without any fuel and it is easy to operate. In this project we’ll take a look
at solar operated spray pump. A sprayer of this type is a great way to cover large
areas quickly and easily. A sprayer typically consists of a tank for carrying the
liquid to be sprayed, a solar panel, a motor for pumping out this liquid, spray
nozzles on automatically disperse the liquid in a downward direction over an
appreciable area, ball valves, a chassis with wheels on which the sprayer is
mounted, and a hose attachment for spraying. The device is mechanically pushed
from behind and as the supply to the pump is switched on, the liquid is sprayed.
This type of sprayers is typically used for spraying chemicals in a large area.

CONTENTS
Chapter Page No.
1.Introduction 1

INTRODUCTION
Day by Day the population of India is increasing and to fulfill the need of food
modernization of agricultural sectors are important. By mechanization in spraying
devices pesticides are distributed equally on the farm and reduce the quantity of
waste, which results in prevention of losses and wastage of input applied to farm.
It will reduce the cost of production. Mechanization gives higher productivity in
minimum input. Farmers are using same traditional methods for spraying
pesticides. Conventionally the spraying is done by labors carrying backpack
sprayer and fertilizers are sprayed manually. The efforts required are more and
beneficial by farmers having small farming land. We know that today’s world
faces a huge “energy crisis” problem. To meet the future “energy demands”, the
use of non-conventional energy as an alternate solution is inescapable. A Solar
Operated Pesticide Sprayer is a pump running on electricity generated by
photovoltaic panels. The operation of solar powered pumps is more economical
mainly due to the lower operation and maintenance costs and has less
environmental impact than pumps powered by an internal combustion engine.
The solar sprayer has many advantages. Besides reducing the cost of spraying,
there is a saving on fuel/petrol. The solar sprayer maintenance is simple. There is
less vibrations compared to the petrol sprayer. The farmer can do the spraying
operation by himself without engaging labour, thus increasing spraying efficiency.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this project is to practice a student that has he been gathered
before in solving problem using academic research and also to gain knowledge
and skills. This project also important to train and increase the student capability
to get information, research, data gathering and then solves a problem by doing
the calculation. The final year project also will generate students that have
capability to make a good report in thesis form or technical writing. It also can
train student to create in design, fabricate and analysis a new thing. The other
thing, final year project will teach student to doing a task with independently in
searching and expending the experience and knowledge.

The main objective of this project is to design prototype solar powered pesticide
sprayer. Another objective of this project is to practice and apply the engineering
concepts. But there are more objectives, which are:

1. Design and construct a portable machine which we can use everywhere.

2. Reduce the cost of machine.

3. Reduce the human effort

4. Learn the advantages and application of solar energy.

5 Compare between theoretical and experimental study.

PROJECT SCOPE:
From the title that has been given, the development of this project must include
how to design and fabricate the mechanical part of solar sprayer machine. It also
needs some knowledge and skill to finish the project.

METHODOLOGY:
A detailed discussion with faculty guide and seniors was done before the selection
of the project topic. After selecting the project topic, detailed research was done
on the topic. Research was mainly focused on market demand, aspects of projects
and areas related to this topic. With the help of the research and project mentor
guidelines, a sketch of process plan is generated. This sketch is then again
checked for mistakes and shortcoming.
After passing the sketch, a final process plan is generated. This process plan
includes-
-dividing project into segments.
-time management for each segment.
-resources required.
-monetary funds needed.
-setting up of deadlines.

PLANNING OF PROJECT WORK:

We visited in many industries, visited library, read various books pertaining to
technical side made tentative collection of these all the project. Among these all
the project we compared the feasibility of project and reached at the decision to
manufacture “solar powered pesticide sprayer”. In the planning stage we have
also to analyze and study the different components of the model.

PROJECT OVERVIEW

REQUIRED MACHINE TOOLS & EQUIPMENTS:

We must required different machines for different operations like.
• Disc cutter
 Bench drill m/c
 Welding m/c
 Angle grinder
 Hand drill

And also some equipments like

• Measuring Tools
• Marking Tools
• Hand Tools etc.

Components required for Project-

MS square pipe 20 feet
MS sheet As per requirement
Plywood As per requirement
Plain wheel 02 no.
Caster wheel 01 no.
Solar panel 01 no.
Battery 01 no.
DC pump 01 no.
Electrical accessories As per requirement
Container 01 no.
Nozzles 02 no.
Hose and fittings As per requirement
Valves 02 no.
Fasteners etc. As per requirement

COSTRUCTION
In this project a mild steel frame is constructed using MS square pipes to carry the
weight of the container. In this frame a retractable link is fixed to the top end of
which a solar photovoltaic panel is fixed that converts solar power into electricity.
This electricity is then provided to battery via a circuit and is used for charging the
battery. Electric power from this battery is given to an electric motor via control
switches. By continuously feeding the insecticide to the blower pipe the same is
spread or sprinkled where we wished. Liquid insecticide is sprayed on the crops
using spray pipe which receives liquid from a reservoir with the help of a pump.
Thus, insecticide in liquid form is sprayed where we wished.

This works on solar energy. The concoction is accomplished by the use of solar
panel, a centrifugal pump which runs on dc supply is attached to the solar panel
the solar panel generates the power that power is dc power its positive and
negative charges are connected to a batter to save the power and use it when the
sun rays are not present by using this device we can spray pest ices to the herbs
and plants and any agriculture spraying it is economical as compared to the other
means used like petrol/diesel pesticides sprayers. There is no much maintenance
cost and no operating cost as it is using solar energy it is free of cost and there is
no pollution its working principal is very simple and the it is economical of the
farmers which has one more advantage that it can also generate power that
power is saved in the battery and it can be used for both for spraying and well as
to light in the house when there is no current supply. And where as in rainy
season when the sun rays are not there that time we can charge the battery and
use it to spray pesticides to the herbs and plants as compared to petrol/ diesel it
is economical no efforts to human just he must carry the device the device is light
in weight so it is much feasible.

The main components used to fabricate the model are:

• Solar panel
• Pump
• Battery
• Tank
• Nozzle

COMPONENTS OF PROJECT MODEL

MS pipe frame:
Frame is a structure which acts as a chassis for a machine or vehicle. The
remaining components are assembled or fitted to the frame. The frame is made
of Mild Steel, to withstand heavy weight.

Wheels:
Wheels are used to carry the sprayer, the trolley is mounted on the wheels.
Specifications of the wheels are as follows: Radius- 60mm Wheel material- Rubber
and Steel.

DC pump:
DC motor Pump is used to pump the mixture of water and pesticides, out of the
tank to the delivery nozzle.

Solar panel:
Solar power is arguably the cleanest, most reliable form of renewable energy
available, and it can be used in several forms to help power appliances. Solar-
powered photovoltaic
(PV) panels convert the sun's rays into electricity by exciting electrons in silicon
cells using the photons of light from the sun. This electricity can then be used to
supply renewable energy to battery. By lowering utility bills, these panels not only
pay for themselves over time, they help reduce air pollution caused by utility
companies. We chose a solar panel of 5w.

Battery:
In the modern era, electrical energy is normally converted from mechanical
energy, solar energy, and chemical energy etc. A battery is a device that converts
chemical energy to electrical energy. This is a 12V/7.2Ah lead acid battery. 12V is
one of the most diverse of all batteries. The sizes of 12 volt batteries vary widely
based on the amp hours they are designed to produce. This battery is charged
using solar panel to provide electrical charge when needed to run the pump.
Fittings:
Pipe and fittings are used to carry pesticide formulation from reservoir to the
nozzles. To reduce weight on the trolley and to reduce corrosion, the pipe and
fittings are made of plastic.
Flow control valve:
Flow control Valve consists of a valve, which is used to vary the flow rate of the
liquid passing through it.

Nozzle:
Nozzle is one of the main components of the project, as the output of the projects
depends on the nozzle. How much are is covered by sprayer, is decided by the
type of nozzle used.
Specification:-
 Overall height -32 inches
 Overall length - 25 inches
 Overall width- 14 inches
 Battery capacity- 12V 1.5Ah
 Power source- DC
 Pump rating- 12V DC

DESIGN PROCESS-

 Layout of complete model

 Fabrication of structure
 Fabrication of wheels bracket
 Assembly of plain and caster wheels
 Installation of container, pump and nozzle assembly
 Assembly of solar panel into structure
 Installation of battery
 Electric wiring and connections
 Final check up and testing
SEQUENCE OF MODEL DEVELOPMENT:
FINAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT

LITERATURE SURVEY

SPRAYING METHODS:

The most common forms of pesticides application, especially in conventional

agriculture is the use of mechanical sprayers. The pesticides are generally mixed
with water or any other liquid chemical carrier, such as fertilizer. The formulation
is sprayed in the form of droplets, the droplets may be large or tiny. The droplets
size can be varied by using different nozzles or by varying the pressure under
which it’s been forced out. Large droplets are good because they show less spray
drift, but they need more water per unit area of land covered.
 1. Backpack Sprayer:

The principle behind the backpack sprayer is the pressure difference created by
hand operated lever. It generally has a single nozzle through which liquid
pesticides is forced out in fine droplet form. The Capacity of backpack sprayer is
less than 20 liters. The components of backpack sprayer are the tank, piston
pump, hose, spraying handle and a nozzle. Sprayers convert the pesticides into
small droplets which can be varied by changing the pressure & size of perforation
on the nozzle. Large size droplets have less spray drift while spraying, but there is
a lot of wastage of pesticides in this method. The smaller size droplet sprays more
evenly.
 2. Hydraulic Sprayer:

In hydraulic sprayer, pesticides are mixed with water or any other liquid-carrying
chemicals like fertilizers and sprayed through a hydraulic nozzle of one short of
another. There is enormous variation in the scale, the way pumping is achieved
and the configuration of an atomizer, at this more than hundred years old
technology, is still considered as the best method by most the farmers and other
spray operators.

3. Tractor mounted Sprayer:

In this, the motorized technique of spraying the pesticides is employed. Light-

Tractor is a European company which manufactures these 4 wheels spraying
tractors for crops. These tractors have chassis, which are designed in such a way
that they have a light footprint, for minimal soil compression. It has a stainless
steel tank which can store around 8000 liters of pesticides for spraying hence
frequently refilling is not required. The drawback of this tractor mounted sprayer
is, it’s highly costly, which can be afforded by rich farmers only, small and medium
scale farmers cannot afford it.
 4. Hand Driven Sprayer:

Hand driven pumps consist of a flexible diaphragm made of synthetic rubber

connected to the pump handle by a crankshaft mechanism, a rigid diaphragm
chamber and either flat or ball-type inlet and outlet valves. These pumps typically
operate between pressures of 1 and 3 bar (15-44 psi) and it is suitable for
herbicide application where large droplets are required to minimize spray-drift

5. Fuel Operated Sprayer:

The power sprayer consists of an integrated or external spray tank; a high

pressure piston pump usually powered by a petrol engine a pressure regulating
valve and a hose of up to 50 m of length. Spray tanks are too big to be carried as a
knapsack. The power sprayer is produced in a number of versions. Most simple
and common is an engine driven pump mounted on a frame without wheels, a
200 l drum and hose and lance. Flow regulation is to be done via a pressure
regulating valve and/or by restrictors (basic power sprayer) and the size of the
nozzle. At the other end of sprayers mounted on wheels, equipped with pressure
regulators. Technically, the power sprayer has a lot in common with the
motorized knapsack-sprayer. The unit is generally set for high volume spraying,
transporting the droplets with high pressure. Hallow cone nozzles are the
preferred type of nozzles.
 6. Battery operated sprayer:

Battery operated sprayer requires charging of battery before operation and its
application is limited were electric power is not available.

7. Aerial sprayer:

Aerial sprayer is another type of spraying; it is beneficial for the farmers having
large farms. This technique is not affordable by farmers having small and medium
farm. It is modern technique in agricultural field. In aerial spraying the spraying is
done with the help of small helicopter controlled by remote. On that sprayer is
attached having multiple nozzles and sprayed it on the farm from some altitude. It
is less time consuming and less human effort required spraying fertilizers.
SOLAR ENERGY

The Solar energy is a renewable source of energy which is abundantly available,

used for various purposes in form of solar water heater, solar power, and solar
cooker. Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun that is harnessed using
a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic, solar
thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial
photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and its
technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar
depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar
power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems,
concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy.

Passive Solar Energy:

The passive solar system does not involve mechanical devices or the use of
conventional energy sources beyond that needed to regulate dampers and other
controllers. The passive system is very convenient system and does not involve
any complicated design, solar heater and flat solar panels are best example for
this system.

Active Solar Energy:

The active solar energy system involves external sources like motors and circuits
to function the system accurately; the use of mechanical systems for system
accuracy and efficiency increase this system is applied. This type of system
requires complicated design structures and involve with combination of all
engineering like electronics, mechanical, computer science.
Solar Energy Systems:

In Recent years, many of residents around the world used electric solar system as
a sub power at their houses. This is because solar energy is an unlimited energy
resource, set to become increasingly important in the longer term, for providing
electricity and heat energy to the user. Solar energy also has the potential to be
the major energy supply in the future. PV cells constituted of semiconductor
materials which have the capacity to absorb solar energy and change it into
usable electrical.
Energy (the p-n junction directly converts light energy into electricity, directly
proportional to the incident radiation). A large quantity of electricity is produced
when PV modules are connected in an array configuration. A PV panel produces a
constant DC voltage depending on the solar radiation. Generally, power
electronics is required at the interface with a micro grid connection, where an
inverter changes the DC voltage generated, into a suitable 50Hz AC voltage.

Solar cells:

A Solar cell is a device which converts the solar energy into electrical energy. This
phenomenon is known as Photovoltaic effect.
Solar cells are described as photovoltaic, irrespective of whether the source is
sunlight or an artificial light. They are used as a photo detector (for example
infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the
visible range, or measuring light intensity.
Solar cells share some of the same processing and manufacturing techniques as
other semiconductor devices. However, the stringent requirements for
cleanliness and quality control of semiconductor fabrication are more relaxed for
solar cells, lowering costs. Polycrystalline silicon wafers are made by wire-sawing
block-cast silicon ingots into 180 to 350 micrometer wafers. The wafers are
usually lightly p-type-doped. A surface diffusion of n-type dopants is performed
on the front side of the wafer. This forms a p–n junction a few hundred
nanometers below the surface.
PESTICIDES:

Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests or weeds. The term
pesticide includes all the following: Herbicide, Insecticide, Insect Growth
Regulator, Nematicide, Termiticide, Molluscicide, Piscicide, Avicide, Rodenticide,
Predacide, Bactericide, Insect Repellent, Animal Repellent, Antimicrobial,
Fungicide, Disinfectant (Anti-microbial), and Sanitizer. The most common of these
are Herbicides which account for approximately 80% of all pesticide use. Most
pesticides are intended to serve as plant protection products (also known as crop
protection products), which in general, protect plants from weeds, Fungi, or
insects.
In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium,
antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise
discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds,
Molluscs, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that
destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors.
Although pesticides have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential
toxicity to humans and other species. According to the Stockholm Convention on
Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic
chemicals are organochlorine pesticides.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

In India, 73% of population is directly or indirectly dependent upon the farming.

Hence India is now an agricultural based company. But till now farmers face
numerous problems.

Pests:
Farmer’s productivity is threatened by pests. Pests are a major threat to food
production. Climate change produces warmer temperatures and increases CO2
gases, rainfall and drought that enhance disease, pests and weeds. Better
knowledge and understanding of pest behavior under different projected
scenarios is required to adopt and develop new technologies to respond to
threats resulting from climate change.

Lack of Mechanization:
In spite of the large-scale mechanization of agriculture in some parts of the
country, most of the agricultural operations in larger parts are carried on by
human hand using simple and conventional tools and implements like wooden
plough, sickle, etc. This is specially the case with small and marginal farmers. Due
to poor mechanization and crude agricultural techniques the farmers don’t get a
good value for their produce. Strenuous efforts are being made to encourage the
farmers to adopt technically advanced agricultural equipment.

Short supply of electricity:

Rural areas face serious problems with the reliability of power supply. In a country
like India most of the people in rural areas depend on agriculture. They also face a
problem of erratic and random electricity supply in villages. Because of this,
farmers have to make multiple visits to the farms at odd timings just to turn on
the pumps.
OBJECTIVE:
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have shown their potential in rural electrification
projects around the world, especially concerning Solar Home Systems. With
continuing price decreases of PV systems, other applications are becoming
economically attractive and experience is gained with the use of PV in such areas
as social and communal services, agriculture and other productive activities,
which can have a significant impact on rural development. There is still a lack of
information, however, on the potential and limitations of such PV applications.
The main aim of this study is, therefore, to contribute to a better understanding
of the potential impact and of the limitations of PV systems on sustainable
agriculture and rural development, especially concerning income-generating
activities.
Energy demand is one of the major threads for our country. Finding solution to
meet the energy demand is great challenge for Scientist, Engineers. Now a day
pesticide sprayer is operated based on fuel engine. To overcome this, we found
the new concept known as “Solar Pesticide Sprayer.” In this pesticide sprayer is
operated mainly based on solar energy and hence there is no need of any kind of
alternative source. It has many advantages such as cost of spraying and saving on
Fuel/Petrol. There is less vibration as compared to the petrol sprayer. Hence the
system can be easily operated there is no need of labors which increases the
efficiency of farmers. Solar based pesticide sprayer is one of the improved models
of pesticide sprayer pumps. Sun is the source of all energy on the earth. It is most
abundant, inexhaustible and universal source of energy. All other sources of
energy draw their strength from the sun. India is blessed with plenty of solar
energy because most parts of the country receive bright sunshine throughout the
year except a brief monsoon period.
The yield decreases due to the presence of pests, insects in the farms. To kill the
pests, insect’s pesticides, fertilizers are sprayed either manually or by using
sprayers. Earlier, the pesticides and fertilizers were sprinkled manually, but they
will result in harmful effects on farmers. To overcome this problem, Different
spraying techniques have been developed. These sprayers consist of different
mechanisms and the cost of equipment is generally high. We developed a
mechanism in which we tried to minimize the equipment cost.
The main objective is to utilize the inherently available solar energy in spraying
operations.
• To cut down the cost employed for spraying machine.
• Decreasing the operational cost by further introducing new mechanism.
• To decrease labour cost by advancing the spraying methods.
• To consume zero electricity.
• Uninterrupted spraying operation at the field throughout the year.

WORKING:

This project operates on solar energy. The concoction is accomplished by the use
of solar panel, a centrifugal pump which runs on dc supply is attached to the solar
panel the solar panel generates the power that power is dc power its positive and
negative charges are connected to a battery in order to save the power and use it
when the sun rays are not present by using this device we can spray pesticides to
the herbs and plants and any agriculture spraying it is economical as compared to
the other means used like petrol/diesel pesticide sprayers. There is no much
maintenance cost and no operating cost as it is using solar energy it is free of cost
and there is no pollution its working principal is very simple and the it is
economical to the farmers as it has one more advantage that it can also generate
power that power is saved in the battery and it can be used for both for spraying
and well as to light in the house when there is no current supply. And where as in
rainy season when the sun rays are not there that time we can charge the battery
and use it to spray pesticides to the herbs and plants as compared to petrol/
diesel it is economical no efforts to human just he has to carry the device the
device is light in weight so it is much feasible.
APPLICATION OF SOLAR SPRAY:
 Agricultural  applicati on for  spraying
 Municipal  applicati on  like  for  spraying  the  mosquito 
controlling  medicines and  etc.
 House  holding  as  well  as  offi ce  paste  controlling
 Gardening and other related applicati ons.
 Large capacity lubricati on units.
 Commercial plants nurseries.

ADVANTAGE
 The prepared solar operated sprayer is environment friendly and cost
efficient
 It does not create air pollution and noise.
 It can use in municipality for killing insects and mosquitoes.
 It is maintenance free device.
 It is easy to operate and portable.
 It does not require fuel hence it is a zero fuel operated equipment.

DISADVANTAGES
 Batt ery requires maintenance.
 The low response in the loud atmosphere.

FUTURE SCOPE

 Future scope of this type sprayer is very bright because it is very useful in
agriculture and reduces the workload.
 Battery capacity can be increased in the future depending upon the
requirements
 It reduced the time consumed in spraying the pesticides liquid and work
very effectively.
 Conclusion
When any detailed design has been done, it is easily understood that no
product/design get at its best or 100% efficient in its operation. There should
always be opportunities for continual development and improvement. As shown,
despite the fact that the selected concept proved to obtain satisfactory results.
It is observed that, this model of solar powered pesticide sprayer is more cost
effective and gives the effective results in spraying operation. As it runs on the
non conventional energy source i.e. solar energy, it is widely available at free of
cost. In now days where world is moving towards the finding the new ways for
the energy requirement, it can be a better option for the convention sprayer. As
India is a developing country, this product can be become more popular in rural
areas. The machine was tested to ensure conformability to design objectives and
serviceability. The machine was found to be satisfactory.
REFERENCES

While designing and fabrication of this project work, we studied lot of material
gathered from websites, consulted experts of various field. The information is
gathered from google.com search Engine. Regarding pesticides sprayer, plenty of
books are available, the following are the references made during design,
development and fabrication of the project work.

 https://en.wikipedia.org
 Aditya Bhagwat, “Solar Operated Multiple Granulated Pesticide Duster”
WCE 2011, Volume III, 6-8-2011, London, U.K, pp 978- 988..
 Joshua, R., Vasu, V. and Vincent, P., “Solar Sprayer – An Agriculture
Implement”, International Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 2 (1): 16-19,
2010.
 Pritam J.M., Yogesh G.A., Akash S.B. and Rajendra S.k., “Solar operated
spray pump” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
(IRJET), Vol.
 03, No. 02, 2016.
 Solar energy utilization, G.D.Rai, Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 1996.
 Nonconventional energy sources, G.D.Rai, Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 2000
 Laukik P. Raut , Smit B. Jaiswal, Nitin Y. Mohite. (2013, Nov.) “Design,
development and fabrication of agricultural pesticides sprayer with
weeder”,International Journal Of Applied Research and studies(iJARS),