Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction:
The mutual fund industry in India started in 1963 with the formation of Unit Trust of India, at
the initiative of the Government of India and Reserve Bank them. The history of mutual
FirstPhase-1964-87
Unit Trust of India (UTI) was established on 1963 by an Act of Parliament. It was set up by
the Reserve Bank of India and functioned under the Regulatory and administrative control of
the Reserve Bank of India. In 1978 UTI was de-linked from the RBI and the Industrial
Development Bank of India (IDBI) took over the regulatory and administrative control in
place of RBI. The first scheme launched by UTI was Unit Scheme 1964. At the end of 1988
1987 marked the entry of non- UTI, public sector mutual funds set up by public sector banks
and Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and General Insurance Corporation of India
(GIC). SBI Mutual Fund was the first non- UTI Mutual Fund established in June 1987
followed by Canbank Mutual Fund (Dec 87), Punjab National Bank Mutual Fund (Aug 89),
Indian Bank Mutual Fund (Nov 89), Bank of India (Jun 90), Bank of Baroda Mutual Fund
(Oct 92). LIC established its mutual fund in June 1989 while GIC had set up its mutual fund
in December 1990.
At the end of 1993, the mutual fund industry had assets under management of rs.47,004
crores.
Third Phase – 1993-2003 (Entry of Private Sector Funds)
With the entry of private sector funds in 1993, a new era started in the Indian mutual fund
industry, giving the Indian investors a wider choice of fund families. Also, 1993 was the year
in which the first Mutual Fund Regulations came into being, under which all mutual funds,
except UTI were to be registered and governed. The erstwhile Kothari Pioneer (now merged
with Franklin Templeton) was the first private sector mutual fund registered in July 1993.
The 1993 SEBI (Mutual Fund) Regulations were substituted by a more comprehensive and
revised Mutual Fund Regulations in 1996. The industry now functions under the SEBI
The number of mutual fund houses went on increasing, with many foreign mutual funds
setting up funds in India and also the industry has witnessed several mergers and
acquisitions. As at the end of January 2003, there were 33 mutual funds with total assets of
Rs. 1, 21,805 crores. The Unit Trust of India with Rs.44,541 crores of assets under
In February 2003, following the repeal of the Unit Trust of India Act 1963 UTI was
bifurcated into two separate entities. One is the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust of
India with assets under management of Rs.29, 835 crores as at the end of January 2003,
representing broadly, the assets of US 64 scheme, assured return and certain other schemes.
The Specified Undertaking of Unit Trust of India, functioning under an administrator and
under the rules framed by Government of India and does not come under the purview of the
The second is the UTI Mutual Fund Ltd, sponsored by SBI, PNB, BOB and LIC. It is
registered with SEBI and functions under the Mutual Fund Regulations. With the bifurcation
of the erstwhile UTI which had in March 2000 more than Rs.76,000 crores of assets under
management and with the setting up of a UTI Mutual Fund, conforming to the SEBI Mutual
Fund Regulations, and with recent mergers taking place among different private sector funds,
the mutual fund industry has entered its current phase of consolidation and growth. As at the
end of September 2004, there were 29 funds, which manage assets of Rs.153108 crores under
421 schemes.
There are many entities involved and the diagram below illustrates the organizational set up
of a mutual fund:
42%
45%
40% 36%
35%
30%
25%
20% 14%
15%
10% 4%
3%
5% 1%
0%
ELSS
Income
Growth
Balanced
Money Market
Gilt
Fund Type
38%
40%
35%
30%
25% 21%
19%
17%
20%
15%
10% 5%
5%
0%
Joint-I
Joint-F
Institutions
Private
Bank
Fund Type
Financial System is basically responsible for the major up and downs in the economy. So,
there are some regulatory bodies on it which ensures effectiveness in the management of
Ministry of Finance
PRODUCT DETAILS
Mutual funds serve as a link between the saving people and the capital market in that they
mobilize saving from investors and bring them to borrowers in the capital markets. In short,
it is a common pool of money into which investors place their contribution that is to be
A mutual fund uses the money collected from the investors to buy those assets, which are
mutual fund, he/she buys a part of asset or the pool of funds that are outstanding at that time.
A mutual fund is constituted as an investment company and an investor buys into the fund,
means he buys the share of the fund and is known as a unit holder. Since each unit holder is a
part of owner of a mutual fund, it is necessary to establish the value of his part. Since the unit
held by an investor evidences the ownership of the fund’s assets, the value of the total asset
of the fund when divided by the total number of units issued by the mutual fund gives us the
Mutual fund industry is highly regulated by the government keeping in view of the protection
Regulations Act, 1996, guides the formation and operation of Mutual Funds. A Mutual Fund
Sponsor
Board of Trusties
Distributors
Sponsor: “Sponsor” is defined under SEBI regulation as any person who, acting alone or in
combination with another body corporate, establishes a mutual fund. The sponsor gets the
fund registered with SEBI. The sponsors form a trust and appoint a Board of Trustees.
The sponsor must contribute at least 40% of the net worth of the AMC.
The sponsor must possess a sound financial track record over 5 years prior to registration.
2. Board of Trustees:
Mutual funds are managed by Board of Trustees. Trust is created by a document
called the Trust Deed that is executed by fund sponsor in favor of trustees. The
trustees appoint the AMC and custodian with the prior approval of SEBI.
They have right to dismiss the AMC, with the approval of SEBI.
Half of the trustees should be independent persons. Neither the AMC, nor its
A trustee cannot be appointed as a trustee of two or more mutual funds until and unless he is
an independent person or has permission from the Mutual Fund where he is trustee.
3. Asset Management Company: The role of an AMC is to act as the investment manager
of the Trust under the Board supervision and direction of the Trustees.
The AMC of a Mutual Fund must have a net worth of at least Rs. 10 crore at all time.
The AMC can not act as a trustee of any other Mutual Fund.
They will float schemes only after obtaining the prior approval of the Trustees and
SEBI.
The director of AMC should be a person of reputed of high standing and at least have
4. Custodian and Depositories: As per SEBI Regulations Mutual Funds shall have a
custodian who is not any way associated with the AMC. It carries outs the activity of safe
keeping the securities or participating, in any clearing system. The custodian should be
independent from sponsors and AMC and should have a sound track record and adequate
relevant experience.
As Indian capital markets are moving away from having physical certificates to ownership of
5. Distributors: For a fund to sell units across a wide retail base of individual investors, an
Brokers, who sell units on behalf of the fund. A broker usually acts on behalf of several
mutual funds simultaneously and may have several sub-brokers under him for the purpose of
distribution of units.
Worldwide, the mutual fund has a long and successful history. The popularity of mutual fund
has increased manifold. In developed financial market, like US mutual funds have almost
In India, Mutual Fund industry started with the setting up of UTI in 1964. Public sector banks
and financial institution began to establish Mutual Funds in 1987. The private sector and
A Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of investors who share a common
financial goal. The money thus collected is then invested in capital market instruments such
as shares, debentures and other securities. The income earned through these investments and
the capital appreciation realized is shared by its unit holders in proportion to the number of
units owned by them. Thus a Mutual Fund is the most suitable investment for the common
man as it offers an opportunity to invest in a diversified, professionally managed basket of
Advantages:
1. Portfolio Diversification: Each investor in a fund is a part owner of all the funds’ assets,
thus enabling investor to hold a diversified investment portfolio even with a small amount of
2. Professional Management: Mutual Funds provide the services of experienced and skilled
professionals, backed by a dedicated investment research team that analyze the performance
and prospect of companies and selects suitable investments to achieve the objectives of the
scheme.
section of industries and sectors. This diversification reduces the risk because all stock
cannot go through a downtrend at the same time and in the same proportion. You achieve this
diversification through a mutual fund with powerless money that you can do on your own.
4. Reduction of Transaction Cost: The investors bear all the cost of investing such as
brokerage or custody of securities. When going through the fund investor has the benefit of
economies of scale; the funds pay lesser cost because of larger volumes, a benefit passed on
to its investors.
5. Liquidity: By investing in Mutual Funds the investors can cash their investment by selling
their units to the fund if open-ended or selling them in the stock market if the fund is close
ended.
6. Convenience & Flexibility: Mutual Funds Companies offer investor to transfer their
receive from the Mutual Funds. Investment up to 10000 in ELSS qualifies for tax rebate of
20%.
8. Regulatory oversight: Mutual funds are subject to many government regulations that
9. Convenience: You can usually buy mutual fund shares by mail, phone, or over the
Internet.
An investor in a mutual fund has no control over the overall cost of investing. He/she has to
pay investment management fees as long as he/she remains with the fund. Fees are payable
No Tailor-made Portfolios: Investors who invest on their own can build their own
portfolios of shares and bonds and other securities. Investing through fund means he/she
Managing a Portfolio of Funds: Availability of a large number of funds can actually mean
too much choice for the investor. He/she may again need advice on how to select a fund to
achieve his/her objectives, quite similar to the situation when he/she has to select individual
Entry and Exit Cost: When large bodies like a fund invest in shares, the concentrated
buying or selling often result in adverse price movements i.e. at the time of buying, fund has
to pay high and vise-versa. But now SEBI has confirmed that no AMC can charge entry load
value of mutual fund shares will go down as well, no matter how balanced the portfolio.
Investors encounter fewer risks when they invest in mutual funds than when they buy and
sell stocks on their own. However, anyone who invests through a mutual fund runs the risk of
losing money.
From above cycle, it can be observed clearly that how the money from the investors flow and
they get returns out of it. With a very small amount of fund, investors pool their money with
fund managers. After studying the market, the fund manager invests money of the investors
in various securities like shares, bonds, debentures, government securities etc. to achieve goal
of the investors. With ups and downs in the market returns are generated and they are passed
on to the investors in form of dividend or capital gain or lost. The above cycle is very clear
and also very effective. The fund manager while investing on behalf of investors takes into
consideration various factors like time, risk; amount etc. so that he/she can make proper
investment decision.
By objective
Investment goals vary from person to person. While somebody wants security, others might
give more weightage to returns alone. Somebody else might want to plan for his child’s
education while somebody might be saving for the proverbial rainy day or even life after
retirement. With objectives defying any range, it is obvious that the products required will
vary as well. So, Mutual funds can be classified based on the objectives of the investor.
(a). Equity Fund: Equity funds invest a major portion of their corpus in equity shares
issued by companies. NAV of equity funds are fluctuated by fluctuation in price of shares
that it holds. So, there is a high risk as well as high return in equity fund. Potential to earn in
such funds is higher when they are invested for long term.
(b). Debt Fund: Debt funds invest in debt instruments debt instruments issued by
governments, private companies, banks and financial institutions. By investing in debt, these
funds target low risk and stable income investors. These funds are low risk low return funds.
(c). Balanced Fund: A balanced fund is one that has a portfolio comprising debt
instruments as well as preference and equity shares. The idea is to reduce volatility of funds,
while providing some upside for capital appreciation. They are best suitable for the people
looking for a combination for capital appreciation and regular income and best time spend for
(d). Money Market Fund: Money market funds invest in securities of a short-term
nature, which generally means securities of less than one-year maturity such as Treasury
Bills issued by governments, Certificates of deposit issued by banks and Commercial paper
issued by companies.
(e). Gilt Fund: These funds are sort of government funds wherein the investments are
made in debt instrument of government, which carry no risk of nonpayment of interest as the
RBI manages the payment of interest and principal on the investments. These funds are best
2. By Duration:
(a). Open-ended Fund: An open-ended fund is one that is available for subscription and
repurchase on a continuous basis. These schemes do not have a fixed maturity period.
Investors can conveniently buy and sell units at NAV related prices which are declared daily
(b). Close-ended Fund: A close ended fund has a stipulated maturity period e.g., 5-7
years. The fund is open for subscription only during a specified period at the time of launch
of the scheme. Investors can invest in the scheme at the time of initial public issue and
thereafter they can buy or sell units on stock exchange where the units are listed at NAV.
(c). Interval Fund: Interval funds combine the features of open-ended and close-ended
schemes. They are open for sale or redemption during pre-determined intervals at NAV
related prices.
Risk
Benefits offered by
Tolerance/Return Focus Suitable Products
MFs
Expected
Bank/ Company FD, Debt Liquidity, Better Post-
Low Debt
based Funds Tax returns
Partially Balanced Funds, Some Liquidity, Better Post-
Debt, Diversified Equity Funds Tax returns, Better
Medium
Partially and some debt Funds, Mix Management,
Equity of shares and Fixed Deposits Diversification
Diversification,
Capital Market, Equity
Expertise in stock
High Equity Funds (Diversified as well
picking, Liquidity, Tax
as Sector)
free dividends
Table: Risk Return Grid of various MF
3. By Load:
(a). Load Fund: Marketing of new mutual fund scheme involves initial expenses. These
initial expenses may be recovered from the investors by entry or exit load.
But now SEBI has confirmed that AMC cannot charge entry load on new mutual fund.
(i). Entry Load or Front-end Load: If initial expenses recovered from investors at the
time of investor’s entry into the fund, by deducting a specific amount from his initial
contribution it is called Entry Load. But now it has been banned by SEBI.
(ii). Exit Load or Back-end Load: If initial expenses recovered at the time of the
investor’s exit from the scheme, by deducting a specified amount from the redemption
(b). No Load Fund: Funds that don’t charge entry, exit, or deferred load or any other
charges for sales expenses are called no load funds. Now, generally all Mutual Fund
companies charge 2 to 2.5% entry load on equity fund. Generally, there is no exit load on
equity and sectoral funds to maintain liquidity of that funds. Generally, there is no entry load
on gilt scheme and income fund. There is 0.25 to 1% exit load on gilt and income fund if
investors exit from fund before specified time which is generally 3 to 6 months.
(a) Tax Saving Funds: These schemes offer tax rebates to the investors under specific
provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961 as the Government offers tax incentives for
investment in specified avenues. E.g. Equity Linked Saving Scheme (ELSS). Pension
(b) Index Funds: Index Funds replicate the portfolio of a particular index such as the BSE
Sensitive index, S&P NSE 50 indexes (Nifty), etc. These schemes invest in the securities in
the same weightage comprising of an index. NAV of such funds are changed accordance
(C) Sector Funds: These are the funds which invest in the securities of only those sectors or
(d) Commodity Funds: Commodity funds invest into the different commodities directly or
through shares of commodity companies. E.g., Commodity funds invest in gold or shares of
achieving diversification across the country’s borders. However, they also have additional
risks such as the foreign exchange rate risk and their performance depends on the economic
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Any activity done without an objective in a mind cannot turn fruitful. An objective provides a
specific direction to an activity. Objectives may range from very general to very specific, but
they should be clear enough to point out with reasonable accuracy what researcher wants to
achieve through the study and how it will be helpful to the decision maker in solving the
problem.
Primary Objective:
Secondary Objectives:
To find out how many people are interested in dealing of mutual fund.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
working. It is a statement of only the essential elements of a study, those that provide the
basic guidelines for the details of the project. It comprises a series of prior decision that taken
A research design serves as a bridge between what has been established i.e., the research
objectives and what is to be done, in conduct of the study to relish those objectives. If there
were no research design, the research would have only foggy notions as about what is to be
done. I have used ‘Exploratory Type’. The research is of both qualitative as well as
quantitative type.
2. Unit of Analysis: Middle class, Upper Middle class and HNIs people.
Characteristics of interest:
3. Sources of Data:
Primary Source: The primary data is collected using sampling method and by survey using
questionnaire.
Secondary Source: Secondary data includes information regarding present market scenario,
Information regarding Mutual Funds and competitors are collected by Internet, Magazines
Sampling Design: A Sample Design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given
population. It refers to the technique or method the researcher would adopt in selecting items
5. Data Collection Method: I have used ‘Survey Method’ to collect data. I have collected
Type of Information: I have collected Fact, Awareness, Attitude, Future action plan and
6. Data Analysis & Interpretation: Data Analysis is based on the data collected by
way of Questionnaires. From the collected data findings are extracted. The data is tabulated,
Percentage of investors
Invesment Preference
Bank Fixed Deposite RBI Bonds Mutual Fund
Equity Other
Inference: Graph shows that 30% of people are investing in mutual fund. That mean it is a
good opportunity for the company as they can grap the rest unaware people to being them
Returns; Se-
ries1; 0.5; 50%
Inference: Graph shows that 50% (above among all) people are interested in investing in
mutual fund. That mean company can increase investors for investing in mutual fund by
Frequency of Investment
Inference: Graph shows that 40% people are investing in mutual fund once a month. So
company suggests people about SIP and company suggest rest of the people about the
benefits of SIP.
Inference: Graph shows that 66% of people have few knowledge about mutual fund and 10
% of people do not know about mutual fund. That means company can make fully aware
about mutual fund to people and tell them benefit associated with mutual fund so that they
mutual fund and 34 % of people are not sure about tax benefit through mutual fund. This is
the good opportunity for company to increase investors of mutual fund by making aware
them tax benefit associated with mutual fund in such schemes like ELSS.
Inference: Graph shows that 38 % of people invest in mutual fund on the suggestion of their
friends. So they are potential investors for the company. Company can take care of these
Inference: Graph shows that most of the people (58 %) invest in equity based mutual funds.
They are risk taker. Company can take care of these investors by suggesting them balanced
Inference: Graph shows that 48% of people are not investing in Mutual fund because of bitter
past experience. 14% have not knowledge about mutual funds. 22 % do not believe on this
service. 6 % are not able to select the best scheme for them. Company assumes that these
investors have lack of advisory. So, company should suggest them for investing on basis of
professional advisor.
Inference: Graph shows that 86 % of people are interested to know more about mutual funds.
This is the great opportunity for the company to increase the investors by making them aware
about mutual funds and telling them benefits associated with mutual funds.
FINDINGS
Merchant bankers offer customized solutions to solve the financial problems of their clients.
Merchant bankers study the working capital practices that exist within the company and
suggest alternative policies. They also advise the company on rehabilitation and turnaround
strategies, which would help companies to recover from their current position. They also
Loan syndication
Arrangement of loans for clients, by analyzing their cash flow pattern, so that the terms of
borrowing meet the client’s cash requirements and offer assistance in loan documentation
procedures.
Portfolio
Total number of all holdings held by a company is called portfolio. The portfolio mix is
aimed at spreading the risk over different sectors. It consists of all assets of company.
NAV
Net Asset Value is the current market worth of the mutual fund shares. It is calculated daily
by taking the fund’s total asset securities, cash and any accrued earning deducting liabilities,
Depository
transactions in book-entry form. A depository established under the Depositories Act can
Capital gain.
IPO
LIMITATIONS
Due to limitation of time and cost constrains a sample size of only 50 respondents are
chosen.
Data Analysis and interpretation done may not be that strong due to small sample and
Questionnaire
[ ] RBI Bonds
[ ] Mutual Funds
[ ] Equities
[ ] Returns
[ ] Liquidity
[ ] Savings
[ ] Tax Benefits
[ ] RBI Bonds
[ ] Mutual Funds
[ ] Equities
[ ] Once a Month
[ ] Once in 6 Months
[ ] Once a Year
[ ] Yes
[ ] No
[ ] Yes
[ ] No
[ ] Few
7 Do you know that you can get Tax Advantages by investing in Mutual Funds?
[ ] Yes
[ ] No
[] Not Sure
[ ] Bank
[ ] Distributor
[ ] Agents
[ ] Direct investments
[ ] C.A.
[ ] Debt
[ ] Equities
[ ] Balanced
You do not invest in Mutual Fund because of (you may give multiple answers)
[ ] Lack of Knowledge
11. If Mutual Fund offer you Steady Returns, Tax Benefits, Liquidity, Diversification of
Portfolio, Lesser Risk would consider it as an investment option in the future for you?
[ ] Yes
[ ] No
[ ] May be
[ ] No
Name : ……………..……………….
Age :………………………….
Occupation:………………………
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.mutualfundsindia.com
2. www.amfiindia.com
3. www.themanagementor.com
4. www.dewb-vc.com
5. www.India Infoline.com
6. www.indiacorporateadvisor.com
7. www.nsdl.co.in
8. www.incometaxBangalore.nic.in
9. www.incometaxindia.gov.in
10. Canarias & Dhaivat Anjaria, “AMFI Workbook”, Ed. – 2 (Association of Mutual
Funds in India)