ADVANCE DATA STRUCTURE CA – 2

NAME : SAGAR SHARMA

ROLL NO. 25
SET – ODD
REGISTRATION NO. 11912711
SOLOUTIONS

1)

Data compression is the process of encoding information in a way that reduces the
amount of storage space required to store it. The goal of data compression is to
reduce the size of the data without losing any important information. This is
accomplished by removing redundant information, such as repeating patterns or
unnecessary data, and using more efficient encoding schemes to represent the
remaining information.

There are many different types of data compression techniques, including lossless
and lossy compression. Lossless compression methods preserve all of the original
data and can be reversed to recover the original data exactly as it was before
compression. Examples of lossless compression techniques include run-length
encoding and Huffman coding. Lossy compression methods, on the other hand,
sacrifice some amount of detail or quality in order to achieve a greater degree of
compression. Examples of lossy compression techniques include JPEG and MP3.

Memory management refers to the process of controlling and coordinating the use
of computer memory. Memory is a finite resource, and effective memory
management is essential for efficient operation of computer systems. Memory
management involves allocating and deallocating memory as needed by programs,
and ensuring that memory is used efficiently.

One key aspect of memory management is virtual memory, which allows a

computer to use more memory than is physically available by temporarily
transferring data from RAM to the hard disk. This technique helps to prevent the
computer from running out of memory and crashing.
Other memory management techniques include garbage collection, which
automatically deallocates memory that is no longer in use by a program, and
memory fragmentation, which occurs when memory is allocated and deallocated in
a way that leaves small gaps of unused memory scattered throughout the system.
This can cause performance issues and is typically addressed by defragmenting the
memory

2)

AVL trees are a type of self-balancing binary search tree. In an AVL tree, the
heights of the left and right subtrees of any node differ by at most one. This
ensures that the tree remains balanced, and allows for efficient search, insertion,
and deletion operations.

AVL trees are named after their inventors, Adelson-Velsky and Landis, who
introduced the concept in 1962. They are a type of height-balanced binary search
tree, which means that the height of the tree is minimized to maximize the
efficiency of search, insertion, and deletion operations.

One key advantage of AVL trees over other types of binary search trees is that they
are guaranteed to have a worst-case time complexity of O(log n) for all operations,
where n is the number of nodes in the tree. This makes them highly efficient for
large datasets.

Red-Black trees are another type of self-balancing binary search tree. Like AVL
trees, they are designed to ensure that the tree remains balanced, but they use a
different balancing algorithm. In a Red-Black tree, each node is colored either red
or black, and the tree is balanced by ensuring that no path from the root to a leaf
node contains more than twice as many black nodes as red nodes.

The main difference between AVL and Red-Black trees is that AVL trees are more
rigidly balanced than Red-Black trees, which means that AVL trees tend to have
slightly faster search times but can require more rotations during insertion and
deletion operations. Red-Black trees, on the other hand, are more flexible in their
balancing algorithm, which makes them better suited for applications where there
are frequent insertions and deletions.

In summary, both AVL and Red-Black trees are highly efficient self-balancing
binary search trees that can be used to store and retrieve data in an efficient
manner. AVL trees tend to be slightly more efficient for search operations, while
Red-Black trees are better suited for applications that require frequent insertions
and deletions.