Figure 1 This place has avery cold climate, @fenmes + climate - the general conditions of the atmosphere a place can expect weather — the di lay- to-day conditions in the atmosphere a climate region - alarge area that has similar climate conditions eo8sssss Faint (ev) dan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Deé c= Rainfal © Temperature Figure 2 This climate graph shows the average monthly ‘temperatures and rainfall for Rabatin Morocco, North Aftica. esesss & Temnperstuce (°C) ese ETE Eee TC | Focus: South Africa and world Introduction Climate describes the general weather conditions that a place can expect. It is possible to divide the world into a number of climate regions. Each of the regions has a particular kind of climate. Descriptions about climate are made after looking at climate information over a long period, usually about 30 years. The two most important parts of climate are rainfall and temperature. Temperature describes how hot or cold a place gets. We measure temperature in degrees Celsius. We measure how much rain falls ‘over a particular time in millimetres. Climate graphs are a way of presenting climate information about temperature and rainfall. Climate data provides information about the average amount of rain that falls each month, as well as the average total rainfall for a year. Find information from a photograph and climate graph 1 5. Look at the photograph in Figure 1 on page 28. What part of the world do you think the photograph shows? Give an example of the temperatures this area might experience. Do you think this area gets a lot of rain? Look at the climate graph for Rabat in Figure 2 onthe left. ‘a. Which two months receive the highest rainfall? b, What is the average total amount of rain for a year - about 100 mm, 400 mm, 500 mm, or 800 mm? What month has the hottest temperature? d, What month has the coldest temperature? ‘Who do you think will find information about climate useful?Com solar ra heat from the sun. @ == Factors that influence temperature and rainfall The following five factors influence temperature and rainfall: distance from the equator (latitude) distance from the sea height above sea level ocean currents ‘mountains (relief). ‘You will learn about each of these factors in this sub-topic. Unit 1; Distance from the equator (latitude) Generally, temperature decreases with latitude. This means that the further away from the equator a place is, the lower the average temperature. Places close to the ‘equator have higher temperatures than places close to the poles. The information in Figure 1 below explains why itis colder at the poles than the equator. Because ofthe shape of arth, ‘the suns rays ae spread over, a larger area at the north and south poles. “The area close tothe equator receives direct heating from the sun concentrated over a smaller Figure 1 How Earths shape causes heat from the sun’ rays to spread out at the poles and to be concentrated at the equator ‘Temperatures at B will be much higher than temperatures at A because the sun's heat is concentrated over a much smaller area. Also area B receives more or less ‘twelve hours of solar radiation from the sun throughout the year. Area A has weak solar radiation in summer and almost no solar radiation in the winter months. You know from Topic 1 that Earth is not positioned straight up in space. Earth is tilted on its axis. This means that certain areas ‘lean’ towards or away from the sun. ‘The position of Earth during its yearly revolution around the sun affects how much radiation certain areas receive from the sun,Pace) Figure 2 the tlt of Bert} axis n elation to the sun causes Use Stason. ins di position of Earth during} yam showsthe sume? 8880 for the northern hemisphere and t the souther hemisph e winter season for een ACTIVITY 1 cg Figure Latitude and average September temperatures for five Afian cts, Organise information in a table (Assessment aims and ski: 12,6) Refer to Figure 3 above. 1 2 ame of place | Distance from the equator in Latitude in "Nor °S 3. Explain why temperatures are lower _ places further from the equator.Unit 2: Distance from the sea Temperature and rainfall are influenced by how far a place is from the sea. Generally, places far from the sea have hotter summers and cooler winters than {| “Tipla¢es close to the sea. The sea helps to cool cdastattplaées in summer and warms them in winter. Figure 4 The sun's radiat 1OM Meats Sol s/o =" ew per atu than liquids, ‘Oceans are liquid. Land is solid. Solids and q liquids heat up and cool down differently. Peciie | Solarradiation heats the land toa higher RockhampiSaean | temperature than it heats water. Figure 4 ca above shows this. Solar radiation only heats the surface layer of | solids. However, solar radiation can penetrate ‘ ‘Ate springs sume’ 50 | deep into water and heat water layers below the . summer 30° wwe / f summe ner surface. This means a much greater volume of water is heated than just the surface. The temperate ofthe land and the oceans GMCS the alt abuve Uiese aieas. Tite air is either =" _ warmed or cooled by contact with the land or ‘ocean beneat it.The temperature of the air is what we measure when we describea places. «_ nae temperature. ses in Aust Explain differences in seasonal temperatures Ke ‘Assessment alms and skills: 4,6) ‘access to the sea, 11 Write out the following sentences. Choose the correct wordsIn brackets. the interior of a a. Warm air from the oceans will (rase/lower/not affect) temperatures of continent or country places next to the coast b. Places by the sea have (cooler/warmer/wetter) summers _nd (drier/coolet/ warmer) winters than places inland. Places inland have (high/low/similar) summer temperatures and (high/ unchanged/low) winter temperatures. 2. Refer to the temperatures on the may the reasons for the difference in summer and winter temperatures in Alice Bees Springs and Rockhampton.3 “tud Unit : Height above sea level (altitude) ‘The higher a place is, the lower the temperature. Temperature decreases with alt. — e. The average drop in temperature is 6,5 °C for every 1 000 metres of altitude, Incoming solar radiation passes through the atmosphere without heating it. Radiation only begins to heat the land and oceans when it strikes Earth’s surface. ‘Once the land and oceans are heated they can transfer heat to the air above. Air is, therefore heated from below. Heat is not transferred evenly. There are more air molecules concentrated in — the air close to Earth’s surface, The gases in the air at this level absorb heat and i i are fewer yperatures are Come The top of Mount Kenya is permanently covered in snow and ‘on the equator but is, 5 199 metres above sealevel. ceed decrease by about by 65°C for every Figure 7 Heat from the surface ofthe land and the oceans transfers 11000 metres ofaltitude. heat into the surrounding ai. Calculate how temperature changes with altitude (assessment aims and skill: 6,9) 1. The temperature of place X is 25 °C. Calculate the temperature of the following places, a, b and c. Note the latitude of a, b and cis the same as place X but the altitude of each place is different. a. Altitude 1 000 metres b, Altitude 3 000 metres Altitude 5 000 metres 2. Give two reasons that explain why temperatures are cooler at higher altitude, than at sea level. 3. How do you think altitude and temperature influence where people live?n 4: U it Ocean currents Ocean currents are large masses of water that constantly move in the top 100 metres to 200 metres of the world’s oceans. Some ocean currents flow at a speed of 10 km per hour. The main causes of ocean currents are winds, differences )water temperature and the rotation of Earth. a ke Weds move water of the sirfeice of the oceans. This causes water to move from _Bhother part of the ocean tp take its place. Water that flows from near the equator || is warmer than water that flows from | near the poles. The shape of Earth and its position space mean that there is more — solar radiation in the area close to the ‘equator than anywhere else on Earth. So ——— the temperature of water in the oceans close to the equator is much warmer than the temperature of water in the oceans close to the poles. Solar radiation close to the poles is weaker and seasonal. Currents Cal caret that flow from close to the equator are The world's warm and cold ocean currents warm currents, Currents that begin close to the poles are cold currents. Figure 8 shows the major surface ocean currents. The flow of warm currents such as the Agulhas current in the Indian Ocean is indicated by red arrows. The flow of cold currents like the Benguela current in the South Atlantic Ocean is indicated by blue arrows. ew Figures, The spinning of Earth on its axis (rotation) causes the water in ocean currents to move to the right. You can see on the map that most of the currents flow towards the right. The temperature of ocean currents affects the temperature of places next to them. Air over cold ocean currents is cooled by contact with the cold water. Cooling ‘Causes the air to lose its moisture as rain, Areas next to cold ocean currents tend to have cool, dry clirnates, Air over warm ocean currents is warmed by contact wit the warm water. The air absorbs moisture from the oceans. When this air cools itreleases the moisture as rain, Places next to warm ocean currents often have warm temperatures and high rainfall. Remember that none of the influences on Etgeaiaaaaln Isolation (alone) Other influences, such ef latitude and altitu also influence the temperature and rainfall in an area. Me Answer questions about the effect ocean currents l sot ‘on temperature and rainfall (Assessment aimsand skill: 2. 4,6) 2. at Figure 8. 1, a. Name two warm ocean currents and two cold ocean currents. b. Give the compass direction each current is flowing towards. 3. Many of the worlds deserts are on the west coast of continents. How could the 34 existence of cold currents result in deserts on the west coasts of continents?Unit 5: Mountains (relief) Mountains affect temperature and rainfall. Thé'éffect of relief on temperature The ofthe land means that some areas receive more solar radiation than others. Some places face the sun while other places face away from the sun and are in the shade for tong periods. Places that receive more hours of UNCP radiation during the hottest times of the day will EISSN SSSI Ste Pen Sei have higher temperatures. A ‘Cooling causes rain ay Te I Ege triton erparatsein te souther tise The effect of mount on rainfall ‘Mountains can bring rain to some areas by forcing air to rise and release moisture content as rain. Mountains can also shelter other areas from storms preventing them from receiving as much rain. We say that places on the sheltered side of a mountain are in rain shadow areas. rains Figure 10 The effect of mounta son rainfall : Label and explain a diagram (Assessment aims and sil: 6,9) oe 1. Why do people in mountain areas in the southern hemisphere | build their houses facing northwards? . bebietiia |~ facing 2. Explain how the shape of the land causes some places to receive more solar fe radiation than others. + leeward - sheltered from the wind 3. Make your own drawing showing the affect of mountains on rainfall. a, Add these labels to your drawing: 500 mm, 200 mrn, moist air, cooling, b. Write a paragraph to explain how mountains influence the amount of rainfall place receives. Your answer will be marked with the rubric on page 243.‘subtene h Affica’s climate eee hys cal features U1. Physical map of SouttAfriea CPEs : (review from Grade 5) InGrade 5 you learnt about South Africa's different p_ featu including plateaus, mountains, escarpments, river valleys and coastal plains. A’ physical map areas in nature that stand out ACTIVITY 1 Figure 1 physical map of South Africa Demonte map skills ‘Assessment alms and skills: 6,7, 8) 4 Examiiie the physical _of South Africa in Figure 1. Name three physical features in your province. 2. How high is the land where you live? Use the map key to help you. Name he nearest river to where you live, 4.__Use the map scale to estimate how close you are to the nearest ocean, 5. Give the latitude and longitude position of the place where you live in degrees and minutes.Unit 2: Factors that influence temperature : and rainfall in South Africa ‘Over the next few pages you will find out how these factors influence the temperature and rainfall of places in South Africa: distance from the equator (latitude) + _ distance from the sea i altitude mountains (relief) \ | esr ape Ls Por Ezabeth Distance tom te equator infl Figure 2 Factors that infuence temperature and rainfaljp South Africa = The canoe reliiail of gery piace in South Africa is uenced by more than oie oF tne five factors: aS in Figure 2. Howéver, one factor usually has more influence than the other four. For exa Gauteng’ clima_ is influenced byt ‘three factors: altitud latitude, and distance from the sea. Altitude has the gréatest in tempera in Gauteng. Much of Gauteng is more than 7/500 metres above sea level. Johannesburg would have warmer temperatures and greater rainfall fit was at sea level next to the Indian Ocean. ‘The warm Aguthas ocean current has the geatest influence on Durban's climate. ‘The infand areas of KwaZulu-Natal are affected by the following factors: latitude, altitude, mountains, and distance from the sea. The importance of each factor depends on the location of a particular place.The influence of distance from the cm the eduator (latitude) — 'e timate information See a lahikeng, Kimberley and Mthatha, ‘rrage sumine npc: 28 hay igure ati ra h F 3 Theinfluence of latitude on temperature and rainfall, L_tudeis one of the many factors that affect _infall. In summer, winds fromthe = \~ nort_and east bring rain to much of South Africa. In winter the wind belts move northern parts of the country without rain. The southern Cape is, ‘only part of South Africa that receives rain from the westerly winds in winter, Compare and contrast cities on a map {Bsessment aims and stil: 1,26) Examine the map in Figure 3. 1. Which city is furthest from the equator? Calculate the éifference in latitude between Mahikeng and Mthatha, Do the temperatures of the three places decrease with distance from the equator? Explain your answer, — 4, What other fa tors could influence the temperatures of these three places? 5. Read the paragraph beneath Figure 3. How does latitude affect rainfall?The influence of distance from the sea Remember that the land heats up toa higher temperature than the sea in summer. |. extreme—at the The land coois to a lower temperature in winter. This means that inland places that high or low end of are far from the sea have more extreme temperatures than places near the sea a scale farfom the Kimberley is about 700 km from the nearest ocean. This means that Kimberley centre + average, temperature (also referred tos mean temperature) ~is minimu | [sea calcul. byadding age a several amounts Averag ipa Lastsr Ls-H18 325 together, finding a ee am total, and dividing 2 71 1 7 8 3 5 9 12:15 «17 the total by the temperature °C number of amounts. Figure Average monthy temperatures for Kimberley i We can work The average minimum temperature for Kimberly in January is 18°C. This is gpoutthe average temperatu fora calculated by adding all of the minimum temperatures recorded for each dap month ora day of the month. This total is then divided by the number of days n the month, for example 31 days, The average maximum temperature for Kimberley in er January is 33 °C, so the average temperature for Kimberley in January is 26,5 °C temperature (83 +18 +2=265). range - the difference between We call the difference between high and low temperatures, the temperature high and low ~ range. The temperature range for Kimberley in December is 32 °C minus 17°C temperatures “te iat + maximum 4 temperature the by the sea. ] highest temperature perature recorded in a given time Average maximum | Lelie fpg-lie log los tem c Average minimum sq) 24 (20° 17514 11) 11) 43 1517 189820: temperature °C Figure 5 Average monthly temperatures for Durban. Kimberley’s annual rainfall is 419 mm, Durban's annual rainfall is 1.008 mm. Durban. m winds that blow from the warm Indian Ocean. Kimberley is ruated a long way from the winds that bring rain. Calculate temperature ranges and explain your results (Assessment aims and sks: 6,9) 1. Look at Figure 4, Calculate the temperature range for Kimberley in January + and July. 2. Lookat Figure 5, Calculate the temperature range for Durban in January and July. 3 Which city has the biggest temperature range in both summer and winter?About our world 4. Give the highest average maximum temperature and the lowest average minimum témperature for Durban. The coldest 5.__ Explain why distance from the sea influences the summer and winter temperature ever temperatures of Kimberley and Durban fecorded in South How does distance from the sea affect rainfall for Kimberley and Durban? eres reepey Ceara ee 2 influence fht above sea level (altitude) oy ari ala We examined the reasons why temperature = cecreases with attucte on page 39. hon . Sutherland, in the Northern Cape, is beli ff ‘to be South Africa's coldest place. It has three months of the year when the average minimum temperature is 0 °C. The altitude of Sutherland is 1 460 metres. East London is at sea level, The average minimum temperature fonEast London is 15°C. We calculate the monthly average temperature by adding together the high low temperatures and dividing by two. For example, the average maximum Fi etheintuenceofattudeonthetenpestursofSuthersndand temperature for Durban in Decernberis 27°C East London and the average imum temperature is ACTIVITY 4 20°C. The average temperature for the month is 27 °C + 20°C divided by 2= 23,5 °C. Repiesciit temperature data in a table |I. Copy the fable below | d complete eath of theveplupans using the informatidn in Figure 64m January an_uly : Alttu e July | Te ture (Assessment ims nd $58.9). ayerag fom ge tmipera January | emp. range between 3 perature - dy ‘Sutherland East London if Calculate the annual average temperature for Sutherland and he annual + average temperature for East London. is 3 _Listtwo ways altitude affects the temperat res of Sutherland and East London. =< 4 Name other factors that you have read about in th topic that could affect the ‘temperature of Sutherland and East London. Explain your answers,The influence of ocean currents ‘The map on page 34 shows the world's warm and cold ocean currents. The warm Agulhas Current flows southwards down the east coast of southern Africa. The Aguihas Current brings warm water from the equatorial areas. of the Indian Ocean to the east coast of South Africa. The warm water warms the air above it. Winds that blow over the warm Agulhas Current absorb moisture. Warm air can hold more moisture thar a Nig te yperatures 4nd high rainfall are pattly explained by the presence of warm moist air that has blown over ‘the Agulhas Current. Figure 7 Watm and cold ocean currents influence the temperature ‘of South Africas east and west coasts. The cold Benguela Current brings cold water from the Southern Ocean to the west coast of southern Africa, Air above the Benguela current is cooled by the cold water. When air is cooled it releases moisture as rain. This is the same principle that happens when you breathe on a mirror. The cooling effect of the Benguela Current lowers the temperature of places on the west coast. Rain that may len on the west coast falls over the sea instead, Cooling of the alralso causes fog. Port Nolloth experiences fogs for over one quarter of the year. Explain the effect of ocean currents on temperature and rainfall (@ssessment aims and skill: 6, 9) Look at Figure 7 and answer the questions. 1. Calculate the average yearly temperature for Durban and Port Nolloth. Whatif the average temperature range between these two places? Hourdines the cold Benniials Currant affect the temnerature of Port No! 4, Expl howthe warm Agulhas Current affects Durban's rainfall — water vapour or ice crystals that can be seen in the airrain shadow . areas | thatrecetvelow J rainfall because they are sheltered by mountains You The influence of mountains (relief) Look at the map showing the reliéf of South Africa on page 36. —_will see that the ukhahlamba-Drakensberg form a high mountain vairier along much of the eastern part of the country, mountains help to cause rain in the eastern part of the country. They also prevent _ in from passing westwards. The presence of the FARE Re oF ne uthahiambe Drakensberg on fan Re Draw and label a diagram o explain the effects of relief on rainfall se (Assessment aims and sil 68,9) 1, Drawa diagram to explain the effects of relief on rainfall. You willn dito examine Figure 3 on page 38 and the diagram in Figure 8 above. @. Add the following labels in the correct places: rain shadow, high rainfall, ow rainfall. b. Give your diagram a heading. . 2, Write a short paragraph to explain the effect of mountains on rainfall in South Africa. Your answer will be marked with the rubric on page 243. 3.—-Do research into the amount of rain that different places in your province receive. Consider ways that mountains may influence the amount of rain that falls in certain areas.' Id soo 3_ Climate around the wor Uni 1: Difference between weather and climate (review from Grade 5) Climate describes the general or usual conditions in the atmosphere. All the information in this topic so far has been about climate. In Sub-topic 2 we examined average temperature of places in different seasons, total rainfall for places, and _.. seasonal temperaturesanges. This is general information about climate. Weather is about the day-to-day conditions in the atmosphere. Weather happens over short period of time, such as afew days. A thunderstorm or a very windy rpmine al the weather condi iake statements about the Cape Town's climate This is one of our heavy thunder- storms here in i “ffere FTAA ssc, This pont iin above Explanthedi nce between weather and climate {Assessment aims and skills: 2.7,8) 4: write two statements, a. Instatement 1 describe the weather in your area. b. Instatement 2 describe the climate in your area, _——Exnlain the difference hetween weatherand climate 3. _ Finda weather map from a newspaper. Paste it in your book. Copy the information that describes the weather of your area. eeComes it elem precipitation Un The elements of weather - Pete nraiiall uma: t@Mnerature, humidity, eds ~all and precipitation trrnétity of water ‘The most important elements of weather are temperat rep * — tion, that come out of theair . = how much moisture there is in the air F Temperature Figure 2Preciptation Figure igure 3 Humidity al 4 Winds Ate Humidity is the amount of water contained in the air. Places with high humidity are (eter fen are caused by moving al Winds influence both temperature and rainfal Identify elements of weather n photographs (Assessment aims and skls:6, 7) 1. _ List the elements of weather, 2. Look at Figures 1 to 4 above. Identify the photographs that show more than one element of weather. Name two kinds of precipitation you can see in the photographs. Give the _-humber of the figure and the kind of precipitation it shows, 4. Think of times when you have experienced humid weather conditions. Write a sentence to describe how humidity feels.(enn Unit 3: Kinds of climate: Tropical, =a subtropical, temperate, desert, ca temperata meh without extremes semi-desert, continental, polar, Mediterranean, tundra and high mountain (alpine) In this unit you will study the following nine kinds of climate: tropical, subtropical, desert, semi-desert, continental, polar, mediterranean, Tundra and * high mountain (etpine), temperate, These climate types are greatly factors already examined: altitude, distance a ighef ‘5 > _ Tropical climate Tropical climates occur between the equator and 25° north and 25” south of the equator. Tropical climates have high temperatures and high rainfall. The main natural vegetation rainforests. Places close to the equator have a wetter glimate | than places further away. We can identify two kinds of tropical climate, a wet tropical teanda tropical climate. Wet tropical climates ‘occur in places closer to the equator, such as the ‘Amazon area of Brazil. The ‘temperature range is small. Rainfall is high throughout the year. There is only one season. Average rainfall about 2.000 mm a year. Dry tropical climates occur closerto the tropics. They have a wet season and a dry season. Most of the rain falls in the wet season. Large areas of east Africa have a ddty topical climate. ‘The Amazon rainforest has a wet tropical climate,= = igure 6Subyopialcdions hel %, \ Pee) ? S Pioure7 Tempersteregions : a Figure 8 Desert regions Subtropical climate A subtropical climate is similar to the dry. tropical climate. The regions are further ‘from the equator. They often occur on the east coast of continents between the 20° and 40° north and south of the equator. There are tw6 main seasons: summer and winter. Summer temperatures average above 20° C. Winter temperatures are around 15°C Annual precipitation is over 1000 mm. The east coast of KwaZulu-Natal has a subtropical climate. Temperate climate ‘Temperate climates are miid climates. They do not have very high or low temperature or rainfall. Temperate climates occur between the 40° and 65° north and Ye Desert climate or A deserts an area that receives less than 250 mim of rain a year. There are cold deserts and hot deserts. The Sahara Des is the world’s largest hot desert. Antarctica is the largest cold desert. The iack of precipitation and extreme temperatures means that there is very little vegetation in deserts. In hot deserts, day time temperatures can reach 50°C and drop. close to freezing at night.Semi-desert climate Semi-desert areas receive between 250 mm and 500 mm rain a year. Semi- deserts are usually on the borders of the true hot deserts. The temperatures are high and rainfall is unpredictable. Droughts are common. ‘The Kalahari region is a semi-desert region in South Africa. Temperatures decrease with latitude and altitude. inere isa high temperature nge between day and night. Continental climate The continental climate is between the 30° and 60° lines of latitude in the northern hemisphere. There are no areas of real continental climate in the southern hemisphere because there are no large continents between these latitudes. Rainfall is between 500 mm and 1.250 mm a yeat. Summers are short and winters are long. Summer temperatures _~ tise to above 20°C for three or four months. Winter temperatures can drop to 0°C freezing for six months of the year in the higher latitudes. nd Polar climate Places close to the northa —_ south poles have a polar climate. These areas have ‘two very separate seasons. The summers are short but because the days are long, there are many hours of weak sunshine ‘that can raise the temperature to above freezing. No month has an average temperature above freezing. During the long winter months there are only a few hours of daylight. Temperatures remain extremely low throughout the year. Temperatures of minus 40 °C are ‘common in polar climates. Because of the low tempe tures there is very little precipitation. \ 5a bay i Figure “ Sue aco 9 semidesertreaions - 5 _—— 4: Pai] Figure 11 Pola regionsanes, - tindias and hig Tia] Tundra ofuntain (alpine) climate et climate x ey Tundra climates occur next to the polar climate WO” regions between 60° and 75° north and south. i Aig gyre temperatures are between F Re °C. A tundra climate has at least | one month with an average temperature “fe | above fredzing, In summer there are higher . Oe") tem esandthe snow melts, which ¢ provides the right conditions for the tundra plants to ow. No trees can grow in a tundra Figure 12 Tundra and high mountain regions climate. Most precipitation occurs in summer — as rain. tfn’s between 100 mm and 400 mm, much of which falls astir6w. tes. waver High ' ( Ipine) climate High.mountain areas have climates are sinifar to the tundra and polar clima ‘These are called alpine cl mates. lemperatures are low in these areas because of the influence of tude. | Mediterranean climate This is the main kind of climate in the areas around the Mediterranean Sea. You can see ‘ from the map that there ate other areas that have a Mediterr [mat The ‘Mediterranean climate 1s noted for its warm. summers and cool wet" ters. Average Figure 13 Mediterranean regions Yaiine) summer temperatures are above 20°C. Average winters tem sare between 10 °Cand 15 °C. The yearly rainfall is between. 400 and 600 mm. Order and describe climate regions (assessment aims and skills: 6,9) 2 3. 4 ‘Order the nine kinds of climate in terms of latitude from the equator to the poles, Start with the climate type that is closest to the equator Look at Figure 13. Name the places in the southern hemisphere that have a Mediterranean climate. ' Match the words ‘humid; ‘mild; ‘extreme: with one of the following kinds of climate: desert, polar, temperate, tropical and subtropical. Look at Figure 10 on page 47. Describe the climate condit ons of a continental climate, Give the average precipitation for the following kinds of climate: desert, tundra, tropical and temperate.Unit 4: Temperature and rainfall characteristics of different climates {bar and line graphs) Chinate graphs present information about the monthiy averaye ier erat rainfall of places. The information is combined on one graph. Temperature is shown asaline graph Monthly rainfall is shown as twelve bars within each climate graph (On pages 50 to 52 there are climate graphs for each of the nine kinds of climate we ‘examined in Unit 3. u ™ Tropical climate Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec a Preawitetion —— Temperature Figure 14 Andagoya in CLARE SEuth America, has a wer ropcl climate Subtropical climate a Subtropical climates have two main Summer and winter. Summer temperatures average above 20°C. Winter temperatures are aroun © °C. Annual precipitation is over 1 000 mm =Preciptatio. 190 40 160 30 eo ne E10 og § 100 og & ao 10 E i ae 30 40 50 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec no ——Temperature FFigure 15 Brisbane in Australia has a subtropical climate.Temperate climate Temperate climates have miid summers and cool winters. The average yearly temperature s 10 °C} The total yearly rainfall is about 400 mm. i 200 * ‘80 E “ 160 » = 00 20 g Ete oe 100 ° = “| Eco ae 40, —= 30 rer 2 “0 ° * Jan Feb Mar Aor May Jun Jul Avg Sep Oct Nov ac Precpitaton ——Torperatuve Figure 16 Milan in taly has a temperate climate Desert climate Desert climates receive less than 250 mm of rain a yéar. Some deserts have high day ‘time temperatures and low night time temperatures Temperature (°C) Jan FeO AprMay Jun Ju AugSSep Oct Now Dae dl Inttion Temperature 17 EL-Oasr el-Akhdar in Fgypthasa desert cimate. Semi-desert imate = zemni-desert climates receive jetween 250 mm and 500mm San ofrainayear.The temperature range between day and night = 40 o usually high. Eien e 100 3 i: Eo i « oe in “0 ° Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nove Precitaton Temperature Fi @18Gaborone Botswana has asemi-desert climate. 50Continental climate Rainfall is between 500 mm and 1 250 mma year. Summer temperatures. can rise to 20°C for three or four months, Winter temperatures can drop below 0°C for six months. 200 180 160 | Precipitation (mm) o8seeses Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Precipitation ——Temperature Figure 19 Moscow in Russia has a continental climate. Polar climate No month has an average temperature above freezing. Precipitation, which is in the form of snow, is low. Artarcticn 200 —-—__— 180 40 160 | ha E 140 rE ss = ep ae E120 0 jo ° 004 0 2 0 2 40 30 a 40 ° 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Precipitation ——Temperature Figure 20 Antarctica has an extreme polar climate. Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)Tundra and mountain climate ‘Average summer temperatures are between 2°C and 12°C. Annual precipitation is, between 100 mm and 400 mm. Yoiutek 200 1980 160 gu 3 E20 e 8 100 3 Eno 5 i é ot &S Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct NovDec Precipitation ——Temperature Figure 21 Yukutskin northern Russia has a tundra climate. Mediterranean climate ‘Average summer temperatures are above 20°C. Average winters temperatures are between 10°C and 15°C. The yearly rainfall is between 400 and 600 mm. Cope Town 200 180 160 “Temperature (°C) Figure 9 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun J Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec rains mmm Precpitation Temperature 22 Cape Town, In South Ales Wester Cape has. ametitemanean imate, Describe climate characteristics (assessment asd skils:6,9) 1 Choose one kind of climate from this unit. 3. a. Give the highest and lowest average temperatures of this climate. b. Wh _ isthe average annual precipitation? Describe this kind of climate, of the five factors influencing climate affect this climate? Give reasons.Unit 5: Climate regions of the worid Map with climate regions {here are different climate regions in the world. The men on this pace shows the I eLinks between climate regions and factors that fluence temperature and rainfall Latitude a foug ‘Mountains: ‘Mountains can help to increase rainfall by Latitude influences every climate forcing moist airto se and cool, and release region. Climate regions occur in rain, Mountains cen also block air from hezortal bands at ollow ines of blowing inland. This can Cause certain areas latitude, Climates are generally colder with to be drier, warmer or cooler depending on increased distance from the equator the characteristics of the air. The Himalayas in northern India prevent w rm moist air from Se reaching central China. Distance from the sea rent cigrents Sa Distance from the sea means ‘that some parts of continents . Factors Ee are dry because the winds i ce rainfall Ocean ‘that reach them are dry. and ratu ‘Some areas on the west coast Summers are warm because climate regions of continents next to cold ‘the land heats up to high Beinn ocesr currents Fave cesar temperatures. Winters are and semi-desert climates, for cold because there are no ‘example the Namib Desert warm winds from the sea to ude in Namibia, Warm ocean warm the land. currents are responsible for the location of the temperate and Altit subtropical climates. Temperatures decrease with u Ititude. Each of the factors that influence climate can be cancelled ‘out by the affect of altitude. For ‘example, the high mountains on he equator have tundra and polar Consolidate your understanding of climate regions {Assessment aimsand skis: 2,6, 9) 1. Order the nine climate regions, mentioned on pages 45 to 48, in distance from the poles. Start with the climate region that is closest to the poles. 2. Describe two ways the oceans influence the climate of certain areas. 3.__ Explain how it is possible for places on the equator to have a tundra climate. 4, How do mountain ranges such as the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg and the Himalayas influence temperature and rainfall?