1 Ideal gas equations

Ideal gas equation

P = ρRT (1)
Differential ideal gas equation
dP dρ dT
= + (2)
P ρ T
Entropy change
T2 P2
s2 − s1 = cP ln − R ln (3)
T1 P1
Sound speed
a2 = γRT (4)
Mach number
v
M= (5)
a
Mach angle
1
sin µ = (6)
M
Mass flow rate
ṁ = ρAv√   γ+1 (7)
P0 γ γ − 1 2 2−2γ
ṁ = √ AM 1 + M (8)
RT 0 2
Specific enthalpy
h = cP T (9)
Specific gas constant
γ−1
R = cP (10)
γ

2 Reynolds Transport Theorem

The Conservation of mass

ρin Ain vin = ρout Aout vout (11)
The Conservation of energy (first law of thermodynamics)
δq − δw = dh + vdv + gdz (12)
The Conservation of momentum (ignoring friction)
P 1 + ρ1 v 21 = P 2 + ρ2 v 22 (13)
The Second law of thermodynamics (friction or no friction)
1 1
h1 + v 21 = h2 + v 22 (14)
2 2

1
3 Variable-area (isentropic) flow

The Hugoniot equation

dA dv
= (M 2 − 1) (15)
A v
The expansion ratio
" γ+1
# 2−2γ
γ+1
A 1 2
= (16)
A∗ M 1 + γ−1 2 M
2

The stagnation temperature ratio

 
T0 γ−1 2
= 1+ M (17)
T 2
The stagnation pressure ratio
  γ
P0 γ − 1 2 γ−1
= 1+ M (18)
P 2
The stagnation density ratio
  1
ρ0 γ − 1 2 γ−1
= 1+ M (19)
ρ 2

4 Normal shock waves

Shock Mach number

2
M 21 + γ−1
M 22 = 2γ 2
(20)
γ−1 M 1 − 1
Stagnation pressure ratio
γ
! γ−1 1
− γ−1
γ+1 2 
P 0,2 2 M1 2γ γ−1
= M2 − (21)
P 0,1 γ−1 2
2 M1 + 1 γ+1 1 γ+1
Static pressure ratio
P2 2γ γ−1
= M2 − (22)
P1 γ+1 1 γ+1
Stagnation temperature ratio
T 0,2
=1 (23)
T 0,1
Static temperature ratio
γ−1 2

 2γ 2

T2 1+ 2 M1 γ−1 M 1 −1
= (γ+1)2
(24)
T1 2
2(γ−1) M 1

Flow velocity ratio / Inverse static density ratio

v2 ρ1 1 + γ−1 M 2
= = γ+12 2 1 (25)
v1 ρ2 2 M1
Shock star area ratio
A∗,1 P 0,2
= (26)
A∗,2 P 0,1

2
5 Friction-affected (Fanno) flow

Hydraulic diameter
4A
DH = (27)
C
Fanning friction factor
τw
f= 1 2 (28)
2 ρv
Fanno parameter length
" ! !#
4f `∗ 1 γ+1 1 1 γ+1 M2
= − − ln + + ln (29)
DH γ 2γ 1 + γ−1
2
γM 2 2γ 1+ γ−1
2 M
2

Sonic stagnation pressure ratio

γ+1
! 2γ−2
γ−1 2
P0 1 1+ 2 M
= γ+1 (30)
P 0,∗ M 2
Sonic pressure ratio
s
γ+1
P 1 2
= γ−1 (31)
P∗ M 1+ 2 M
2

Sonic temperature ratio

γ+1
T 2
= γ−1 (32)
T∗ 1+ 2 M
2

Sonic velocity ratio / inverse sonic density ratio

s
γ+1
v ρ∗ 2
= =M (33)
v∗ ρ 1 + γ−1
2 M
Sonic entropy difference
 γ+1 
! 2γ−2
γ−1 2
1 1+ 2 M
s0 − s0,∗ = −R ln  γ+1
 (34)
M 2

6 Diabatic (Rayleigh) flow

Heat absorption
q = cP (T 0,2 − T 0,1 ) (35)
Sonic static pressure ratio
P 1+γ
= (36)
P∗ 1 + γM 2
Sonic static temperature ratio
 2
T (1 + γ) M
= (37)
T∗ 1 + γM 2
Sonic stagnation pressure ratio
" γ

# γ−1
P0 1+γ 1 + γ−1
2 M
2
= (38)
1 + γM 2 1 + γ−1


P 0,∗ 2

3
Sonic stagnation temperature ratio
2
1 + γ−1
 2


T0 (1 + γ)M 2 M
= (39)
1 + γM 2 1 + γ−1


T 0,∗ 2

7 Oblique shock waves

Shock Mach number

2
M 21 sin2 (β) + 2
γ−1
M 22 sin (β − θ) = 2γ (40)
2
γ−1 M 1 sin2 (β) − 1
θ-β-M relation
M 21 sin2 (β) − 1
 
tan (θ) = 2 cot (β) 2 (41)
M 1 (γ + cos (2β)) + 2
Maximum shock wave angle
 
1
q
2 2 4 2
sin (β) = (γ + 1) M 1 − 4 + (γ + 1) [(γ + 1) M 1 + 8 (γ − 1) M 1 + 16] (42)
4γM 21
Stagnation pressure ratio
" γ
# γ−1
γ−1
P 0,1 1 + γM 22 sin2 (β − θ) 1 + 2 M 21
= (43)
P 0,2 1 + γM 21 sin2 (β) 1 + γ−1 2
2 M2
Static pressure ratio
P1 1 + γM 22 sin2 (β − θ)
= (44)
P2 1 + γM 21 sin2 (β)
Static temperature ratio
T2 1 + γ−1 2 2
2 M 1 sin (β)
= (45)
T1 1 + γ−1 2 2
2 M 2 sin (β − θ)

8 Prandtl-Meyer flows (expansion fans)

Prandtl-Meyer function
r r
γ+1 −1 γ−1 2 p
ν (M ) = tan M − 1 − tan−1 M 2 − 1 (46)
γ−1 γ+1
Turn angle
ν ∗,2 = ν ∗,1 + θ (47)
Static temperature ratio
γ−1 2
T2 1+ 2 M1
= γ−1 2
(48)
T1 1+ 2 M2
Static pressure ratio
" γ
# γ−1
γ−1 2
P2 1+ 2 M1
= γ−1 2
(49)
P1 1+ 2 M2