Power System Planning Assessment For Optimizing Renewable Energy Integration in The Maluku Electricity SystemSustainability Switzerland

sustainability
Case Report
Power System Planning Assessment for Optimizing Renewable
Energy Integration in the Maluku Electricity System
Tumiran Tumiran 1, *, Lesnanto Multa Putranto 1 , Roni Irnawan 1 , Sarjiya Sarjiya 1 , Candra Febri Nugraha 1 ,
Adi Priyanto 2 and Ira Savitri 2
1 Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Grafika Street No. 2,
Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; lesnanto@ugm.ac.id (L.M.P.); roniirnawan@ugm.ac.id (R.I.);
sarjiya@ugm.ac.id (S.S.); candra.febri.nugraha@ugm.ac.id (C.F.N.)
2 PT PLN (Persero), Trunojoyo Street, Blok M-I No. 135, South Jakarta, DKI Jakarta 12160, Indonesia;
adi.priyanto@pln.co.id (A.P.); ira.savitri@pln.co.id (I.S.)
* Correspondence: tumiran@ugm.ac.id
Abstract: The planning of electrical power systems in remote island areas poses a few challenges,
such as requiring many load centers, various energy sources, and certain geographical conditions,
which leads to inefficiencies in energy production. For this reason, it is necessary to plan an electrical
transmission system to efficiently transfer the power between load centers. Previous research has
found that the completion of the most economical power system will be achieved in 2050 on the
condition that the Ambon, Seram, Haruku, and Saparua (Ambon-SHS) systems are interconnected in
2025. Providing complementary support, this paper conducts a power system analysis to assess the
proposed interconnection system in Maluku Island, which has several islands, small load centers,
and local renewable energy resources. The power system analysis was performed using DIgSILENT
PowerFactory and was carried out every 5 years of the system planning period until 2050. The results
show that the design of the obtained transmission system meets the standard security criteria, which
Citation: Tumiran, T.; Putranto, L.M.; include thermal loading and voltage, being under both normal and N-1 contingency conditions, a
Irnawan, R.; Sarjiya, S.; Nugraha, C.F.; short-circuit current, voltage stability, frequency stability, and transient stability. Finally, this paper
Priyanto, A.; Savitri, I. Power System demonstrates that the proposed plan is economically and technically feasible.
Planning Assessment for Optimizing
Renewable Energy Integration in the Keywords: interconnection system assessment; power system analysis; static analysis; dynamic
Maluku Electricity System. analysis; renewable energy resources; Maluku Island
Sustainability 2022, 14, 8436. https://
doi.org/10.3390/su14148436
Academic Editor: Akbar Maleki

1. Introduction
Received: 20 April 2022
Accepted: 21 June 2022
Infrastructure for power systems is required for industrial and economic growth.
Published: 10 July 2022
Electricity consumption is a good indicator of a country’s economic growth, particularly in
developing countries [1]. Among ASEAN countries, Indonesia was ranked sixth in 2014,
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with an average electricity consumption of 812 kWh per capita [2]. In comparison, Malaysia
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
and Singapore have nearly six to nine times higher electricity consumption than Indonesia.
published maps and institutional affil-
One reason for the low electricity consumption is the fact that a considerable amount of
iations.
electricity is consumed by households to meet their most basic needs, as presented in
Table 1. In 2019, household electricity sales totaled 103,733 GWh (42.25%), while industrial
sales totaled only 77,879 GWh (31.72%) [3].
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
The different priorities among islands concerning electricity infrastructure planning
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. also contribute to the low average electricity consumption. In addition, the difficulties in
This article is an open access article providing electricity to eastern Indonesia are related to social, geographical, and demo-
distributed under the terms and graphic conditions [4], as it consists of over 17,000 islands. The majority of the islands
conditions of the Creative Commons are in the eastern part of Indonesia and are divided into two major regions, Maluku and
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// Papua, which are still underdeveloped when compared to other regions. Furthermore, the
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ communal areas in those islands are far apart, which presents another challenge in power
4.0/). system planning.
Sustainability 2022, 14, 8436. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148436 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

system planning.
Table 1. Energy sales per customer group [3].
Consumer Group Annual Energy Sales (GWh)

Sustainability 2022, 14, 8436 2 of 25
Household 103,733
Industry 77,879
Business
Table 1. Energy sales per customer group [3]. 46,901
Social Consumer Group
8622
Annual Energy Sales (GWh)
Others Household 8383 103,733
Industry 77,879
Business 46,901
These factors make it difficult toSocial
establish an electricity supply in Maluku
8622
and Papua.
Currently, the electric power systemOthers
in Maluku and Papua consists of 200 isolated
8383 systems
with low electricity consumption. In 2019, the average electricity consumption of eastern
Indonesia was only 390 These
kWh factors make it
per capita difficult
[3]. This to establish
value an electricity
is lower supply inIndonesia’s
than Jakarta, Maluku and Papua.
Currently, the electric power system in Maluku and Papua consists of 200 isolated systems
capital city, which has a value of 3236 kWh per capita [3]. Although it is still relatively
with low electricity consumption. In 2019, the average electricity consumption of eastern
low, the demand forIndonesia
electricity
wasinonly Maluku
390 kWhand Papua,
per capita [3].particularly in Maluku
This value is lower Province,
than Jakarta, Indonesia’s
has started to increase. Over
capital city,the last has
which 8 years,
a value electricity
of 3236 kWh sales
perin Maluku
capita have increased
[3]. Although by
it is still relatively
an average of 11%, from 337 GWh in 2011 to 599 GWh in 2018, as illustrated in Figure 1 has
low, the demand for electricity in Maluku and Papua, particularly in Maluku Province,
started to increase. Over the last 8 years, electricity sales in Maluku have increased by an
[5]. In 2028, the demand for electrical energy in Maluku Province is expected to reach 1206
average of 11%, from 337 GWh in 2011 to 599 GWh in 2018, as illustrated in Figure 1 [5]. In
GWh [5]. However, 2028,
due tothethe difficulty
demand in transferring
for electrical localProvince
energy in Maluku energyisresources,
expected to diesel
reach 1206gen-GWh [5].
erators continue to dominate
However, due thetoelectricity production
the difficulty in Maluku,
in transferring representing
local energy approxi-
resources, diesel generators
mately 90.1% of the continue
total generation
to dominate in the
2019 [3]. production in Maluku, representing approximately
electricity
90.1% of the total generation in 2019 [3].
Figure 1. Electric energy sales projections [5].

Figure 1. Electric energy sales projections [5].
Considering the carbon dioxide emissions, generation expansion planning (GEP) must
consider the emissions produced by generating units [6]. To avoid environmental problems
Considering the carbon dioxide emissions, generation expansion planning (GEP)
and ensure energy security, the future energy mix should include a greater proportion of
must consider the emissions produced
renewable energy by generating
[7]. Maluku has abundantunits [6]. To
potential for avoid environmental
renewable energy sources, such
problems and ensureasenergy security,
hydropower, wind,the future
solar, energy mix
and biomass. shouldMaluku
In addition, includehasa greater pro-
substantial biomass
energy resources, with a potential production forest area of 13,944.16 km 2 [4,8]. Some of
portion of renewable energy [7]. Maluku has abundant potential for renewable energy
the benefits of biomass energy include empowering the surrounding population to reduce
sources, such as hydropower, wind, solar, and biomass. In addition, Maluku has substan-
poverty, reducing emissions using carbon-neutral technology, restoring underutilized
tial biomass energyland,
resources, withthea land
and turning potential production
into a water retentionforest
area [9].area ofon13,944.16
Based km2
these considerations,
[4,8]. Some of the benefits of biomass
biomass-based powerenergy include
plants are empowering
a convincing option. the surrounding popu-
Seram Island has the greatest amount
lation to reduce poverty, reducing emissions using carbon-neutral of biomass potential. However,
technology, the load center
restoring
is on the island of Ambon (next to Seram). If the power plants
underutilized land, and turning the land into a water retention area [9]. Based on these are built near an energy
source, as is the case with the resource-based approach, then a transmission system is
considerations, biomass-based power plants
required to transport energy are
fromathe
convincing
location ofoption.
generation to the location of the load
Seram Island has the greatest amount of biomass potential.
center. Hence, transmission expansion planning is needed However, the load
to determine wherecenter
and when a
is on the island of Ambon (next to Seram). If the power plants are built near an energy
new transmission line should be built to meet load demand over a given time horizon [10].
A transmission interconnection option for the neighboring system can be considered to
optimize the utilization of local energy resources. In addition, the interconnection system’s
reliability and security should be evaluated using power system analysis.
In evaluating the criteria for system security, there are several technical parameters
to consider. Depending on the characteristics of the system, the evaluation criteria can be
determined based on the technical parameters. The common technical parameters used to
evaluate the system are presented in Table 2. To evaluate them, static and dynamic analyses
are required. The technical parameters based on static analysis include component loading,
voltage profile, short-circuit currents, N-1 contingency, voltage stability, and small-signal
stability [11,12]. On the other hand, the dynamic analysis includes dynamic voltage stability,
frequency stability, and rotor angle stability, and is based on a time-domain simulation [12].
Many previous studies have been conducted to evaluate the security criteria of a power
system. However, not every parameter is considered depending on the characteristics of
the power system. Some researchers evaluate the power system plan according to the
high penetration of renewable energy, such as solar [13,14], wind [15], or even both [16,17].
Those systems have intermittent characteristics, so general static and dynamic analyses are
required. The intermittency of wind and solar power becomes an important aspect in that
case. For that purpose, the prediction of intermittency is necessary to predict the wind and
solar output as presented in [18,19]. Another study focuses on how major disturbances can
affect the power system’s security and reliability as presented in [20], which focuses on
dynamic analysis and system contingency.
The evaluation of long-term power system planning should consider some time
horizons, and consists of some topology changes in the power system as presented in [21,22].
For that purpose, static and dynamic analyses should be performed to determine the power
system’s component rating. HVAC and a hybrid HVAC–HVDC interconnection were
decided on in [21], while two voltage levels for the proposed transmission system were
selected in [22]. The power electronic technology, such as many inverter topologies for
the energy conversion process, also plays an important role in the planning of the power
system with a high penetration of renewable energy as presented in [23]. In some cases,
the energy storage system technologies might be applied to increase the penetration of
renewable energy, as presented in [24,25].
Table 2. The state-of-the-art technical parameters that are considered in system security evaluation.
Technical Parameters
Reference Short- Small- Dynamic

Component Voltage N-1 Voltage Frequency Rotor Angle
Circuit Signal Voltage
Loading Profile Contingency Stability Stability Stability
Current Stability Stability
[13] 3 3 - - 3 - 3 3 3
[14] - 3 - - - - 3 - -
[15] 3 3 - - 3 - - - -
[16] 3 3 - - 3 - 3 3 3
[17] - 3 - - - - 3 3 3
[21] 3 3 - 3 - - - - -
[22] 3 3 3 3 3 3 - - -
[26] - - 3 - - - 3 - -
[27] - 3 - - - - - -
[28] 3 3 3 3 - - 3 3 3
[29] - - - - - 3 - - -
In a simple radial distribution system with distributed generation, it is necessary to

conduct a short-circuit analysis and a dynamic voltage analysis, as presented in [26]. In
the oil industry’s electricity network, which is also at the medium voltage level, the main
analysis focuses on the voltage profile [27]. In this power system, an automatic tap changer
and reactive power compensator are used to compensate for the system’s voltage profile.
The planning of a power system in 2030 with high renewable energy penetration dominated
by wind and solar generation was simulated in Korea [28]. The HVDC, FACTS, and TCSC
are invested in to increase the system’s penetration level. In this proposed power system
plan, static and dynamic analysis simulations are performed. The specific analysis of one
aspect of power system planning can also be performed as presented in [29], which focuses
on the small-signal stability analysis of wind-penetrated power systems.
The proposed Maluku power system plan was obtained from our previous work on
the design of the Eastern Indonesia Masterplan, as presented in [4], and the generation and
expansion planning of the Ambon-SHS system, including the decision to use interconnec-
tion, as presented in [8]. These papers show that the most economical plan will be achieved
if the Ambon-SHS are connected through a submarine interconnection system in 2025. In
supporting the proposed system planning process, a technical assessment based on power
system analysis is required. The main contribution of this paper is to assess the proposed
power system obtained from the long-term system planning of the Maluku system. The
assessment considers the security of AC power flow, N-1 contingency, short circuits, voltage
stability, frequency stability, and transient stability analysis based on applicable standards.
The technical evaluation of a specific power system in the Ambon-SHS is this paper’s novel
and original contribution. The assessment will determine whether the interconnection
system should be built.
The structure of this paper is as follows: the existing system, system planning, and
energy potential of Maluku region and the methods used to assess the power system’s
planning are described in Section 2. Then, the data used and the simulation parameters will
be described in Section 3. The result of the assessment is elaborated in Section 4. Finally,
Section 5 will summarize the conclusions and implications of the research results.
2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Maluku Power System
The Maluku power system is made up of four different islands: Ambon, Seram,
Haruku, and Saparua (Ambon-SHS). The existing electrical power system’s peak load (PL)
demand, and generation installed capacity (IC) are shown in Figure 2. Most of the demand
4, x FOR PEER REVIEW in Maluku is concentrated on the west side. The east side only has small isolated systems
5 of 26
separated by great distances. Moreover, the east part of Seram Island is dominated by the
forest. As a result, the western part of Maluku is more likely to be interconnected.
Figure 2. Map of the existing

Figure 2. Maluku
Map of thepower
existingsystem
Maluku[5].
power system [5].
In Seram, there are four subsystems, including Taniwel, Piru, Kairatu, and Masohi.
The current power system is still being developed to establish a transmission and
Based on the peak load demand, Ambon and Seram are classified as large systems, while
distribution network for each subsystem. The existing network is only a medium-voltage
distribution network in Ambon, which connects the Passo and Sirimau substations, along
the 12.3 km circuit [5]. However, from 2019 to 2028, the government will establish a plan
to construct 150 kV networks both in Ambon and Seram islands and upgrade the existing
70 kV line to 150 kV.
Haruku and Saparua are classified as small systems. Ambon has the largest demand, but
the area is relatively small. In addition, Ambon is the most populated island among the
four islands because the capital of Maluku Province, Ambon City, is located there [30].
The current power system is still being developed to establish a transmission and
distribution network for each subsystem. The existing network is only a medium-voltage
distribution network in Ambon, which connects the Passo and Sirimau substations, along
the 12.3 km circuit [5]. However, from 2019 to 2028, the government will establish a plan
to construct 150 kV networks both in Ambon and Seram islands and upgrade the existing
70 kV line to 150 kV.
Maluku Island has abundant renewable energy potential. Some of the energy sources
that can be found include hydro, wind, solar, and biomass. The potential for each energy
source is shown in Table 3. The biomass potential is huge in eastern Indonesia since there
is so much vegetation in the forest. More importantly, biomass energy is more controllable
compared to hydro, wind, and solar energy, which have an intermittent nature. In addition,
the reasonable generation cost makes biomass generating units a strong candidate for
power system planning in the Maluku power system.
Table 3. Renewable energy source potential in Maluku [4,8].
Renewable Energy Source Amount of Potential (MW)

Hydro 109.6
Wind 404.8
Solar 496,587.9
Biomass 18,385.3
The biomass energy potential is mainly located on Seram Island. Figure 3 shows
the map of the potential production forest area that can be utilized as a biomass supplier.
The total potential area is 96,192.14 km2 which is equal to 18,385.3 MW. According to the
previous study [31], five types of biomass have the potential to be used in the Maluku
region, one of which is Eucalyptus pellita. Because most of the electricity demand is located
4, x FOR PEER REVIEW on Ambon Island, it is necessary to build inter-island transmission lines to maximize
6 of 26 power
transfer and the utilization of biomass potential. This strategy is used to achieve the best
economic results while still adhering to technical requirements.
Figure 3. Map of the forests

Figure 3.toMap
support the primary
of the forests energy
to support of biomass
the primary energy[4,8].
of biomass [4,8].
2.2. Transmission Expansion Planning Assessment Method

Transmission plays a role in distributing electrical energy from generation to load.
Therefore, transmission expansion planning (TEP) is strongly influenced by the location
2.2. Transmission Expansion Planning Assessment Method

Transmission plays a role in distributing electrical energy from generation to load.
Therefore, transmission expansion planning (TEP) is strongly influenced by the location of
the generation. GEP is carried out to determine which power plant should be built, how
much capacity it should have, and when it should be built [32]. On the other hand, the
results of TEP show when the transmission candidate will be built. TEP optimization can
be carried out simultaneously with GEP to produce the most economical total cost. The
GEP and TEP of the Ambon-SHS system have been performed in previous studies [8]. This
study will complete the technical analysis of this previous planning by performing the
power system analysis to assess the technical security.
Transmission assessment includes power system analysis to determine the technical
feasibility of the plan for the transmission line. It is also intended to anticipate several
issues that may arise during the expansion of the generation system. The workflow
of the assessment is shown in Figure 4. The data needed to assess the power system
planning include the existing transmission system, the load forecasting result, the additional
generating unit, and the proposed transmission line candidates, which are provided by the
previous study [4,8]. After all of the data are collected, the power system is then modeled
for a particular year in the commercial power system simulation package DIgSILENT
PowerFactory [33], the user interface of which is presented in Figure 5. The proposed
power system for the different years was built in the single line diagram for each respective
year. Lines, generators, and load parameters were also adjusted, including the dynamic
parameter.
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW
After the modeling is complete, simulations are carried out to assess the obtained
7 of 26
model. The simulation consists of load flow analysis, N-1 load flow analysis, a short circuit
calculation, a voltage stability analysis, frequency stability, and transient stability.
Start
Data Collection:
1) Existing transmission system
2) Load forecasting result
3) Additional generation unit
4) Proposed transmission route
Static analysis Dynamic analysis
Modelling the
transmission system Frequency stability
for year Y Load flow analysis
analysis
Power system N-1 load flow Transient stability

assessment analysis analysis
Yes Short-circuit
Identify the calculation
Any violation?
violation
No Voltage stability
analysis
No
Y = 2050? Y=Y+1
Yes
Analyze the result
End
Figure
Figure4.4.Determination
Determinationworkflow
workflow for transmissionexpansion
for transmission expansionplanning.
planning.
Analyze the result
End
Figure 4. Determination workflow for transmission expansion planning.
Figure 5. DIgSILENTFigure
PowerFactory software
5. DIgSILENT interface
PowerFactory [33]. interface [33].
software
To validate
To validate transmission transmission
line line candidates,
candidates, several powerseveral system
power system analyses
analyses arearecon-
conducted.
The power system analyses performed in this study can be divided into two studies, namely
ducted. The power system analyses performed in this study can be divided into two stud-
static and dynamic analyses. Static and dynamic analyses are both based on the same initial
ies, namely static and dynamic
system operatinganalyses. Static
conditions. Theand dynamic
simulation analyses
is carried are both
out during based peak
the annual on load
the same initial system operating
conditions conditions.
to represent the mostThe simulation
stressed operating is conditions.
carried out during the an-
nual peak load conditions Thetostatic analysesthe
represent include
mostpower
stressedflow,operating
an N-1 contingency
conditions.analysis, short circuit,
and voltage stability. At the same time, the dynamic
The static analyses include power flow, an N-1 contingency analysis, short simulation carriedcircuit,
out includes
frequency stability and transient stability. If there are criteria that are not met, system
and voltage stability. At the same time, the dynamic simulation carried out includes fre-
modification is required. However, if nothing is violated, the simulation will be continued
quency stability and transient
in the followingstability. If there are
years. Simulations arecarried
criteria
out that are
for the not2020
years met, system
to 2050, with each
step taking five years.
The power flow analysis is performed to determine the transmission lines as well
as the transformer loading and voltage profile of the substation. At the same time, the
contingency analysis is a power flow analysis performed when one of the transmission
lines is faulted. The power flow analysis is carried out using the Newton–Raphson method.
The active and reactive power injections on bus i are shown in Equations (1) and (2),
respectively [11]. The power flow and contingency analysis results are then compared to
the grid code standards, as shown in Table 4. The maximum allowable power flow loading
under normal conditions is 80%. At the same time, the loading under the N-1 contingency
condition must not exceed 100%. Furthermore, the permissible voltage values for both
conditions are in the −10% to +5% range.
N
∑ j=1 |Vi |Vj Yij cos

Pi = θij + δj − δi (1)
N
Qi = − ∑ j=1 |Vi |Vj Yij sin θij + δj − δi

(2)
where,
Pi : net active power injection at bus i
Qi : net reactive power injection at bus i
Vi , Vj : voltage magnitude at bus i, j
δi , δj : voltage angle at bus i, j
Yij : the magnitude of the Y-bus element between bus i and j
θij : the angle of the Y-bus element between bus i and j
Table 4. Security criteria for the thermal loading and voltage [34,35].
Allowable Value
Criteria
Normal Operation N-1 Contingency
Voltage profile ≥0.9 p.u. and ≤1.05 p.u. ≥0.9 p.u. and ≤1.05 p.u.
Voltage angle difference
≤30◦ ≤30◦
between the substations
Loading of the transformer and
≤80% ≤100%
transmission line
The short-circuit current is the flow of excess current caused by disturbances in system
components. Short-circuit analysis is performed to determine the magnitude of the short-
circuit current at each bus if a component, i.e., a transmission line, is faulted. Based on
the standard, the short-circuit current has a certain limit at a certain voltage level. The
maximum allowable short-circuit current for transmission systems with a voltage rating
of 70 kV is 20 kA. At the same time, the maximum value for 150 kV is 30 kA, as shown in
00
Table 5 [36]. The short-circuit current that is measured is the initial short-circuit current (Ik )
in three-phase short-circuit conditions. The calculations for the initial short-circuit current
and the short-circuit impedance for a symmetrical fault are shown in Equations (3) and (4),
respectively [37]. For a rated voltage (Un ) of 1-550 kV, the voltage factor (c) used is 1.1 [37].
00 c·Un
Ik = √ (3)
3| Zk |
q
Zk = Rk 2 + Xk 2 (4)
where,
00
Ik : initial short-circuit current
c: voltage factor
Un : rated voltage
Zk : short-circuit impedance
Rk : total series resistance of one phase
Xk : total series reactance of one phase
Table 5. Short-circuit current limit at each voltage level [36].
Voltage Level (kV) Short-Circuit Current (kA)

70 ≤20
150 ≤30
The voltage stability is defined as the ability of the system to maintain a steady-state
voltage value on all buses after a disturbance occurs or if there is an increase in the load [38].
The voltage stability can be evaluated from the relationship between the bus voltage and
active power load that is represented by the P–V curve, as shown in Figure 6. If the bus’s
active power load is increasing, the bus’s voltage will decrease as a result of the increased
voltage drop. At a certain point, if the load continues to increase, a voltage collapse will
occur. This point is known as the critical point. The value of the active power load that
causes the voltage to reach a critical point is denoted as Pcrit . Based on [12], voltage stability
is achieved if the load is less than 90% of Pcrit .
increased voltage drop. At a certain point, if the load continues t
lapse will occur. This point is known as the critical point. The v
load that causes the voltage to reach a critical point is denoted
Sustainability 2022, 14, 8436 voltage stability is achieved if the load is less than 90% of 𝑃 .
9 of 25
Voltage (p.u.)
Critical
Point
Critical
Voltage
Load (MW)
Figure 6. P–V curve for the voltage stability evaluation.

Figure 6. P–V curve for the voltage stability evaluation.
The voltage stability simulation is performed by gradually increasing the load on the
bus and then executing the load flow’s simulation. The simulation is repeated until the
load flow’s solution cannot be obtained due to a nonconvergent solution, i.e., when the
The voltage stability simulation is performed by gradually in
voltage collapse occurs. Observations on the voltage stability are carried out one by one on
bus
eachand thenandexecuting
substation, theP–Vload
then the resulting curve flow's simulation. The simulat
is observed.
Frequency stability is defined as the ability of a power system to retain a constant
load flow's solution cannot be obtained due to a nonconvergen
frequency after a severe disturbance occurs that results in a serious imbalance between
voltage collapse
the generation and loadoccurs. Observations
[39]. The response of a generatoronto the voltage
an imbalance stability
between the ar
generation and load is expressed in the swing equation shown in Equation (5) [12].
on each substation, and then the resulting P–V curve is observed
Frequency stability ddtis f f0
=defined
2H
( Pm − Peas
) the ability of a power
(5) sys
frequency
where, after a severe disturbance occurs that results in a ser
the generation
f : system frequency and load [39]. The response of a generator to an
f 0 : factor initial frequency
generation
H: system inertia and load is expressed in the swing equation shown in
Pm : total mechanical power
Pe : total electrical power 𝑑𝑓 𝑓
= (𝑃point−of𝑃frequency
Frequency stability analysis is carried out to determine the lowest )
𝑑𝑡 2𝐻
(nadir) when a disturbance occurs in the system. Based on the Indonesian grid code [39], the
frequency nadir is allowed a deviation of ± 0.5 Hz from the nominal value of 50 Hz. If the
frequency drops below 49.5 Hz and the available generation reserves are not sufficient to
where,
return the frequency to normal, manual load shedding (LS) will be carried out. Furthermore,
if the frequency drops below 49 Hz, the under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) relay will
be triggered. There is a manual load shedding stage and seven automatic load shedding
stages in the defense scheme’s mechanism against the frequency drop, as shown in Figure 7.
If the frequency continues to fall under the last load shedding stage, the islanding operation
will occur.
more, if the frequency drops below 49 Hz, the under-frequency load she
relay will be triggered. There is a manual load shedding stage and seven a
shedding stages in the defense scheme's mechanism against the frequency d
in Figure 7. If the frequency continues to fall under the last load shedding
landing operation will occur.
f(Hz)
50.0
49.5 Manual LS
49.0 LS Stage 1
48.8 LS Stage 3
48.6 LS Stage 5
48.4 LS Stage 7
t(s)
Figure 7. Defense scheme stages and the triggering frequency [39].

Figure 7. Defense scheme stages and the triggering frequency [39].
The transient stability is one branch of rotor angle stability, namely, the ability of
the synchronous generator to remain synchronized with the system after a disturbance
The transient stability is one branch of rotor angle stability, namely, th
occurs [12]. When a disturbance occurs in a power system, the generator rotor angle will
synchronous
increase. If the generator to remain
rotor angle continues to risesynchronized with
and reaches a critical thethen
angle, system after a distu
the generator
willWhen
[12]. experience a loss of synchronism.
a disturbance occurs Critical
in aclearing
powertime (CCT) isthe
system, the maximum
generator duration
rotor angl
for the generator to remain synchronized after a disturbance [40]. To prevent the loss of
If the rotor angle continues to rise and reaches a critical angle, then the
synchronism, the disturbance must be cleared before the CCT. The CCT is calculated based
experience a losscritical
on the generator’s of synchronism.
angle (δc ), as shownCritical clearing
in Equation (6) [11].time (CCT) is the maxim
for the generator to remain synchronized
s after a disturbance [40]. To prev
2H (δc − δ0 )
synchronism, the disturbancetcct =must be cleared before the CCT. The
π f 0 Pm
(6) CCT
based on the generator's critical angle (𝛿 ), as shown in Equation (6) [11].
where,
tcct : system frequency’s critical clearing time
2𝐻(𝛿 − 𝛿 )
H: system inertia
𝑡 =
δc : total mechanical power’s critical rotor angle 𝜋𝑓 𝑃
δ0 : total electrical power’s initial rotor angle
f 0 : initial frequency
Pm : total mechanical power
where,A circuit breaker (CB) operates to clear faults with a certain duration. Based on [39],
𝑡the fault : clearing
system time of a CB for each
frequency's voltageclearing
critical level is limited,
time as shown in Table 6. If
the CB clearing time is shorter than the CCT, the generator will not experience a loss of
𝐻synchronism.
: system inertia
In other words, the longer the CCT, the better. In this analysis, the CCT
𝛿is observed: total
at all mechanical power's
transmission lines and the critical rotor
fault location angle in the middle of
is specified
𝛿the line.
: total electrical power's initial rotor angle
𝑓Table 6.:Faultinitial
clearingfrequency
time limit at each voltage level [39].
𝑃 : total mechanical
Voltage Level (kV) power Critical Clearing Time (ms)
66 150
150 120
275 100
A typical electrical power planning system is made up of three parts: load forecast-
ing, generation expansion planning, and transmission expansion planning. Each step is
completed in the proper sequence. Transmission expansion planning, load forecasting,
and generation expansion planning were already carried out in the previous step. Peak
load and energy demand during the planning period are included in load forecasting
data. These data have an impact on the transmission line’s ability to transfer electrical
3. Simulation’s Set-Up
power from the generation to the demand side. When a transmission line becomes over-
A typical electrical power planning system is made up of three parts: load forecast-
loaded, it is necessarying, to generation
expand the transmission
expansion planning,by adding
and new expansion
transmission lines. At planning.
the sameEachtime,step is
generation expansioncompleted
planninginentails the sequence.
the proper installation and retirement
Transmission expansionofplanning,
power plants dur-
load forecasting,
and generation expansion planning were already carried out in the previous step. Peak
ing the planning period. These data are required to determine whether additional lines
load and energy demand during the planning period are included in load forecasting data.
for connecting new power plants
These data havetoanthe electrical
impact power system
on the transmission line’sare required.
ability to transfer electrical power
from the generation to the demand side. When a transmission line becomes overloaded, it
is necessary to expand the transmission by adding new lines. At the same time, generation
3.1. Load Forecasting Projection
expansion planning entails the installation and retirement of power plants during the plan-
The results of load
ningforecasting
period. Theseare
datavery influential
are required on thewhether
to determine resultsadditional
of system planning.
lines for connecting
If the results obtainednew
arepower
too low,
plantsthere
to thewill be anpower
electrical overinvestment. Moreover, if the result
system are required.
is too low, there will 3.1.
be reliability issues due to the insufficient system capacity [41]. For
Load Forecasting Projection
this reason, a proven forecasting method is needed. The load forecasting result that is used
The results of load forecasting are very influential on the results of system planning. If
in this study refers tothea results
studyobtained
performedare tooinlow,
[42]. The
there willload
be anforecasting
overinvestment. method
Moreover,employs
if the result
multivariate regression analysis
is too that
low, there willincorporates various
be reliability issues due tovariables. Thesystem
the insufficient modelcapacity
is widely [41]. For
this reason, a proven forecasting method is needed. The
used by electrical power companies around the world, with the hope that the resultingload forecasting result that is used
in this study refers to a study performed in [42]. The load forecasting method employs
output will be more precise andregression
multivariate accountable.
analysisFigure 8 depicts
that incorporates the load
various forecasting,
variables. The modelwith is widely
an average yearly peak usedload growthpower
by electrical of 4.78%.
companies around the world, with the hope that the resulting
output will be more precise and accountable. Figure 8 depicts the load forecasting, with an
average yearly peak load growth of 4.78%.
Figure 8. Peak load forecasting of the Maluku power system [42].
3.2. Generating Unit Candidates

Several types of power plant that are considered as options include gas-machine,
steam turbine, geothermal, biomass, hydro, wind turbine, and solar. Tables 7 and 8
display the installed capacity of the generating unit facilities, i.e., the total capacity and
energy generation, of the Maluku power system. Based on the proposed planning result,
hydropower and biomass are projected to have a substantial contribution to the overall
energy generation.
Table 7. The total capacity of each generating unit type in MW [4,8].
Total Capacity of Power Plant (MW)

Year
Gas-Machine Steam Geothermal Biomass Hydro Wind Solar
2020 129 0 0 0 0 0 0
2025 125 50 7 6 18.6 0 0
2030 125 80 7 6 72.6 0 0
2035 125 80 7 6 72.6 0 0
2040 125 80 7 6 72.6 37.7 3
2045 122.5 80 7 49 72.6 50.6 21.4
Table 8. The total energy production of each generating unit type in GWh [4,8].
Total Energy of Power Plant (GWh)

Year
Gas-Machine Steam Geothermal Biomass Hydro Wind Solar
2020 439.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2025 241.0 306.6 36.8 36.8 105.9 0.0 0.0
2030 117.3 490.5 35.7 36.8 247.8 0.0 0.0
2035 282.0 491.2 36.8 36.9 272.3 0.0 0.0
2040 339.0 515.7 39.1 39.2 319.5 66.7 3.2
2045 327.0 502.3 37.8 312.5 301.9 58.0 18.3
3.3. Transmission Line and Interconnection Candidates

The construction of the transmission line between subsystems follows two plans,
namely the plan based on Indonesia’s 2019–2028 Electricity Procurement Plan [5] and the
power system planning obtained in previous studies [4,8]. Figure 9 shows the transmission
line candidates for the Maluku system from 2020 to 2050 and the single line diagram is
shown in Figure 10. The total length of the transmission line addition is 680 circuit km, with
a single voltage level of 150 kV, as detailed in Table 9. Transmission line candidates that
will connect the islands of Seram, Saparua, Haruku, and Ambon are proposed to transfer
14, x FOR PEER REVIEW the biomass energy in Seram to the neighboring islands, the generating unit facilities
13 of 26 and
peak loads of which are presented in Tables 10 and 11, respectively. The optimal planning
will result in the inter-area interconnection being built by 2025.
Figure 9. Map of the Figure

transmission
9. Map ofline
the candidates
transmission [4,5,8].
line candidates [4,5,8].
Figure 9. Map of the transmission line candidates [4,5,8].
Figure 10. Single line diagram

Figure 10. of theline
Single transmission line
diagram of the candidates.
transmission line candidates.
Table 9. Transmission line candidates [4,5,8].

Table 9. Transmission line candidates [4,5,8].
Length
From Bus To Bus Year Built Length
(Circuit km)
From Bus To Bus Year Built
Piru Kairatu 2020 (Circuit km)
110
Piru Masohi Kairatu Kairatu 2020 2020 110 210
Piru Taniwel 2022 60
Masohi PassoKairatu Sirimau 2020 2025 210 12
Piru WaaiTaniwel Haruku 2022 2025 60 30
Haruku Saparua 2025 48
Passo KairatuSirimau Saparua 2025 2025 12 40
Waai Haruku 2025 30
Haruku Table 10. TheSaparua 2025
installed generating unit capacity of the Ambon and SHS 48system [4,8].
power
Kairatu Saparua Installed Capacity2025 (MW)

40
Year
Waai Passo Sirimau Wayame Haruku Saparua Kairatu Piru Taniwel Masohi
2020 60 27 0 0 0.3 3 0 4.5 0 0
2025 10 27 0 3 1.3 5.3 0 19 0 0
2030 15 27 0 3 1.3 5.5 0 19 1.5 0
2035 15 27 0 3 1.3 5.5 0 19 1.5 0
2040 15 27 74 3 4.3 26.4 0 30 1.5 0
2045 55.4 439.1 187 153 20.3 33.9 140 25.5 5.4 95.2
Table 11. The peak load of the Ambon and SHS power system [4,8].
Installed Capacity (MW)

Year
Waai Passo Sirimau Wayame Haruku Saparua Kairatu Piru Taniwel Masohi
2020 0 22.1 34.3 13.7 0 3.1 4.1 3.1 0 7.5
2025 0 29.4 44.2 21.5 1.6 4.4 5.7 4.3 1.3 10.4
2030 0 36.9 54.2 30.5 2.1 6 8.3 5.6 1.7 13.4
2035 0 44.6 65.3 40.7 2.5 8.1 12.9 7.1 2.1 15.8
2040 0 52.9 77.1 53.1 2.9 10.8 19.1 8.9 2.4 18.2
2045 0 61.7 85 67.8 3.1 14 27.3 11 2.7 20.6
4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Effect of the Interconnection
The construction of inter-island transmission lines changes the pattern of power flow
and generator loading. Figure 11a shows the total generation and peak load demand of
the Ambon system. In this case, Seram, Haruku, and Saparua (SHS) are assumed to be in a
group, and their load and generation are shown in Figure 11b. In both groups of regions, the
load demand always increases over the planning period. However, different things happen
in the power generation trend of the two regions. In Ambon, the generation began to
decrease in 2040 and only increased slightly in the following years. The situation in which
the generation is smaller than the load indicates that the system is importing power from
another system. On the other hand, the generation in SHS continues to increase and get
higher than the load demand. This shows that the power generated in SHS is not entirely
absorbed by the load in that region, but is exported to another area, namely Ambon.
The power transfer between the regions of Ambon and SHS is possible because
submarine lines are connecting them. The construction of submarine interconnection
between Ambon and SHS altered the power flow between the systems, as illustrated in
Figure 12. After the interconnection is built, the new power flow starts from Kairatu to
Saparua, Haruku, and ends in Ambon. The power flow generally flows from Seram to
Ambon, where the load center is located.
Figure 13 shows the magnitude of the power transfer between the regions of SHS
and Ambon. A positive value indicates the power flow from SHS to Ambon. Because the
transmission line is expected to be completed in 2025, the power flow between regions
will begin in that year. A significant rise will begin to occur in 2035 and it will continue
to experience a similar increase until 2050. This is due to the rapidly increasing number
of generations in the SHS region, especially renewable energy sourced from biomass,
hydropower, wind, and the sun.
Figure 14 shows the overall energy mix in the Ambon-SHS interconnection system.
For 2025, the energy mix is shown in Figure 14a. The additional power plants are hydro,
coal, biomass, and geothermal power plants. The contribution of SHS areas is 260 GWh, at
33%. In 2035, as seen in Figure 14b, the SHS areas will have begun to contribute more to
the overall energy mix, with a total contribution of 386.4 GWh, at 39%. In the final year
of planning, the total generation of the system will be dominated by generations from
the SHS region, as shown in Figure 14c. The generation system in SHS is responsible for
1055.1 GWh, at 57% of the total generation. Biomass-powered generation dominates the
generation from the SHS region, with a contribution of 26% to the overall energy mix.
This shows that the construction of an inter-area transmission system can maximize the
potential of biomass energy in the SHS region by transmitting the energy to Ambon.
the load demand always increases over the planning period. However, different things
happen in the power generation trend of the two regions. In Ambon, the generation began
to decrease in 2040 and only increased slightly in the following years. The situation in
which the generation is smaller than the load indicates that the system is importing power
from another system. On the other hand, the generation in SHS continues to increase and
Sustainability 2022, 14, 8436 get higher than the load demand. This shows that the power generated in SHS is not en- 15 of 25
tirely absorbed by the load in that region, but is exported to another area, namely Ambon.
y 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 26
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 26
(a)
(b)
Figure 11. Total generation and load demand in (a) Ambon and (b) SHS.
The power transfer between the regions of Ambon and SHS is possible because sub-
marine lines are connecting them. The construction of submarine interconnection between
Ambon and SHS altered the power flow between the systems, as illustrated in Figure 12.
After the interconnection is built, the new power flow starts from Kairatu to Saparua, Ha-
(b)
ruku, and ends in Ambon. The power flow generally flows from Seram to Ambon, where
Figure 11.
the load center isFigure Total
located. generation and load demand in (a) Ambon
11. Total generation and load demand and (b) and
in (a) Ambon SHS.(b) SHS.
The power transfer between the regions of Ambon and SHS is possible because sub-
marine lines are connecting them. The construction of submarine interconnection between
Ambon and SHS altered the power flow between the systems, as illustrated in Figure 12.
After the interconnection is built, the new power flow starts from Kairatu to Saparua, Ha-
ruku, and ends in Ambon. The power flow generally flows from Seram to Ambon, where
the load center is located.
Figure 12. The power flow

Figure 12.direction,
The power installed capacity,
flow direction, and peak
installed load of
capacity, the
and Maluku
peak Island
load of sys- Island system
the Maluku
tem in 2050.
in 2050.
Figure 13 shows the magnitude of the power transfer between the regions of SHS and
Ambon. A positive
Figurevalue
12. Theindicates
power flowthe power
direction, flow from
installed SHS
capacity, andtopeak
Ambon.
load ofBecause the
the Maluku trans-
Island sys-
mission line istem in 2050. to be completed in 2025, the power flow between regions will
expected
begin in that year. A significant rise will begin to occur in 2035 and it will continue to
Figure 13 shows the magnitude of the power transfer between the regions of SHS and
20
0
ustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Year
10013. Power transfer between the regions of Ambon and SHS.

Figure
80
Figure 14 shows the overall energy mix in the Ambon-SHS interconnection syst
Power (MW)
For 2025, the energy mix is shown in Figure 14a. The additional power plants are hy
60
coal, biomass, and geothermal power plants. The contribution of SHS areas is 260 G
at 33%.
40
In 2035, as seen in Figure 14b, the SHS areas will have begun to contribute m
to the overall energy mix, with a total contribution of 386.4 GWh, at 39%. In the final y
of planning,
20 the total generation of the system will be dominated by generations from
SHS region, as shown in Figure 14c. The generation system in SHS is responsible for 10
GWh,0at 57% of the total generation. Biomass-powered generation dominates the gen
tion from the SHS
2020 region,
2025 with a contribution
2030 2035 2040 of 26% to the2050
2045 overall energy mix. This sh
that the construction of an inter-area
Year transmission system can maximize the potentia
biomass energy in the SHS region by transmitting the energy to Ambon.
Figure 13. Power transfer between the regions of Ambon and SHS.
Figure 13. Power transfer between the regions of Ambon and SHS.
Geothermal
36.8
Figure 14 shows the overall energy mix in the Ambon-SHS interconnection sys
Biomass
For 2025, the energy mix is shown in Figure 14a. The 36.8additional power plants are hy
coal, biomass,Coal
and geothermal power plants. The contribution of SHS areas is 260 G
at 33%. In 2035,
306.6as seen in Figure 14b, the SHS areas will have begun to contribute m
Hydro
to the overall energy mix, with SHSa total contribution of 386.4 GWh, at 39%. In the final
105.9
of planning, the total generation[] of the system will be dominated by generations from
LNG
SHS region, as shown in Figure 14c. The generation112.5 system in SHS is responsible for 1
GWh, at 57% of theLNG total generation. Biomass-powered generation dominates the gen
tion from the SHS region,
180.4 with a contribution of 26% to the overall
Dieselenergy mix. This sh
that the construction of an inter-area transmission system can4.8 maximize the potenti
biomass
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW energy in the SHS region by transmitting the energy to Ambon. 17
Geothermal (a)
36.8
Geothermal
35.7 Biomass
36.8
Coal
306.6
Coal Hydro
Hydro
247.8
490.5 SHS Biomass
SHS 105.9
[] 36.8
[] LNG
LNG
112.5
101.8
LNG
180.4 Diesel
LNG 4.8
67.4
(b)
(a)
Figure 14. Cont.
Biomass Wind Solar
125.3 16.9 13.2
Geothermal
37.3
Biomass
478.7
LNG
67.4

(b)
Biomass Wind Solar

125.3 16.9 13.2
Geothermal
37.3
Biomass
478.7
Coal SHS
496.5 [] LNG Hydro
231.3 288.4
Solar Wind
LNG 22.1 34.5
107.2
(c)
Figure14.
Figure 14.Power
Power generation
generation (GWh)
(GWh) of theof the overall
overall system
system (left) and(left) and SHS
SHS (right) (right)
in (a) in (a)
2020, (b) 2020, (b)
2035,
2035,
and (c)and
2050.(c) 2050.
4.2. Evaluation of The Proposed Power System Planning

4.2. Evaluation
4.2.1. Power FlowofAnalysis
The Proposed Power System Planning
4.2.1.Figure
Power15 Flow
depictsAnalysis
the voltage profile of the Ambon-SHS interconnection system’s
150 kV substation during
Figure 15 depicts the the voltage
planningprofile
period of
from
the2020 to 2050 with
Ambon-SHS a 5-year interval.
interconnection system’s
The voltages in all substations are still within the permissible range, ranging from 0.9 to
kV substation during the planning period from 2020 to 2050 with a 5-year interval.
1.05 p.u. The voltage on the new substation in Sirimau appears in 2045 and 2050 because
voltages
the in all
substation is substations are operating
projected to start still within the permissible
in 2045. At the end of range, ranging
the planning year,from
the 0.9 to
p.u. Thesubstation
Wayame voltage on the new to
is expected substation in Sirimau
have the lowest appears
voltage, which is inat2045
0.953and
p.u.2050
Thisbecause
substation
is because theis Wayame
projected to startisoperating
substation one of the in 2045.substations.
furthest At the endAtofthe the planning
same time, year,
the Taniwelsubstation
Wayame
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW substation is ispredicted
expectedtoto have thethe
have highest voltage
lowest magnitude,
voltage, whichatis1.01
atofp.u.
18 26 A p.u. Th
0.953
slightly over-voltage on the Taniwel substation is caused by the line capacitance
because the Wayame substation is one of the furthest substations. At the same time connecting
Piru and Taniwel, as well as the reactor’s configuration.
Taniwel substation is predicted to have the highest voltage magnitude, at 1.01 p.u
slightly over-voltage on the Taniwel substation is caused by the line capacitance conn
ing Piru and Taniwel, as well as the reactor's configuration.
Figure 15. Voltage profile on each substation under normal conditions.

Figure 15. Voltage profile on each substation under normal conditions.
Figure 16 depicts the loading of several transmission lines with high loading occurring
throughout
Figure 16 the planning
depicts period.ofAll
the loading line loadings
several remain
transmission within
lines with safe
highlimits,
loadingat occur-
less than
80% under normal conditions. At the end of the planning year, the Waai–Passo
ring throughout the planning period. All line loadings remain within safe limits, at less line is
expected to have the highest line loading, at 58.86%. This is because
than 80% under normal conditions. At the end of the planning year, the Waai–Passo linemost of the power
plants onto
is expected Ambon Island
have the are located
highest in the at
line loading, Waai area. This
58.86%. The power flowmost
is because resulted in power
of the 3.14 MW
of losses,
plants or approximately
on Ambon 0.88%in
Island are located ofthe
theWaai
total area.
generation.
The power flow resulted in 3.14 MW
of losses, or approximately 0.88% of the total generation.
Figure 16 depicts the loading of several transmission lines with high loading occur-
ring throughout the planning period. All line loadings remain within safe limits, at less
than 80% under normal conditions. At the end of the planning year, the Waai–Passo line
is expected to have the highest line loading, at 58.86%. This is because most of the power
Sustainability 2022, 14, 8436 plants on Ambon Island are located in the Waai area. The power flow resulted in 3.14 MW18 of 25
of losses, or approximately 0.88% of the total generation.
Figure 16. Loading of the several transmission lines under normal conditions.
Figure 16. Loading of the several transmission lines under normal conditions.
Figure 17 depicts the difference in the voltage angle between two substations connected
byFigure
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW the aforementioned
17 depicts thelines. The difference
difference in theangle
in the voltage voltage angle istwo
between stillsubstations
within safeoflimits,
19 con-26
which are less than or equal to 30 ◦ . The largest voltage difference at the end of the planning
nected by the aforementioned lines. The difference in the voltage angle is still within safe
limits, is 0.53◦are
yearwhich , which is located
less than on to
or equal the30°.
Waai–Passo line.
The largest voltage difference at the end of the
planning year is 0.53°, which is located on the Waai–Passo line.
Figure 17. Difference in the voltage angle between several busses under normal conditions.
Figure 17. Difference in the voltage angle between several busses under normal conditions.
4.2.2.
FigureContingency
17. DifferenceAnalysis
in the voltage angle between several busses under normal conditions.
4.2.2. Contingency Analysis
Contingency simulation is used to determine the impact of an outage of a single com-
Contingency
4.2.2. Contingency
ponent simulation
voltage is
Analysis
on the substation and used
lineto determine
loading. This the impact ofcontingency
simulation’s an outage of a single
event is
component
a tripContingency on the substation
on the most simulation voltage
is used
heavily loaded and
to determine
line. line loading.
the impact
Figure 18 depicts This
the of simulation’s
an outage
voltage of aon
profile contingency
single
eachcom-
sub-
eventfollowing
ponent
station is the
on a trip on the most
substation heavily
voltage
a contingency. loaded
and line
Throughout line.
loading.
the Figure
This
planning 18 depicts
simulation’s
period, the voltage
contingency
the overall profileison
event
magnitude
each
a trip substation following a contingency. Throughout the voltage profile on each overall
the planning period, the
of the on the most voltage
substation's heavily remains
loaded line. Figure
within 18 depicts
permissible limits. sub-
magnitude of the substation’s voltage remains within permissible
station following a contingency. Throughout the planning period, the limits.
overall magnitude
of the substation's voltage remains within permissible limits.
Figure 18. Voltage profile on each substation under contingency.

Figure 18. Voltage profile on each substation under contingency.
Figure
Figure 18 and
18. Voltage Figure
profile on 19 show
each the contingency
substation simulation results for the line loading
under contingency.
and the voltage difference, respectively. In 2045 and 2050, the line loading of Waai–Passo
is notFigure 18 and
recorded Figure
because 19 show the
Waai–Passo is contingency simulation
the faulted line. resultsas
This happens forit the
hasline
the loading
highest
and the voltage
loading difference,
during those years.respectively.
Even thoughInall2045 and loadings
the line 2050, the are
lineincreasing,
loading of they
Waai–Passo
are still
Figures 18 and 19 show the contingency simulation results for the line loading and
the voltage 20 of 26 is not
difference, respectively. In 2045 and 2050, the line loading of Waai–Passo
recorded because Waai–Passo is the faulted line. This happens as it has the highest
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 26loading
during those years. Even though all the line loadings are increasing, they are still below
the standard limit of 100%. Furthermore, the difference in voltage between the substations
remains below the specified standard limit of 30◦ , as presented in Figure 20.
Figure 19. Loading of several transmission lines under contingency.

Figure 20. Difference in voltage angles between several busses under contingency.
4.2.3. Short
4.2.3. ShortCircuit Analysis
Circuit Analysis
Figure
4.2.3. Short 21 depicts
Circuit
Figure the
Analysis
21 depicts magnitude
the magnitude of the symmetrical
of the symmetrical short-circuit
short-circuitcurrent at the
current Am-Ambon-
at the
bon-SHS
SHS interconnection
interconnection system substation. It can be seen from all of the short-circuit
4.2.3.Figure
Short 21 depicts
Circuit thesystem
Analysis magnitudesubstation. It can be seen
of the symmetrical from all ofcurrent
short-circuit the short-circuit
at the Am-current
current values that the overall short-circuit current value is still less than the allowable
values
bon-SHS that the overall
interconnection short-circuit
system current
substation. It value
can be is
seen still less
from than
all of the
the allowable
the Am-limit of
short-circuit
limitFigure
of 30 kA 21for
depicts the magnitude
a voltage level of 150of kV.the
Assymmetrical
a result, the short-circuit
existing power current
system at network
current
30
bon-SHS kAvalues
for a that the
voltage
interconnection overall
level ofshort-circuit
150 kV. As current
a result,value
the is still
existing less than
power the
systemallowable
network can
can withstand short-circuitsystem
events.substation.
The largestItshort-circuit
can be seencurrent
from all of the
at the endshort-circuit
of the plan-
limit of 30
withstand
current kA
values for a voltage
short-circuit level of
events. 150 kV. As
The largest a result, the
short-circuitexisting
is current power system
still lessatthan
the the network
endallowable
of the planning
ning year is 6.35that
kA,the overall
which short-circuit
is located current
at the Saparua value
substation.
can
limitwithstand
year is 6.35
of 30 short-circuit
kA,
kA for events.
which islevel
a voltage located The
of 150 largest
atkV.
theAs ashort-circuit
Saparua substation.
result, currentpower
the existing at the system
end of the plan-
network
ning year is 6.35 kA, which is located at the Saparua substation.
can withstand short-circuit events. The largest short-circuit current at the end of the plan-
ning year is 6.35 kA, which is located at the Saparua substation.
Figure 21. Symmetrical short-circuit currents at each substation.


Figure 22 shows the relative value of the load demand to the critical poin
each substation. A load demand above 90% of the 𝑃 is considered to cau
instability. From the simulation, it is found that during the planning period, v
bility is obtained in the substation. This is indicated by the load21demands of 26
th
Sustainability 2022, 14, 8436
below 90% of 𝑃 . The highest value is recorded on the Sirimau bus in 2045. 20 of 25
shows the P–V curve of the Sirimau substation in that year. During that period
4.2.4. Voltage Stability Analysis
on4.2.4.
the Sirimau
Voltage
Figure
bus
Stability
22 shows
isrelative
87 MW,
theAnalysis
while the 𝑃 was recorded at 182.5 MW. In oth
value of the load demand to the critical point (𝑃 ) at
the
eachexisting operating
substation.
Figure 22 A load the
shows point
demand isvalue
above
relative located
90% ofat
of the 48%
the
load ofisthe
𝑃demand to 𝑃
considered , meaning
to cause
the critical (Pthat
pointvoltage the volt
crit ) at
bus is still
instability.
each stable.
From
substation.theAsimulation,
load demand it is above
found 90%
that of
during
the Pthe planning
crit is period,
considered voltage
to cause sta-
voltage
instability.
bility is obtainedFrom simulation, This
in the substation. it is is
found that during
indicated by the the
loadplanning
demands period, voltage
that are still
stability
below 90% is 𝑃 . The
ofobtained inhighest
the substation.
value isThis is indicated
recorded on theby the load
Sirimau bus demands
in 2045.that are still
Figure 23
below 120%
90% of
shows the P–V curve P . The highest value is recorded on the Sirimau
Taniwel
bus in
crit of the Sirimau substation in that year. During that period, the load
Kairatu Piru
2045.
Masohi
Figure 23 Saparua Haruku Passo Sirimau Sirimau New Wayame
on the Sirimau bus is 87 MW, while the 𝑃

shows the P–V curve of the Sirimau substation in that year. During that period,
was recorded at 182.5 MW. In other words, the load on
202
100% bus is 87 MW, while the P was recorded at 182.5 MW. In other words, the
thethe Sirimau
existing operating point is located at 48% crit of the 𝑃 , meaning that the voltage on the
Demand /Pcrit
busexisting
is still
80%operating
stable. point is located at 48% of the P crit , meaning that the voltage on the bus is 202
still stable.
60% 203
120% Kairatu Piru Taniwel Masohi Saparua Haruku Passo Sirimau Sirimau New Wayame
40%
100% 2020 203
Demand /Pcrit
80% 2025 204

20%
60% 2030
0% 204
40% 2035
205
20% 2040
0% 2045 Lim
2050 Crit
Substation Limit
Critical Point
Substation
Figure 22. Load demand to 𝑷𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕 ratio at each substation.
Figure 22. Load demand to Pcrit ratio at each substation.
Figure 22. Load demand to 𝑷𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕 ratio at each substation.
Figure 23. P–V curve of the Sirimau substation in 2045.

Figure 23. P–V curve of the Sirimau substation in 2045.
4.2.5. Frequency Stability Analysis
Figure
4.2.5. 23. P–V curve
Frequency of the
Stability Sirimau substation in 2045.
Analysis
The frequency nadirs resulting from the worst contingency in each year are shown
The frequency nadirs resulting from the worst contingency in each year are shown
in Figure 24. It can be seen that, during the planning period, the frequency nadirs are
4.2.5. Frequency
in Figure Stability
24. It can Analysis
be seen that, during the planning period, the frequency nadirs are
above the limit of manual LS at 49.5 Hz. This means that the system will not lose any load
above the limit of manual LS at 49.5 Hz. This means that the system will not lose any load
demandThe
demand duefrequency
to to
due load nadirseven
shedding,
load shedding, resulting
eventhough
thoughafrom
major
a majorthe worst occurs.
disturbance
disturbance contingency
occurs.For in each
Forexample,
example,inin year
2050, the
in 2050,
Figurefrequency nadir
24. It can
the frequency is at 49.69
beisseen
nadir Hz due
that,
at 49.69 to the
during
Hz due outage of a coal
the planning
to the outage power plant
period,
of a coal power in Ambon,
plant the frequency
in Ambon,
as shown
as shownin Figure 25.25.
in Figure
above the limit of manual LS at 49.5 Hz. This means that the system will not los
demand due to load shedding, even though a major disturbance occurs. For e
2050, the frequency nadir is at 49.69 Hz due to the outage of a coal power plant
as shown in Figure 25.
Figure 24. Frequency nadir in each simulation year due to generator outages.
Figure 25. Frequency response due to Ambon coal PP unit 1 outage in 2050.
Figure 25. Frequency response due to Ambon coal PP unit 1 outage in 2050.
4.2.6.25.Transient
Figure FrequencyStability
responseAnalysis
due to Ambon coal PP unit 1 outage in 2050.
4.2.6. Transient Stability Analysis in the analysis is the most critical, i.e., the shortest. The
The CCT that is evaluated
4.2.6.
TheTransient
shortest CCTCCT Stability
in iseach
that Analysis
simulation
evaluated in the year is shown
analysis is theinmost
Figure 26. Iti.e.,
critical, canthe be shortest.
seen thatThe all of
the
shortest CCTs
TheCCT are
CCTinthatabove
each the CB
is simulation clearing
evaluated in year time standard
theisanalysis
shown in for
is Figure
the most 150 kV, which
26.critical,
It can be is
seen
i.e., 120
thethatms. The
all of The
shortest. fault
the
CCTslocations
shortestareCCT that
above caused
inthe
each the lowest
CBsimulation
clearing time CCT
year for each
standard
is shown forinyear
150 are which
kV,
Figure MVPP
26. isto120
It can Waai
be ms.
seen (2020),
The Gas-PP
thatfault
all of theAP
loca-
to Incomer
tions
CCTs
Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW that caused
are above Waai–Passo
theCB
the lowest (2025–2035),
CCT
clearing time PVyear
for standard
each Harukuare150
for tokV,
Haruku
MVPP (2040
to Waai
which and
ms.2050),
(2020),
is 120 Gas-PP
The and
faultAP
23 Hydro
to
loca-
of 26
tions that caused the lowest CCT for each year are MVPP to Waai (2020), Gas-PP AP tothe
PP
Incomer Wai Tala to
Waai–Passo Incomer Masohi–Kairatu
(2025–2035), PV Haruku (2045).
to The
Haruku simulation
(2040 and results
2050), show
and that
Hydro all
PP
Wai generators
Incomer in the system
Tala Waai–Passo
to Incomer can remain
Masohi–Kairatu
(2025–2035), in sync
PV(2045).
Haruku Thedespite
to disturbances.
simulation
Haruku results
(2040 andshow2050),thatandallHydro
the gen- PP
erators
Wai Tala in to
theIncomer
system Masohi–Kairatu
can remain in sync despite
(2045). Thedisturbances.
simulation results show that all the gen-
erators in the system can remain in sync despite disturbances.
Figure 26. The shortest CCT in each simulation year.

Figure 26. The shortest CCT in each simulation year.
4.2.7. Assessment Summary

Table 12 depicts a recapitulation of the simulation results. The simulation was con-
ducted every 5 years during the planning period under certain operating conditions, es-
pecially during the peak load condition. To assess the system's security, the power flow
4.2.7. Assessment Summary

Table 12 depicts a recapitulation of the simulation results. The simulation was con-
ducted every 5 years during the planning period under certain operating conditions,
especially during the peak load condition. To assess the system’s security, the power flow
analysis, short-circuit analysis, and dynamic analysis were simulated. The power flow
analysis demonstrates that the system remains in a normal state of voltage profile and
component loading, both under normal conditions and when one of the lines is faulted.
This condition is important for providing the power system’s component sizing when the
power system would expand. In addition, the short-circuit current caused by the fault is
also within the limits specified, i.e., 30 kA. The short-circuit analysis would more likely
correlate to the system’s protection.
Table 12. Summary of the power system’s security evaluation results.
Planning Period
Analysis Parameter
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Voltage profile Meets the limit of 0.9–1.05 p.u.
Difference in the voltage angle
Load flow under Less than 30◦
between substations
normal conditions Loading of the transformer and
Less than 80%
transmission line
Voltage profile Meets the limit of 0.9–1.05 p.u.
Difference in the voltage angle
Load flow under a Less than 30◦
between the substations
Contingency of the N-1 line Loading of the transformer and
Less than 100%
transmission line
Short circuit Symmetrical short-circuit current Less than 30 kA
Voltage stability Operating point Load demand of less than 90% of Pcrit
Frequency stability Frequency nadir Above 49.5 Hz
Transient stability CCT Longer than 120 ms
For the dynamic analysis, the voltage, frequency, and transient stability were simulated.
The voltage stability analysis reveals the system loading margin during certain operating
conditions. The results of the voltage stability analysis show that the system’s substations
were stable throughout the planning period and still have a significant margin for additional
demand. The frequency stability was assessed by deteriorating the system with the active
power loss in the system. For that purpose, the generator outage was simulated. In the
case of the most severe generator outage, the system can still respond well by keeping
the frequency nadir above 49.5 Hz. This means that other generators can respond to the
generation imbalance rapidly. Finally, the great disturbance was simulated to assess the
CCT of each generator. The CCT of all generators remains above 120 ms, indicating that
the CB has enough time to clear the disturbances so that all generators do not experience a
loss of synchronism. Both static and dynamic simulation results demonstrate that all the
parameters assessed meet the allowable limits, indicating that the development design for
the proposed power system is technically feasible.
5. Conclusions
A power system assessment of the proposed power system in Maluku Island was
conducted in this research. The proposed power system would interconnect the Ambon-
SHS system, which currently operates as an isolated system. The power system consists
of power flow analysis, N-1 contingency, short-circuit currents, frequency stability, and
transient stability. The assessment was executed under different operating conditions
within the planning horizon period. From the simulation result, the proposed power
system plan is technically safe and capable of meeting electricity demands until 2050.
The proposed power system plan would optimize the utilization of biomass energy on
Seram Island and transmit the electric power to the load center on Ambon Island. Under
this scheme, the generation from biomass energy is projected to reach 33% of the total
generation, exceeding the coal energy mix of 27%. This target is achievable because the
power generated in the SHS area can be transmitted to Ambon Island, at which point the
demand will increase. In 2050, power transfer from SHS to Ambon is expected to reach
89.8 MW, which is projected to serve 35% of Ambon’s peak demand. Because the plan for
the power system can meet the economic and technical criteria, it can be realized in the
Maluku power systems.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, T.T., L.M.P., S.S. and R.I.; methodology, L.M.P., S.S. and
R.I.; software, L.M.P. and S.S.; validation, T.T., L.M.P., S.S., R.I., C.F.N., A.P. and I.S.; formal analysis,
T.T., L.M.P., S.S., R.I. and C.F.N.; investigation, T.T., L.M.P., S.S. and R.I.; resources, L.M.P., S.S., R.I.,
A.P. and I.S.; data curation, T.T., L.M.P. and I.S.; writing—original draft preparation, T.T., L.M.P., S.S.,
R.I. and C.F.N.; writing—review and editing, L.M.P., S.S., R.I. and C.F.N.; visualization, L.M.P., S.S.,
R.I. and C.F.N.; supervision, T.T.; project administration, T.T. and L.M.P. All authors have read and
agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not appliable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not appliable.
Data Availability Statement: Not appliable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Abbreviations
AC alternating current
CB circuit breaker
CCT critical clearing time
GEP generation expansion planning
HVAC high-voltage alternating current
HVDC high-voltage direct current
IC installed capacity
LS load shedding
MVPP marine vessel power plant
PL peak load
PP power plant
SHS Seram, Haruku, and Saparua
SLD single line diagram
TEP transmission expansion planning
UFLS under-frequency load shedding
TCSC thyristor-controlled series compensator
FACTS flexible AC transmission system
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sustainability

Academic Editor: Akbar Maleki

Sustainability 2022, 14, 8436. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148436 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Table 1. Energy sales per customer group [3].

Consumer Group Annual Energy Sales (GWh)

Figure 1. Electric energy sales projections [5].

Reference Short- Small- Dynamic

In a simple radial distribution system with distributed generation, it is necessary to

2. Materials and Methods

Figure 2. Map of the existing

Table 3. Renewable energy source potential in Maluku [4,8].

Renewable Energy Source Amount of Potential (MW)

Figure 3. Map of the forests

2.2. Transmission Expansion Planning Assessment Method

2.2. Transmission Expansion Planning Assessment Method

Power system N-1 load flow Transient stability

Analyze the result

Figure 4. Determination workflow for transmission expansion planning.

θij : the angle of the Y-bus element between bus i and j

Table 5. Short-circuit current limit at each voltage level [36].

Voltage Level (kV) Short-Circuit Current (kA)

Figure 6. P–V curve for the voltage stability evaluation.

Figure 7. Defense scheme stages and the triggering frequency [39].

Figure 8. Peak load forecasting of the Maluku power system [42].

3.2. Generating Unit Candidates

Table 7. The total capacity of each generating unit type in MW [4,8].

Total Capacity of Power Plant (MW)

Total Energy of Power Plant (GWh)

3.3. Transmission Line and Interconnection Candidates

Figure 9. Map of the Figure

Figure 10. Single line diagram

Table 9. Transmission line candidates [4,5,8].

Kairatu Saparua Installed Capacity2025 (MW)

Installed Capacity (MW)

4. Results and Discussion

y 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 26

Sustainability 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 26

Figure 12. The power flow

10013. Power transfer between the regions of Ambon and SHS.

Sustainability 2022, 14, 8436 17 of 25

Biomass Wind Solar

4.2. Evaluation of The Proposed Power System Planning

Figure 15. Voltage profile on each substation under normal conditions.

Figure 18. Voltage profile on each substation under contingency.

Figure 19. Loading of several transmission lines under contingency.

Figure 19. Loading of several transmission lines under contingency.

Figure 21. Symmetrical short-circuit currents at each substation.

Figure 21. Symmetrical short-circuit currents at each substation.

Figure 23 Saparua Haruku Passo Sirimau Sirimau New Wayame

on the Sirimau bus is 87 MW, while the 𝑃

80% 2025 204

Figure 23. P–V curve of the Sirimau substation in 2045.

Figure 26. The shortest CCT in each simulation year.

4.2.7. Assessment Summary

4.2.7. Assessment Summary

Table 12. Summary of the power system’s security evaluation results.

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