Conoree BY Oscillators 3.1. Istkopection (Orcillator isa circuit that can generate sinusoidal signal without any inpet. It can any desire frequency Also we can say it convert de input or de eneray to a energy oe a signal output 3.2. OSCILLATOR PriscipLes ‘We can convert * ve feed back ta oscillator by Barkhauson criterion S21. + ve feedback so fe | if ws reas where, V, and V, are in same phase vi=v,+V, V, = ACV, + V)) =AV, + AV, = AV, ABV, 2 V4(I-AB)= AN, where, A, gain with feedbackA. gain without feedback, - 8. Feetoc factor 8) hop sain fr oaillaseV, = DandV =, 9V, = pa So.AB = Also total oop gain sO oe 360 Barkhauson Criterion Thiscondition convert + ve feedtuck oan oscillate Where + ve foadback give damping ‘output signal but oscillator give undamping output signal AB=T ic loop gain and, total phase shift ofthe loop i or 360 or inegral mui of (28) “which gives A= 2 Soinfnitely small signal canbe amplified toa measurable signal. it ‘an able to amplify very small noise signal vjepv, Sy Fe for sustain ofociltion AB slighty rattan Le AB > 1 Osci..ator Tyres Types of components Frequency of Types of waveform sed oscillation generated RCosillaoe Andiofequeney(AF) Sina Cosi Radio equncy (PF) Square wave Crystal ocilatoe Triangular wave sawtooth wave 3. 3. Frequency Stability ‘The ability ofthe oscillator circuitto oscillate atone exact frequency sealed frequency stabiy. In most cases these variations can be kept small by careful design, by using regulated power supplies and by temperature control. Also figure of merit Q of the 9x10 (Ve) Ralnioe 2 = R =0333K2 +10 ‘The value of R should be in the range of 2K > To 3.63 Duty cycle adjustment Niw : Duty cys can be aerated by introdecing« Variable de voltage int the inverting terminal of A, So there is potentia mer arrangement, bth side of de. voltages +c and Vis potentomete plied. Depending upon he sjustmentthe de. voltage canbe adustet. pointers the middle then there wil ben supply would appeae atthe on ‘averting terminal. Soat that ime output is triangular. (Rise time = Fal time) it is more closer towards Vg, then it wll ke more time to rise because ith to first over-come the negative voltage. So itis more closer to wards +c then it wll take moe time to fall because i is first to overcome the positive voltage. So [iene =i Ree (rms os ut wn pnt te fatine 37 Quaomn Asie sharin ant sie aia pat ofA ire Frat opamp so The second op network os fe The wal folowing way Th Pea Phase shit eed sti 0360 how This quae is where 8,oscar 37 3.7 Quavrature Osci.tator ‘A its name implies, the quadrature oscillator generates two signal (sine and cosine) that ae in quadrature, thats, out of phase by 90°. Although the actual location of the sine and cosines arbitrary, in the quadrature oscillator of Figure the output of Ais labeled a sine and the ‘output of A, isa cosine. This oscillator requires a dual op-amp and three RC combination, The first op-amp A is operating inthe noninverting mode and appears asa noninverting integrator. ‘The second op-amp A2 is followed by a voltage divider consisting of R, and C,. The divider network forms a feedback circuit, whereas A, and A, form the amplifier stage. ‘The total phase shift of 360°around the loop required for oscillaion is obtained in the following way. The op-amp A, isa pure integrator and inverter. Fig.3.11 Quadrature osilator.A, and A, dual op-amp : 458/383, Hence it contributes ~ 270" or (90°) of phase shift. The remaining ~ 90° (or 270°) of phase shift needed are obtained a the voltage divider R,C, and the op-amp A,. The total phase Shift of 360", however, is obtained at only one frequency f, called the frequency of oscillation. This frequency is given by f, = i given by fy a) where R, C, = R,C, = R,C, = RC. At this frequency, 1 A a)date oscilatr fora desired equene SH008° 2 value fe eat Tos mplify desi AUTON, choy te dito, R, ny bea ptentiometer inode 10 itz, The op-amp isthe 1587 = ,=0.01yF and R,=R,=R,=100kq. However, may Bea 208, en potentiometer, which can be adjusted for andisoted ouput wave forms he ot frequency in the ft decade, wh” ‘SUMMARY AA filter is often a frequency-selective circuit that passes a specified band of frequencies and attenuates signals of frequencies outside this band Filters may be classified in a number of ways : analog or digital, passive or active, audio or radio frequency. ‘The most commonly used filters are the following (2) Low-pass filter (©) High-pass iter (©) Band-pass filter (@)Band-rejectfiter (©) Alk-pass fiter AA low-pass filter has a constant gain from 0 Hz to a certain freuency called the cutoff frequency fy, at which the gain is dewn by 3 4B. Above f, the gain decreases with an inerease in frequency. On the otber hand, a high-pass filter passes all the frequencies above a certain frequency called the low cutoff frequency f,. The upper cutoff frequency of the high-pass filter, however, depends on the bandwidth of the aop-amp, A band-pass filter has a passband between two cutoff frequencies f, and f, such that f,> f,. Any input frequency outs de tis passband is attenuated. The band- reject filter performs exactly opposite to the band-pass, in that it has a stopband between two cutoff frequer fi, and f,. Finally, the all-pass filter has input and ‘output amplitudes equal at all frequencies; however, the phase shift between the two is a function of frequency. The order of the filter indicates the rate at which the gain changes while the input frequency is approaching or exceeding the cutoff frequency of the filter, For example, in the first-order low-pass filter, for f> f, the gain decreases at the rate of 20 dB/ decade, whereas in the first-order high-pass filter the gain increases at the rate of 20 dB/decade until f= f,. Similarly, in the second order filter the change in the rate of the gain is 40 dB/decade, in the third order 60 dB/decade, and so on.5 Tcomver a lowpass Fier nto a high-pass iter, oF vee versa imply inter tec trom a oie a0 6 Merete canoeing wig ind conor es Fy example thied ordeftericonsracoy asain eta S00Ond dee, ‘Mouth ederis formed by cascading tw second order filters; and soon. 7. Thee areswo pps ofan pa ites; wide and past a narow Band PSA wi ‘ants ite cn be ome singly by acaing highs an OW PS tions. Oy ‘cher, the mui etic trio he rarow band pas iter As with bandpass the, band fiers can be eter wide bnd-eject a aro andj. The we bande ite formedsng a gh-pas ter, low pas ie, aa summing amplifier. The opts of low-pa ad highpan Piers aS topether though a smig alifes The narrow band ree fier on alee oh er uses he win-T etre lly sed fo the ‘ston oa singe equney, ch 6s power ine fequescy hum 9 The alka ier dst ut wha mane sages. provides uty gsin wit Predictable phase sis for dierent pat eqnncien, 10 Bascal the function ofan olor is vefoms Ossi ar cassied econ freguenty of esilation. and the ype ot requirement foros ert aerating current ovo voltage gto the typeof components used, the ‘eveloon petersed. There are twe (4) Themsgniade of te oop (2) These phase sith 9p pain mst eo) ‘Te weirs, pase sit ad gender aey sisi oils. nal hesitate egueegEOMMY sed of the RC te constant “S00 eens uncon A squre wave ouput waveform i geet ithe, ‘moving reettivey bine positive an nepine ‘triangular wave st integrate he sure nace ert an be fomed by ang a compartr eg eH5H he These PnP is forced 2 rotation FM Define List he most ec What are the ‘What is a Define an os ‘What are thet How ae oscil Whats reget what isa veo Define Noth ‘The cual eg low-pass techie, Draw frequene2 The sawtooth waveform has a rise time many times longer than the fall time or vice versa. The triangular wave generator using @ comparator and an integrator ean be converted to obtain a sawtooth waveform. ‘The sillator whose output frequency depends on the amplitude ofthe input voltage {s called a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) or voltage-to-frequency (V/F) converter. The VCO is used in phase-locked-loop circuits and for frequency ‘modulation (FM), among other things. Snort Tyre Questions Define a filter, How ar filters classified ? List the most commonly used filters What is a passband anda stopband for a filter? What are the advantages of active filters over pasive ones? What isan all-pas filter ? Where and why is it needed ? Define an oscillator. What are the two requirements for of How are oscillators classified ? What is frequency stability ? Explain its signifinance. What is a VCO ? Give two applications that requite a VCO. Define Notch-out frequency. ‘The cutoff frequency of a certain first-order low-pass filter is 2 kHz. Convert this low-pass filter to have a cutoff frequesicy of 3 kHz by using the frequency scaling technique Draw frequency response curves forthe low-pass filters in above problem. ee— 20, andA,= 10. Wht modifications are neces specifications = 2 kHz, Q. the filter circuit to change the centr frequency f10 1 KHZ, Keeping the euin ge bandwidth constant? 4 For the allpass filter figure, determine the phase shift # Between the input ang ‘output at f = 2kHz, To obtain a positive phase sift 4, what modifications ay ‘necessary inthe circuit ? Draw the schematic diagram of « Wien bridge oscillator. 6 Acertain Wien bridge oscillator uses R= 4.7 KQ,C=0.01 HF, and R,=2R,. Wha is the frequency of oscillation ? Draw the schematic diagram ofa sawtooth wave gererator. Also, draw its input and ‘output waveforms, & For the VCO of figure determine the change in output frequency if V,_ is varied between 9V and I1V. Assume that +V, = 12V,R, = 15 ka, R, = 1002, R, = 68 KA. and C, =75 pF 9. In the VCO of figure, if =V. = 15V, Ve =13Vard€, approximate change in output frequency 10068 uF determine the iFR, is varied from 4 KO to 18k |. Design a first order low pass filter so that it has a cutof pass band gain of 1 frequency of 2 kHz and ¢ 2 Design a second order low pass fier a eutotT frequency of 1.2 kg 3. Design fist order high pas iter st cutoff fegteny of 400 Hz and a passband sain of 1 4 Design a second-order highpass iter ta cutoff frequency oft yy 5 Design wideband pas iter with = 400,62 and pasaang Also draw an approximate frequency response plot forthe filter = 6 Design a narrow band pass filter so that f,= 2kHz,Q = 20, and, 0. 7. Design a wide band-reject filter using first order high-pass and low. F855 Filters havin f= 2 kHz and f, = 400 H2, respectively % ee eee .Questions. Differentiate between firs and second order band reject, Define the term frequency scaling with example What ae the procedures for universal filter design ” state the princiles of oscillators 8 g Forth lips fer shown vie isha in the figure, determine the | soe Nis y the figure, dete 20KO por ar LI aucaritenee (1 Se input and output atf=2kHz. ® 3 wetertremes WO Lets shift @, what modifications 7 aay 102 are necessary in the circuit ‘ Y Explain the operation of voltage controled oscillator. Deseribe how saw tooth wave is generated by using OPAMP ‘What is Voltage Controlled Oscillator ? Give any two applications that require a VCO. What san allpass filter? Where and why its needed? Define rise time and give its expression for cascaded compensated stages. Explain aout alk-pass filter and derive expression for phase shift For the allpass filter determine the phase shift between the input and output at 2 kHz. To ‘obtain a positive phase shif, what modifications are necessary inthe circuit? Explain the principle of oscillator. Explain Wien brige oscillator witha neat sketch jons F,= 965 Hz. Design the Wien bridge oscillator for a frequency of osci Explain with a neat sketch the operation of e Voltage-controlled negative resstane switching circuit fr bistable, astable, and monostabe operation wisth waveform. What do you mean by frequency response? "Write down the inpor response during design of a filer. ince of frequency Differentiate between low pass, high pass, band ass, band reject and all pass filters with ts practical applications. Distinguish between wide band and narrow band filters. bn“Coenen nem tnt some ge seHandpwstand n= 4 Ae dy ee paceman wave perc A840 HIN I gg Wie Timelinmnercoe ges ft estonia 0, rina Fn ry of 20h hat anf ih ge Ase wig RNa sey bo an enter compres tamer > cescipeetevrie ets oe the output if te bandwidth oF the Toya 90 Aste = yo bn vom. i