Grammar @ Put the lines of the dialogue in the correct order. (Clsharon Really? What have | forgotten? Cisharon No, you haven't. And I'm a bit angry, you know. | really want it back. Mike? You borrowed my MP3 player last week, didn’t you? Thanks, And if you find it, you'll ring it to school tomorrow, won't you? Of course | will. But Sharon ~ you've forgotten something, haven't you? Yes, | did, but I've given it back to you, haven't |? I'm the friend who downloaded all the music for your player! Oh? Well, 'm sorry. Ill 1ook for it at home, Your Ton Three Places in London | What are the best places to go to in London? Here are our readers’ top three ~ with some comments! ‘The Lontion Dungeon / just round the corner from London Bridge station, there's usually a big queue for London’s ‘most popular attraction these days ~ The London Dungeon. This underground museum is. all about prisons, torture and death during the history of London. ‘Brilliant! It's dark and cold and scary @ Read the text and write ‘the number of a place in each space. 1 You don't have to pay to goin —and I loved it!" 2 t's dark in oe nee (ye?) Covent Garden ete Cee tere meas <4 Until the 1970s, Covent Garden was a flower from here market, but now it has cool shops, cafés, 4 You often have to wait. restaurants and street theatre. Theatres and Ato go in: museums are close, too. ‘Tlove going there in the summer. You can ° a Rr ie many stand in the piazza and watch the street entertainment — and that’s great! 6 People sing and act i Aisha, 14 outside here. The Science Museum You can find three of London's biggest museums in Kensingion: the Natural History Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, and the Science ‘Museum. The last of these is the most popular with teenagers — and not only because i's free! ‘love it because there are a lot of ‘hands-on’ things ~ things to touch and pull Wand play with. Lots of fun!” Andy, 13 30° UNITS@ Read some more comments about the places. Circle a, b or c, 1_ ‘It's just got so many different things, 3 ‘it's cool. The old buildings are really like old machines and space modules. nice and there are good shops.” Great on a rainy Sunday!’ Megan, 14 Barney, 15 a. The London Dungeon a The London Dungeon b Covent Garden b Covent Garden © The Science Museum The Science Museum 2 ‘Fantastic — but it's scary, so go with 4. ‘Ilove looking at the exhibits, They're a friend! Jane, 13 fantastic.’ Tamsin, 15 a. The London Dungeon a The London Dungeon b Covent Garden b Covent Garden The Science Museum, ¢ The Science Museum Listening & ©@ Usten and complete the information. © Ghoose a place that you know. Write an information sheet to persuade English-speaking tourists to go there. acastle amuseum achurch/ cathedral an exhibition apark amarket amegastore Go to the vn Museum! It’s in sou Street. To get there you have to It's great. You can It’s open from to It costs UNITS «3132 Hi, my name's Brett. My | family, that’s Mum, Dad ‘Western Australia. Western and me, live in Broome in | Australia is about 80 times larger than Italy, but only 1.5 million people live there. Broome is a town in the north of Western Australia. It has a population of about 12,00 and is known for its famous It's right on the coast Cable Beach, which is 20km long. ‘We live in the town in a bungalow with a large garden, ‘At the weekends | often go fishing friends or my parents. We drive to Cal 9 oF swimming with my ble Beach and look for a quiet place to swim or to fish. We don't go swimming from October to March because there may be box. ili in ‘the water. The box jellyfish is cone of the most deadly jellyfish. %d set up camp about 20 In Australia, they Kill up to 65 metres from a river. Suddenly, people a year. If you get stung | at 3 o'clock in the morning, we my friend Shaun and his dad. We wanted to do some fishing by one, the best thing to dois | feltsomething pulling on our to pour vinegar over the area | tet. Shaun's father switched the of skin where the jellyfish has torch on and we quickly got out. « stung, That's why we always | ofthe tent and ran tothe car > | take a bottle of vinegar with us. | which was parked nearby. ‘Another dangerous animal ‘Shaun's dad started the car saltwater crocodile. A year ago | See @ big crocodile that was in Western Australia is the and in the headlights we could went camping in the bush with | pulling the tent into the river @ Circle the correct answer: a, b or c. UNIT 6 1 a The boy's name is a Shaun b Brett ¢ Broome He and his parents live in a a house b a bungalow ¢ aflat 4 Western Australia is about 6 When a jellyfish has stung a eight you, you should pour vinegar b eighteen a onyour skin © eighty b on the jellyfish times bigger than Italy ¢ into the water 5 Swimming in Broome is 7 On a camping holiday a dangerous crocodile attacked a in March a their car b from March to October b their tent ¢ from October to March © Shaun's father In Broome there are about a 1200 people b 12,000 people ¢ 1.5 million peopleVocabulary Jobs aS @ Fina eight words for jobs and write them under the pictures. =Epmo-m7OMO-FOv DRO-ZTBOA90UK2Z —remsz>mzrz4mo0z 4ZP40-voOromers>oH m>-cmonczeane @ ‘When you come back at about nine or ten, dinner will be waiting for you. Afterwards you may have a chat round the camp fire. When you go to bed, a guide will go with you to your bungalow or tent as there may be wild animals such as elephants of lions around. @ Answer the questions, 1 2 3 4 56 UNIT 10 What kind of animals can you see? What does the Okavango Delta look like? Where can you sleep at a camp? When does the morning drive start? How many hours does the morning drive last? What is a ‘mokoro’? When will you come back from the afternoon drive? Why will a guide go with you when you go to bed?_Language Focus Vocabulary Holiday words @ took at the pictures. Complete the phrases with the words and match them to the pictur hire learn arrive do go show visit take have Ten d2 one Some shopping 5 toscubadive 8 2 nnn @ CAP 6 on safari 9 3 ssoomsnannnmn YOUR passport — 7 ata campsite 10 4 a plane Tajking about holiday plans @ Complete the diatogue with the words below. interested do going weeks take lotsof animals A Have you got any ' for your holidays yet? B Yes, 'm* ‘to Botswana with my parents, A What are you going to * there? B My mum and dad are « in wildlife. A What Kind Of smn GaN you see there? B Elephants, hippos, giraffes, lions and ®.. others, ‘A How many’ will you be away? B Two. ‘A Are you going to* any photos? B Of course | am stayin a hotel a museum, .. breakfast plans UNIT10 57_ Grammar. Making deductions @ Write the sentences under the pictures. They mustbe twins. They can'tbe twins. He can’t be a tourist. He mustbea tourist. Itmustbe England. It can’t be England. @ Circle the correct option. James’ goldfish died last week. He can’t/ must be very sad. Ericafbwims an hour every day. She can't / must be very fit Lucy and William are painting their flat. They can't / must be very busy You slept until 11 this morning. You can’t / must be tired. He never listens to music, He can’t/ must know a lot of songs. She has a dog, a cat and a hamster. She can't/ must love animals, John got the best marks in the maths test. His parents can't / must be very pleased. Your football team is winning everything. You can’t/ must be happy. @ Think about six people. Write a sentence about each of them, making deductions. My mother is working late in the office. She must be very busy. My best friend Our English teacher People in my town People in New York 58 UNIT 10@ Mark the sentences N (normal passive) or ¢ (causative passive). I've had my hair cut. Do you like it? Yesterday the trees in our garden were cut down, Lots of cars were sold in the first half of last year. They had a swimming poo! built. Their new house was finished last week My dad's car was repaired by ane of his friends. Rewrite the sentences to include the causative have. 1 The teacher corrected our homework. 3 A gardener cut our trees. We had our homework Seetiaeitete We had 2 The new hairdresser is going to do my hair. 4 My uncle repaired my bike. I'm going to 2 thad my infinitives of purpose doin the sentences together. Use to and because. 1 Tom bought a new car. He wants to go on a holiday with it. Tom bought a new car to go on holiday. J Tom bought a new car because he wants to geon holiday with it. My dad took out his credit card. He wanted to pay. Mary phoned me. She wanted to tell me something. | hope you will have time. | want you to help me with my homework. She went into the kitchen. She wanted to make herself a cup of tea. | took some money with me, | wanted to buy myself an ice cream. Complete the sentences. 1 Mario stayed up late to 2 Kate went to bed at eight 3. Terry is saving money to because UNIT 10 59Grammar © Put the sentences in the correct places to complete the dialogue. Was it expensive there? Twant to have my hair coloured, too. They let my sister have her hair coloured. I had it cut on Saturday. Where did you have it done? Betty Have you had your hair cut? Helen Yes. ' Betty It looks really good! Helen = Thanks. | like it a lot, too. Betty ?........ Helen At Julio's — you know, the new hairdresser in town. Betty Oh, | know. 5 Helen Not really. I'm going back next week. Betty Why? Helen ‘ Betty — Wow. Will your parents let you? Helen Sure. Why not? * Sounds right question intonation SS @ listen and repeat. 1 What time is it? Is it 3 o'clock? 3. Who did that? Was it you? 2 How old is he? Is he sixteen? 4 Where are you going? Are you going to school? eee listening 2 @ Usten to the conversation. Circle T (True) or F (False). 1 Oliver thinks there are leopard skins in the shop window. TIE 2 They are just imitations TIE 3. The shop sells lots of animal products. TIE 4. The shop doesn't sell anything made of wood THF 5 Leopards are in danger. TF 6 Tourists bring 5,000 illegal wildlife souvenirs back to Britain every year. T/ F 7 Oliver thinks that buying ivory souvenirs is a good idea, TIF 60 UNIT 10@) Read the factfile and circle the correct answer. Leopards like water and they/re strong swimmers. They _paters but they belong to hos), jump 6 mets fontard and leopards. nf panthers are 3 metes sight up spote, but because they are 8G Leopards are the smallest oy ds are extremely black you can't see the spots. of the great cats They are strong. Aleopard can dimb Sf The leopard uses his spots Smaller than lon, tigers and as high as 15 metres up ate for camouflage. Tey lt him Jaguars: However, the male holding a dead animal in is get cose to is prey and tack leopard can be 50s bigger mouth, even one thats biger and ther by suprise. Like human 9 Leopards can also be monkeys, ts, fogs, sh, wid 8G Leopards lke to climb trees compl Black leopards are atten called hunt curing the day. Which of these is not a ‘great cat’? a panther bb tiger ocelot d leopard 2 Where do leopards usually sleep? a onthe ground b incaves¢ byrivers dd intrees How high can a leopard jump? aim b6m 15m d 58m 4 What does melanism do to a panther? a makes him lose his spots turns him black makes him hungry 5 How are leopards and lions similar? a They hunt at night. b They are ‘great’ cats. They are the same size. CUETO SCT te CT © choose another animal and write a factfile about it. Use the text above as a model can run very fas (58 klometres an exact the same family a spotted pee heavier than sel They hide their fingerprints, al leopards’ spos are 885 Leopards can hear five times food upinthe wees 0 that ns deere, better than humans. They cn of hyenas at get i Then heyy : 58 Leopards are not fussy. They harsonestatnecnthe an euler rae fae saieneoree ly black because of pigs and birds. Unie lions, which and sleep on the branches. a condition called ‘melanism’. only hunt at night, leopards aways UNIT 10@ Complete the dialogue with the words below. Then listen and check. stick fo the rules organise a protest should talk promise last year unfair Karen dulian Karen dulian Haren Julian Karen Julian Karen Julian Karen Julian Karen dulian Did you hear about the end-ofterm party? No, what about it? The headmaster said we aren't allowed to have one. But that’s * ‘There's always been one. How do you know he said that? The head asked Mr Jenkins to tell all the pupils in assembly. Did Mr Jenkins say why we aren't allowed to have a party? Yes, he said that some boys broke a window ? What's that got to do with us? He said pupils have to behave and * . lf they don't, they can’t have a party. Listen, | know about the window, but that was last year. Let’s ask him to think again. We *............. to him about it, That's what my mum says too. She says we could go through the rules with the head again, and we should ® .. to keep them And if he says no? Then we can ® .-.. at school, can’t we? My brother told me they organised one four years ago about the sports field and it worked. OK, let's do that. @ Answer the questions. 1 What is the problem with the end-of-term party? a. What happened last year? What did the headmaster want the students to do? 4 What suggestion does Julian make? 5. What does Karen's mum suggest? 62 UNIT 11 What are they planning to do if the head says no?Language Focus Vocabulary The environment ©@ complete the sentences with the words below. distances plasticbags_ recycle locally produced _litterlouts save 1 Itis very important to water, 2 You should really buy food. 3. Inever take the os . provided at the supermarket. 4 We always take glass bottles to the bottle bank and them. 5 Only : leave bottles and cans on the beach. 6 People shouldn't drive short , they should use their bikes or walk. @) took at the pictures and write what they should or shoulcin’t do, using the words in Exercise 1. 1 She should 2 Talking about how green people are Complete the dialogues. 1 A Do you sometimes buy locally produced 3 A Do you always bring a shopping bag food? when you go to the shops? B. B A Why not? ‘A Why not? B : B 2 A Doyou usually recycle bottles? B.. a o A Where do you take them? B UNIT11 6364 Reported speech (1) @ Circte the correct option. She says / tells me you aren't coming to the party. You always say/ telf her that you like her clothes. Tamara said / told she's not feeling well Her parents said/ told her she can't go out tonight. Sandra says / tells him she’s angry. We often tell / say him that he must work harder. eananwo Subject pronouns @ Change the underlined subject pronouns and complete the reported speech sentences. We're good at skiing. |) Tim not hungry! 3 Tom says that Eminem's latest CD. You'll miss the bus. yy 5. Daisy says that the bus. 6 Jessica says that him. UNIT 11want / ask / tell someone to de something Complete the sentences with the words below. nottotalk totell totokt tobe toslow to buy nottotouch te have 1 | want you to hold my hand. 2 I told you .. oareful. 3 I want you : down. You are driving too fast. 4 | asked you....... it Now it’s broken! 5 I told you to her. She'll tell everyone! 6 asked him me a diamond ring. 7 Itold you a bath. 8 I don't want you anyone. Put the words in brackets in the correct order. 1 She (to him get told) some milk on the way home. She told him to get some milk on the way home. 2 He (her asked to marry) him 3 They (want me didn’t leave to) 4 We (be him not told to) late. 5 She (give me wanted to) her some help 6 They (us talk to not asked) so loudly. 7 I (him drive not asked ta) so fast. 8 She (told me to phone her not) later. & Complete the sentences below about yourself. 1 My mum and dad want me to 2 My teacher wants me to 3 asked my friend not to ‘ yesterday. 4. My friends wanted me to .- yesterday. UNIT 11 6566 Grammar. @ Read the dialogue and complete the missing questi Jack | bumped into Dan at the weekend Dan Where did you bump into him? dack At the supermarket. Dan dack He's fine. He's doing well. Dan * dack He's working for a big computer company. He's making a lot of money. Dan * Dan « Jack Well, he asked me to go the cinema with him thi Dan dack | told him ‘yes’. That's OK, isn't it? Sounds right /a:/ Listen and repeat. 1 Come at half past ten 2 Let's dance at the party. 3. Ask your father. Skills 2 @ listen to a radio show about a project on women’s UNIT 11 & Listening suffrage. Answer the questions. 1 What does ‘suffrage’ mean? 2 What did the girls and their teacher research first? 3 What did they find out about women’s suffrage in * the UK? States demanded the right + the USA? ‘to vote. These women + Switzerland? were called ‘suffragettes’ = Kuwait? and they had their own 4 Why did they like the project? 5 What is their next project about? : ? , wasn't he? dack No. We went to the same school but he wasn't in my class. ? is weekend. 4. Let's go to the market this afternoon 5. The car's parked near the bar. 6 They marched past the park, Did you know... ? In the early 20th century women in Britain, ‘Australia and the United weekly newspaper, called The Suffragette.@ Read the two newspaper articles and answer the questions. | Ma | Christabel Toes | Pankhurst | flees to Paris! i | ones iis | rere | ] ron aga awain ste ne on bunger strikes er of well-known as flown to Paris to xes, smashing gh shristabel Pankhurst, dang | Christe! meline Pankis i | Scape arrest for seting fire 1 postbo | SPS and atacking works fa a | Ghrstabel ‘Queen of | hunger suike for ee GG antral he Sees | | one of the "his is not | 2 good mea instead! pt lee sew with a family | It is good that the | but her head igymTiMe, | Setting fi ee | surprising Wor father is | police are now allowed ‘injuries we | sai Tey 2 ee | mere, Now they wl mother | Spends out |e ale fo prone ho Ss sme in pron yet | behind all the 2s ) Somen enjoy going on | vandalism in our Cy” 1 Who was Christabel Pankhurst and why did she flee to Paris? eae 2. What does the writer say about Christabel’s family? 3 What does the writer think about new long-lens cameras that the police have? 4 Who was Emily Davison and why did she die? 5 What kind of protest actions did Emily take part in? What beliefs did she have about them? § What is the main difference between the writers of the two articles? Writing @ Read the articles in Exercise 2 and your answers in Exercise 1 again. Write an article for a magazine on the suffragettes. Keep to the following structure. Paragraph 1: Explain who the suffragettes were. Paragraph 2: Use the story of Emmeline Pankhurst as an example of the kind of actions that the suffragettes took. Paragraph 3: Say what you think about the suffragettes. Do you think that women have the same rights as men in your country? UNIT 11 67Then listen and check your answers. & @ dotne qui os | How much do you know about California? , me) (0 How many people live in California? a about 15 milion ¢ about 35 milion | |b about 25 mio ‘What language do many people in Los Angeles speak? a Spanish talian « Portuguese } | ‘Which city is the state capital of California? In 1849, about 40,000 people went ‘0 California to look for... a siver gold € damands One day in 1915, the temperature in Death Valley was... aarc b SIC EFC In which part of Los Angeles do | | a Los Angeles € San Francisco many famous film stas live? | aaa b Sacraments ) | a Bevetiey Hils San Jose |The Napa Valley i famous for | 2 Aen ) | a grapes b oranges © cactuses Seen Which Californian city has te =| |B biggest number of Chinese people . ‘outside China? From 1868 to 1963, the istand of, a Los Angeles ¢ San Francisco Alcatraz was a... {_b San Diego a case b hotel ¢ prison is Californian group were very famous in the 1960s. Who were they? | a The Beatles ¢ The Beach Boys |b The Monkees 68 UNIT 12Language Focus Vocabulary Physical appearance @ Write the words in the correct box. slim plump elegant casual black well-built blond — sporty smart thin dyed red tall scruffy muscular dirty curly straight brown short torn identifying a person hair body clothes @ You are at a party. Vou overhear Laura asking about four girls. Write the girts’ names below their pictures, laura Holly Laura Holly laura Holly Laura Holly Who is Alice? She's the scruffy one The one with curly blonde hair? No, the one with straight blonde hair. OK. And who is Nicole? She's the one in the skirt with long blak hair. The short one who is a bit plump? No, the slim one. Laura And who is Leah? She has long curly hair, and she’s wearing jeans and a sweater. The tall girl? Yes, that's her. Anybody else? Yes. Who's Molly? She's the short, blonde one in torn jeans OK. Thanks Holly. UNIT12 6970 Grammar. Reported speech (2) @ Circle the correct option. She says that she is / was going to the party. He said that he doesn’t/ didn't like the film. Dave tells me that you are / were French. She tells me that he is / was living in Ankara. @ Write the words that these people said. Jane said she was tired. Lance said he was going to Spain for his holidays. Paul told me he played football for his school team. dack told me he didn't want to come to my party. Sharon told me she liked Richard. Mr Bowen said he knew my brother. Kerry said she wasn't interested in my story. Sam told me my joke was very funny. © Report what these people are saying. I'm not afraid of spiders. 1. She said that she wasn't afraid of spiders, I'm not local. 3 The alien told us We want to-go home. Geoff says that he wants / wanted some more ice cream I told him that | don’t/ didn’t know her phone number. | don't like flowers. yaaa 2 She told me.... You remind me of someone. 4 She said. You've got beautiful teeth. Be eee 5. They said 6 Itold her I'm sorry | haven't got a watch. I'm going to bed. i 7 She said 8 Hetold me UNIT 12@ Match the sentences with the pictures. 1 She asked me if | wanted a drink. 3 He wanted to know when the film started. 2 They wanted to know where | was from. 4 The teacher asked him where his homework was. @ Circle the correct option. He wanted to know if she was / was she hungry. Ben asked me when did the party start / the party started. Dave asked us why we were / were we angry. Penny wanted to know what my name was / was my name. Steve asked Abigail if she did want / wanted to marry him, The teacher asked them why they were | were they late @ Put the words in ortier to make reported sentences, happy / asked / if /1/ me / he / was she / asked / they / was / if / Italian / her asked / | / me / lived / she / where him / asked / 1 / party / the / started / when @ Tom had a job interview this morning. Report the questions the Interviewer asked him. 1 ‘What's your name?” She asked Tom what his name was. 2. 'Wiat hobbies have you got?" 3. "Why do you want to work for us?” 4 ‘Are you a creative person” 5 ‘Where do you live?” 6 ‘Are you interested in sport” 7 ‘How much money are you looking for? 8 ‘Do you want to start today?” UNIT12© 71__Skills @ Jake's family went on holiday to California. They rented a car and drove around. They started in San Francisco. Listen and draw their route. @e Joshua Tree Park ° Paim Springs a sa | Redwood Park Lt | Eureka NEVADA | Sacramento Lake Tahoe He YoSemite National Par San Fran: San Jose Cc Ve Death Valley | 4 *O Pp ARIZONA | OCEAN NIA | { MEXICO ES @© ursten and find out where Jake saw these things. Write a place name from the map under each photograph. 5. San Francisco {UNIT 12| Did you know... Readin ce 9 ath Valley is about 320 km @ Match the words with the definitions. Then read Christine northeast of LA. The valley gets {less than 5 cm of rain a year letter about a dramatic situation in Death Valley. Sea oo onl 1 headquarters a_deep valley with steep sides of rock |{ degrees in the summer months. 2 dirt road broad made of hard earth 3 ridge € area at the top of a mountain 4 canyon d_ main buildings or offices (ana 17 Gratson-Place Droitwich, 2/03/06 aoe Dear Annie, When we wanted to go back, we suddenly cave just come back from my holiday in aie 1 rnust tell you what happened The first two weeks of our holiday were reat, But then we went to Las Vegas because Dliver wented to take photos in the mountains around Death Valley. “The first day was fantastic, On the second saheel drive up into the Couldn't see our car any more! We ran down inko the canyon, but the car wasn’t there! We were in the wrong canyon! And there was another Problem: We had very litle water let and our mobile phones didn’t work ~ i oe 0 We couldn't call ‘to me! Oliver decided to go down into th get help. He wanted ne Oe, @ giant rock. Soon I got very thirsty a to he a tele hescache Beles It took Oliver four hours to reach the road There, @ family in a car saw him and took him to the Park Headquarters, He told them where 1 was waiting. An hour later a helicopter arrived and took me to a hospital in Las Vegas! e Now I'm back home, and I'm happy that I'm gti. Hope you had a better holiday! Please write soon! Love, Christine day we drove our four-' | wexntine, We worted to drive up a canyon. At first, there was « dirt road, but then there were just tracks and after a while we couldn't go on ‘ary more. We got out of the car, took our water bottles and started walking, Soon we mere on top of a ridge. We had a wonderful view io | Oliver took lots of photos, But it was very het | ‘and we drank most of the water: & @ Answer the questions, What sort of car did Oliver and Christine rent? Where did Oliver want to take photos? Why did they get out of their car? What did Oliver do when they found out that they were in the wrang canyon? How was Christine rescued? Writing © Write an answer to Christine’s letter, telling her about your holiday. Now you can listen to The Open Window from MORE Extra 3. UNIT12 734 Present perfect Units 1&2 The Present perfect tense is formed with the Present tense of Have + Past participle: Ihave been She has arrived They have gone The auxiliary of the Present perfect is always have, The Past participle of regular verbs is formed as the Past simple by adding ~ed to the infinitive without ‘to’ of the verb. The Past participle of irregular verbs must be memorized, Positive Negative Questions Thave tried Thave not tried Have | tried? you have tried you have not tried Have you tried? he has tried he has not tried Has he tried? she has tried she has not tried Has she tried? ithas tried ithas not tried Has it tried? we have tried we have not tried Have we tried? you have tried you have not tried Have you tried? ‘they have tried they have not tried Have they tried? Short forms are commonly used in informal English: I've tried, you've tried, he’s tried, she’s tried, it’s tried... I haven't tried, you haven't tried, he hasn't tried... The contraction of the third person affirmative of have is the same as the contraction of the third person affirmative of be. She’s happy. She's opened the window. The Present perfect is used for past actions whose time is not specified while the Past simple ig used for actions that occurred in a past period of time now terminated. They've moved to France, They lived in Italy The Presont perfect can be used with ever in an interrogative clause and with never in a negative clause: Have you ever been to Paris? She has never met my family. ‘The Present perfect can also express an action beginning in the past and still continuing. It is often used with for (denoting a duration) or since (denoting the point in time when the action began): ve lived in Rome for two months / since April. A question with the Present perfect is often introduced by the interrogative pronoun how tong ...? How long have you worked in that office? Short answers Has she called you? Yes, she has/No, she hasn't. Have they arrived? Yes, they have / No, they haven't. GRAMMAR REVIEWReflexive pronouns Unit 3 ‘he reflexive pronouns are: myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves The Reflexive pronouns are used as objects of a verb when the action of the verb returns to the subject (the subject and object are the same person): They enjoyed themselves last night. She hurt herself. The Reflexive pronouns can be used to emphasize the action of the subject: She did it herself. We saw it ourselves. Some verbs (wash, shave, dress, behave etc.) expressing a reflexive action are not followed by the reflexive pronoun: He washes and shaves every morning. Prepositions of time Unit 4 On _ is used for days and dates: on Monday; on July 2" In is used for months, years, seasons and parts of the day: In March; in 1999; in the summer; in the morning. It is also used in expressions like: ‘in two hours’ time. ‘At isused for the time of the day (at six a.m.); for the names of the meals (at lunch, dinner 3 etc); and in expressions like: at night; at the weekend; at Christmas / Easter; at the moment; at present. Other commonly used prepositions of time are: after, before, during, till / until. Prepositions of place Unit 4 At is used for a certain point or place: at the station In is.used with names of cities, regions, nations, streets or squares in Europe; in Oxford Street. Other commonly used prepositions of place are: near, next to, in front of, opposite, on, over (higher but not touching a surface), inside, outside, behind, between (refers to two persons or things), among (refers to more than two persons or things) GRAMMAR REVIEW 7576 Prepositions of movement Unit 4 To _ is used with a verb of movement to indicate the direction towards: She's walking to school. Into is used with a verb of motion to indicate entrance: He's going into the living room. From is used with a verb of motion to indicate the starting point: We have just arrived in London fram Paris. ‘The phrase ‘Where do you come from? means ‘What's your nationality?’ The answer ‘I come from Italy’ is the same as ‘1am italian.” Other commonly used prepositions of movement are: across (from one side to the other); ‘through (in one side and out of the other); out of (from inside); towards (in the direction of); along (in the direction of the length of) Phrasal verbs Unit 4 Verbs followed by a preposition are called phrasal verbs. The meaning of the verb often changes depending on the preposition following it: look at = examine to see; look for = try to find; look after = take care of; turn on = use a switch to start a radio etc operating; turn aff = use a switch to stop a radio etc operating, light etc. It is not always possible to understand the meaning of a phrasal verb by translating the verb and its preposition. Relative pronouns: who/ which/ that Unit 5 The relative pronouns whe / that are used for persons; which / that are used for things or animals: Ive got a sister who (that) sells books. That's the museum which (that) has a large collection of Renaissance paintings. Question tags Unit 5 ‘Question tags are short phrases added to the end of a sentence to ask for agreement. An affirmative sentence is followed by a negative question tag, a negative sentence is followed by a positive question tag. Study carefully the following sentences: They are your friends, aren't they? She hasn't been abroad, has she? He goes to school, doesn't he? They didn't study German, did they? You will come, won't you? There were a lot of people at the beach, weren't there? You can't swim, can you? GRAMMAR REVIEWPresent simple passive Unit 6 The Present simple passive has the following structure Subject + Present simple of be (not) + Past participle Spanish is spoken in Spain and South America. The passive of the Past simple is formed by adding the Past simple of be (not) + Past participle. All the other tenses follow the same pattern. In the passive the action is done by the agent (introduced by the preposition by); the subject receives the effects of the action. The thief was arrested by the police. Make and let Unit 6 Let + object + infinitive without ‘to’ is used to express permission to do a certain action: He lets me go on holiday alone, Make + object + infinitive without ‘to’ expresses obligation: They made me go away. Used to Unit 7 Used to (didn’t use to) expresses a past routine: We used to live in town. We didn’t use to watch TV, but now we watch it every evening. ‘The interrogative form did ... use to?is rarely used Sodot/ Neither do! Unit 7 To express agreement we can use the constructions $o (do) | answering an affirmative sgntence and Neither (do) I answering a negative sentence Study the following sentences carefully I like jazz. $0 do b She can speak English. So can he. He went home yesterday. $0 did she. I've never been to America. Neither have 1. We didn't like the party. Neither did we. too/ not enough Unit 8 Too + adjective means ‘excessively’ It's too expensive. Not + adjective + enough means ‘not sufficiently’: He's not old enough to retire. GRAMMAR REVIEW 7778 mal Unit 9 The second conditional (or ‘type two’ consists (like ‘type one’) of an if-clause + a main clause. It is used when we don't expect the action to take place: It has the following structure: if-clause main clause if + subject + Past simple subject + would /wouldn’t + infinitive If f had a lot of money. J would buy a beautiful house. The meaning does not change if the main clause comes before the if-clause but the comma between the two clauses is omitted: I would buy a beautiful house if | had a lot of money. The verb in the if.clause is in the Past simple. With the Past simple of be we can use were instead of was in the first and in the third person singular. The verb in the main clauses in the Conditionat if! were you, | wouldn't go there. Indefinite pronouns Unit 9 The indefinite pronouns are: someone / somebody; anyone / anybody; no one / nabody; everyone / everybody. Indefinite pronouns follow the same rules as same and any: compounds with some are used in affirmative sentences; compounds with any are used in negative or interrogative sentences; compounds with no = not + any. There is no difference in meaning between the compounds with one and the compounds with body. Study the following sentences carefully Somebody (someone) called yesterday. Has anyone (anybody) called? Ihaven't seen anybody (anyone) or I've seen nobody (no one). Everybody (everyone) was at the party. Causative have Unit 10 Read the following sentences: Ihave had my car repaired. Have you had your hair cut? ‘Causative’ have has the following structure: have + object + Past participle. We use ‘causative have’to say that we arrange for somebody else to do something for us. It can be considered a passive construction. GRAMMAR REVIEWInfinitives of purpose Unit 10 Read the following sentences: I've come to help you They called to invite us. In sentences of this type the infinitive is used to express purpose, want/ ask/ tell someone to do something Unit 14 Want is not followed by a sentence introduced by that but has the following structure: subject + verb + object + Infinitive J want him to come. Study the following sentence with the negative of the infinitive: J want you nat to tell anyone. Verbs like love, like, prefer, wish have the same structure as want. Reported speech Units 11 & 12 Reported speech is a construction used to relate someone's opinion, message or statement, without necessarily using the speaker's exact words. Reported speech is usually introduced by the verbs say and tell. Say can be followed by that but not by an object pronoun He says (that) he is hungry. Tell can be followed by that and is usually followed by an object pronoun. He tells me (that) he is hungry. When reported speech is introduced by say or by tellin the Present tense there are no changes: the tenses are the same as in the direct speech: “lam going on holiday”. He says (tells me) that he’s going on holiday. “Iwent to Germany last year” He says (tells me) that he went to Germany last year. “We will leave tomorrow’. They say (tell me) they will leave tomorrow. Some subject pronouns in direct speech change as follows in reported speech: 1 he/she jou >t ju (plural) > we we > they GRAMMAR REVIEW 7980 IF reported speech is introduced by say or telf in the Past, tenses change as follows. Present simple > Past simple “|like going shopping.” She said that she liked going shopping. Present continuous > Past continuous “We are going home.” They told us that they were going home. Past simple > Past perfect “You spoke to the teacher.” He said that | had spoken to the teacher. Present perfect > Past perfect “We have been to Japan.” They told me that they had been to Japan. will > Would “Lwill come as soon as possible.” He said that he would come as saan as possible. When we report a question, verbs like ask and wonder are often used. Tense changes are the same as for affirmative sentences. “Are you going home?" He asked me if! was going home. “Can she speak English?” He wondered if she could speak English. “Will you come to see us?""They asked us if we would come to see them. GRAMMAR REVIEW